''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent
bryozoa
Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about long, they have a special feeding structure called a ...
, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.
[Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02]
Distribution
The native distribution of ''Bugula neritina'' is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels.
It is considered an invasive species in some countries.
''Bugula neritina''
''Bugula neritina'' attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals,
bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by
Jack Rudloe. In 2001 pharmaceutical company
GPC Biotech
GPC Biotech (also referred to as ''GPCbiotech'' and ''GPC-Biotech'') was a German biopharmaceutical company. The company's mission statement reads "... to discover, develop and commercialize new anticancer drugs."
Founded in 1997, the company w ...
licensed Bryostatin 1 from
Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for
cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal b ...
. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects. More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of
Alzheimers
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and progressively worsens. It is the cause of 60–70% of cases of dementia. The most common early symptom is difficulty in remembering recent events. As t ...
with few side effects.
[Nelsen et al., J]
Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials
J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017
Other uses
Dried ''Bugula'' are commonly used as decorations:
"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan ''Bugula'' that have been artificially coloured.
However, ''
Sertularia argentea'' are also sold as "
air fern
The air fern (''Sertularia argentea'') is a species of marine animal in the family Sertulariidae. It is also known as the sea fir and Neptune plant.
These so-called "ferns" are dead and dried colonies of hydrozoans, colonies of marine hydroid ...
s."
[
Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016)]
''Sertularia argentea'' Linnaeus, 1758.
n/nowiki> Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.
Species
* ''
Bugula alba'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''
Bugula apsteini'' Hasenbank, 1932
* ''
Bugula aspinosa'' Liu, 1984
* ''
Bugula biota'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''
Bugula capensis'' Waters, 1887
* ''
Bugula ceylonensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''
Bugula crosslandi
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa
Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typic ...
'' Hastings, 1939
* ''
Bugula decipiens
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Hayward, 1981
* ''
Bugula expansa'' Hastings, 1939
* ''
Bugula fastigiata'' Kluge, 1929
* ''
Bugula gautieri'' Ryland, 1962
* ''
Bugula gnoma
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''
Bugula hessei
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Hasenbank, 1932
* ''
Bugula hummelincki
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Fransen, 1986
* ''
Bugula ingens
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''
Bugula intermedia
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Liu, 1984
* ''
Bugula longissima
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Busk, 1884
* ''
Bugula lophodendron
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Ortmann, 1890
* ''
Bugula migottoi
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''
Bugula miniatella
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''
Bugula minima
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Waters, 1909
* ''
Bugula neritina
''Bugula neritina'' ( commonly known as brown bryozoan or common bugula) is a cryptic species complex of sessile marine animal in the genus ''Bugula''.Gordon, D. (2015). Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758). In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World Lis ...
'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''
Bugula neritinoides'' Hastings, 1939
* ''
Bugula orientalis'' Liu, 1984
* ''
Bugula paternostrae'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''
Bugula philippsae'' Harmer, 1926
* ''
Bugula prismatica'' (Gray, 1843)
* ''
Bugula protensa
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Hayward, 1981
* ''
Bugula providensis'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''
Bugula robusta'' MacGillivray, 1869
* ''
Bugula robustoides
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''
Bugula rochae
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
* ''
Bugula scaphoides'' Kirkpatrick, 1890
* ''
Bugula scaphula'' Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
* ''
Bugula simpliciformis'' Osburn, 1932
* ''
Bugula solorensis
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Winston & Woollacott, 2008
* ''
Bugula subglobosa'' Harmer, 1926
* ''
Bugula tschukotkensis'' Kluge, 1952
* ''
Bugula umbelliformis
''Bugula'' is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of ...
'' Yanagi & Okada, 1918
* ''
Bugula vectifera'' Harmer, 1926
;Species brought into synonymy:
* ''Bugula angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''
Bugulina angustiloba'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula aperta'' (Hincks, 1886): synonym of ''
Crisularia aperta'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula aquilirostris'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''
Bugulina aquilirostris'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of ''
Bugulina avicularia'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Bugula bengalensis'' Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of ''
Crisularia bengalensis'' (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
* ''Bugula bicornis'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''
Camptoplites bicornis'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula borealis'' (Packard, 1863): synonym of ''
Bugulina borealis'' (Packard, 1863)
* ''Bugula bowiei'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''
Crisularia bowiei'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula calathus'' Norman, 1868: synonym of ''
Bugulina calathus'' (Norman, 1868)
* ''Bugula californica'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''
Bugulina californica'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula carvalhoi'' Marcus, 1949: synonym of ''
Bugulina carvalhoi'' (Marcus, 1949)
* ''Bugula cucullata'' Busk, 1867: synonym of ''
Crisularia cucullata
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*'' Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Busk, 1867)
* ''Bugula cucullifera'' Osburn, 1912: synonym of ''
Crisularia cucullifera'' (Osburn, 1912)
* ''Bugula cuspidata'' Hastings, 1943: synonym of ''
Crisularia cuspidata'' (Hastings, 1943)
* ''Bugula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of ''
Virididentula dentata'' (Lamouroux, 1816)
* ''Bugula dispar'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''
Crisularia dispar'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula ditrupae'' Busk, 1858: synonym of ''
Bugulina ditrupae'' (Busk, 1858)
* ''Bugula eburnea'' Calvet, 1906: synonym of ''
Bugulina eburnea'' (Calvet, 1906)
* ''Bugula elongata'' Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of ''
Dendrobeania decorata
''Dendrobeania'' is a genus of bryozoans
Bryozoa (also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or commonly as moss animals) are a phylum of simple, aquatic invertebrate animals, nearly all living in sedentary colonies. Typically about long, they ...
