Brazilian Monitor Alagoas

The Brazilian monitor ''Alagoas'' was the third ship of the river monitors built for the Imperial Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the late 1860s. ''Alagoas'' participated in the Passage of Humaitá on 19 February 1868 and provided fire support for the army for the rest of the war. The ship was assigned to the Upper Uruguay ( pt, Alto Uruguai) flotilla after the war. ''Alagoas'' was transferred to Rio de Janeiro in the 1890s and participated in the Navy Revolt of 1893–94. The ship was scrapped in 1900.

Design and description

The ''Pará''-class monitors were designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for small, shallow-draft armored ships capable of withstanding heavy fire. The monitor configuration was chosen as a turreted design did not have the same problems engaging enemy ships and fortifications as did the casemate ironclads already in Brazilian service. The oblong gun turret sat on a circular platform that had a central pivot. It was rotated by four men via a system of gears; 2.25 minutes were required for a full 360° rotation. A bronze ram was fitted to these ships as well. The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling.Gratz, p. 153

The ships measured long overall, with a beam of . They had a draft between of and displaced . With only of freeboard they had to be towed between Rio de Janeiro and their area of operations. Their crew numbered 43 officers and men.Gratz, p. 154

Propulsion

The ''Pará''-class ships had two direct-acting steam engines, each driving a single propeller. Their engines were powered by two tubular boilers at a working pressure of . The engines produced a total of which gave the monitors a maximum speed of in calm waters. The ships carried enough coal for one day's steaming.

Armament

''Alagoas'' carried a single 70-pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loader (RML) in her gun turret. The 70-pounder gun had a maximum elevation of 15°. It had a maximum range of . The 70-pounder gun weighed and fired a shell that weighed . Most unusually the gun's Brazilian-designed iron carriage was designed to pivot vertically at the muzzle; this was done to minimize the size of the gunport through which splinters and shells could enter.Gratz, p. 155

Armor

The hull of the ''Pará''-class ships was made from three layers of wood that alternated in orientation. It was thick and was capped with a layer of peroba hardwood. The ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt, high. It had a maximum thickness of 102 millimeters amidships, decreasing to and at the ship's ends. The curved deck was armored with of wrought iron.

The gun turret was shaped like a rectangle with rounded corners. It was built much like the hull, but the front of the turret was protected by of armor, the sides by 102 millimeters and the rear by 76 millimeters. Its roof and the exposed portions of the platform it rested upon were protected by 12.7 millimeters of armor. The armored pilothouse was positioned ahead of the turret.

Service

''Alagoas'' was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Corte in Rio de Janeiro on 8 December 1866, during the Paraguayan War, which saw Argentina, Uruguay and the Empire of Brazil allied against Paraguay. She was launched on 29 October 1867 and completed in November 1867. She arrived on the Paraná River in January 1868, although her passage further north was barred by the Paraguayan fortifications at Humaitá. On 19 February 1868, six Brazilian ironclads, including ''Alagoas'', steamed past Humaitá at night. ''Alagoas'' and her two sister ships, and were lashed to the larger ironclads in case any engines were disabled by the Paraguayan guns. led with ''Rio Grande'', followed by with ''Alagoas'' and with ''Pará''.

The cable tying ''Alagoas'' to ''Bahia'' was severed by Paraguayan shells and the monitor drifted down below the guns. The commander of the ''Alagoas'' was ordered not to attempt to pass the guns during daylight, but disregarded this order and successfully rendezvoused with the rest of the squadron upstream of the fortifications. Both ''Alagoas'', which had taken an estimated 200 hits, and ''Pará'' had to be beached after passing the fortress to prevent them from sinking. ''Alagoas'' was under repair at São José do Cerrito until mid-March. Accompanied by ''Tamandaré'', ''Alagoas'' bombarded and destroyed the Paraguayan artillery battery at Timbó, upstream of Humaitá, on 23 March. The monitor bombarded artillery positions defending the Tebicuary River in July and again in August.

On 15 October she bombarded Angostura Fort, south of Asunción, in company with , , ''Pará'' and her sister .Gratz, pp. 149, 157

After the war ''Alagoas'' was assigned to the newly formed Alto Uruguay Flotilla, based at Itaqui. In the 1880s the ship's armament was reinforced with a pair of machine guns. ''Alagoas'' was transferred to Rio de Janeiro in the 1890s and joined the rebels in the Navy Revolt of 1893–94. Her engines had been removed by this point and she had to be towed into position to fire on the government forts. She was scrapped in 1900.Gratz, p. 157

See also

The article Passage of Humaitá contains contemporaneous descriptions of ''Alagoas'' and her sister monitors by captain Richard Burton and colonel George Thompson.

Footnotes

References

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External links

Brief history of ''Alagoas''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alagoas
Ships built in Brazil
1867 ships
Pará-class monitors
Maritime incidents in February 1868