'' (Verrill, 1879)
* ''Bugula flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of ''
Bugulina flabellata'' (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
* ''Bugula foliolata'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''
Bugulina foliolata'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula fulva'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''
Bugulina fulva'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula germanae'' (Calvet, 1902): synonym of ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''
Crisularia serrata
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula gracilis'' Busk, 1858: synonym of ''
Crisularia gracilis (''Busk, 1858)
* ''Bugula grayi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of ''
Crisularia grayi'' (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula guara'' Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of ''
Crisularia guara'' (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
* ''Bugula harmsworthi'' Waters, 1900: synonym of ''
Crisularia harmsworthi
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Waters, 1900)
* ''Bugula hyadesi'' Jullien, 1888: synonym of ''
Crisularia hyadesi
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Jullien, 1888)
* ''Bugula japonica'': synonym of ''
Dendrobeania japonica
''Dendrobeania'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Dendrobeania birostrata''
*'' Dendrobeania curvirostrata''
*''Dendrobeania decorata''
*'' Dendrobeania ...
'' (Ortmann, 1890)
* ''Bugula johnstonae'' (Gray, 1843): synonym of ''
Halophila johnstonae
''Halophila'' is a genus of seagrasses in the family ''Hydrocharitaceae'', the tape-grasses. It was described as a genus in 1806. The number of its contained species, and its own placement in the order Alismatales, has evolved.
Description
Th ...
'' Gray, 1843
* ''Bugula leontodon'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''
Himantozoum leontodon'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longicauda'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''
Halophila longicauda'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula longirostrata'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''
Bugulina longirostrata'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula marcusi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula margaritifera'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''Himantozoum margaritifera'' (Busk, 1884): synonym of ''
Himantozoum margaritiferum'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula microoecia'' Osburn, 1914: synonym of ''
Crisularia microoecia
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Osburn, 1914)
* ''Bugula mirabilis'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''
Himantozoum mirabilis'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula mollis'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''
Crisularia mollis
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of ''
Bugulina multiserialis'' (d'Orbigny, 1841)
* ''Bugula nana'' Androsova, 1977: synonym of ''
Crisularia nana
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Androsova, 1977)
* ''Bugula pacifica'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''
Crisularia pacifica
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula pedata'' Harmer, 1926: synonym of ''
Bugulina pedata'' (Harmer, 1926)
* ''Bugula plumosa'' (Pallas, 1766): synonym of ''
Crisularia plumosa
''Crisularia plumosa'' is a species of bryozoan belonging to the family Bugulidae, commonly known as the feather bryozoan. It is native to the Atlantic Ocean.
Description
''Crisularia plumosa'' is a colonial bryozoan that forms small bushy clum ...
'' (Pallas, 1766)
* ''Bugula prenanti'' Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of ''
Crisularia prenanti
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Castric-Fey, 1971)
* ''Bugula pugeti'' Robertson, 1905: synonym of ''
Bugulina pugeti'' (Robertson, 1905)
* ''Bugula purpurotincta'' Norman, 1868: synonym of ''
Crisularia purpurotincta
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Norman, 1868)
* ''Bugula reticulata'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''
Camptoplites reticulatus'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula rylandi'' Maturo, 1966: synonym of ''
Crisularia rylandi
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Maturo, 1966)
* ''Bugula serrata'' (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of ''
Crisularia serrata
''Crisularia'' is a genus of bryozoans belonging to the family Bugulidae.
The genus has almost cosmopolitan distribution.
Species:
*'' Crisularia aperta''
*'' Crisularia bengalensis''
*'' Crisularia bowiei''
*''Crisularia cucullata''
*'' ...
'' (Lamarck, 1816)
* ''Bugula simplex'' Hincks, 1886: synonym of ''
Bugulina simplex'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula sinuosa'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''
Himantozoum sinuosum'' (Busk, 1884)
* ''Bugula spicata'' (Hincks, 1886): synonym of ''
Bugulina spicata'' (Hincks, 1886)
* ''Bugula stolonifera'' Ryland, 1960: synonym of ''
Bugulina stolonifera'' (Ryland, 1960)
* ''Bugula tricuspis'' Kluge, 1955: synonym of ''
Bugulina tricuspis'' (Kluge, 1955)
* ''Bugula turbinata'' Alder, 1857: synonym of ''
Bugulina turbinata
''Bugulina turbinata'' is a species of bryozoan belonging to the family Bugulidae. It is found in shallow water in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
Description
''Bugulina turbinata'' is a colonial bryozoan that forms s ...
'' (Alder, 1857)
* ''Bugula turrita'' (Desor, 1848): synonym of ''
Crisularia turrita'' (Desor, 1848)
* ''Bugula versicolor'' Busk, 1884: synonym of ''
Semidendrobeania versicolor'' (Busk, 1884)
References
* Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification.'' Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). ''Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea).'' Zoologica Scripta
External links
Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2943909
Bryozoan genera
Cheilostomatida