Brazilian Ironclad Tamandaré

The Brazilian ironclad ''Tamandaré'' was an armored gunboat built for the Imperial Brazilian Navy during the Paraguayan War in the mid-1860s. She bombarded the Paraguayan fortifications blocking access up the Paraná and Paraguay Rivers as well as bombarding Paraguayan positions in support of the Imperial Brazilian Army. The ship participated in the Passage of Humaitá in February 1868 and was badly damaged. After ''Tamandaré'' was repaired she provided fire support for the army for the rest of the war, aside from bombarding Paraguyan capital of Asunción once. The ship was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla after the war. ''Tamandaré'' was decommissioned in 1879 and scrapped afterwards.

Design and description

''Tamandaré'' was designed to meet the need of the Brazilian Navy for a small, simple, shallow-draft armored ship capable of withstanding heavy fire. She was one of three armored gunboats, together with and , built to the same general plan, although each ship varied significantly in size and armament. The ship is best characterized as a central battery design because the casemate did not extend the length of the ship. A bronze ram, long, was fitted. The hull was sheathed with Muntz metal to reduce biofouling. For sea passages the ship's freeboard could be increased to by use of removable bulwarks high. On riverine operations, the bulwarks, and the ship's masts, were usually removed.Gratz, p. 144

The ship measured long overall, with a beam of and had a mean draft of . ''Tamandaré'' normally displaced and at deep load. Her crew numbered 120 officers and men.

Propulsion

''Tamandaré'' had a single John Penn & Sons 2-cylinder steam engine taken from the British-built wooden gunboat Tietê and proved unreliable in service. The engine, which drove a single 2-bladed propeller, was powered by two tubular boilers that produced a total of which gave the ship a maximum speed of . The ship's funnel was mounted directly in front of her casemate. ''Tamandaré'' carried enough coal for six days' steaming.

Armament

''Tamandaré'' mounted one 70-pounder Whitworth rifled muzzle loader, three 68-pounder and two 12-pounder smoothbore guns in her casemate. To minimize the possibility of shells or splinters entering the casemate through the gunports they were as small as possible, allowing only a 24°-arc of fire for each gun. The rectangular, casemate had two gun ports on each side as well as the front and rear.Gratz, p. 147

The 70-pounder gun weighed and fired a shell that weighed . The solid shot of the 68-pounder gun weighed a nominal while the gun itself weighed . The gun had a range of at an elevation of 12°. The exact type of 12-pounder gun is not known. All of the guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.Lambert, pp. 85–7

Armor

The hull of ''Tamandaré'' was made from three layers of wood, each thick. The ship had a complete wrought iron waterline belt, high. It had a maximum thickness of covering the machinery and magazines, elsewhere. The curved deck, as well as the roof of the casemate, was armored with of wrought iron. The casemate was protected by 102 millimeters of armor on all four sides, backed by of wood capped with a 102 mm layer of peroba hardwood.

Service

''Tamandaré'' was laid down at the Arsenal de Marinha da Côrte in Rio de Janeiro on 31 May 1865, during the Paraguayan War, which saw Argentina and Brazil allied against Paraguay. She was launched on 21 June 1865, completed on 16 September and cost £40,506. The ship arrived at Corrientes on 16 March 1866; the next day she sailed for the confluence of the Paraná and Paraguay Rivers to begin operations against the Paraguayans. On 26 March she bombarded the defenses of Itapirú and sank one Paraguayan boat (chata). During her bombardment on the following day, a shell entered one of her gun ports, despite the chain curtain that protected it, and killed 14 men, including her captain, lieutenant Antônio Carlos de Mariz e Barros, and wounded 20. The ship bombarded Curuzú Fort, downstream of Curupaity, on 1 September in company with the ironclads , , , , and the monitor . Between 24 and 29 December ''Barroso'', ''Tamandaré'', ''Brasil'', and 11 gunboats bombarded Curuzu Fort again.Gratz, p. 149

On 8 January 1867 ''Tamandaré'', ''Bahia'' and bombarded Paraguayan fortifications at Curupaity. The Brazilians broke through the river defenses at Curupaity during daylight on 15 August 1867 with ''Barroso'', ''Tamanadaré'', and eight other ironclads. The ships were hit 256 times, but not seriously damaged, and only suffered 10 killed and 22 wounded. ''Tamandaré''s engines broke down while she was in front of the guns and she had to be towed to safety by the ironclad .Meister, p. 13 They were quickly repaired and ''Tamandaré'' bombarded Paraguayan artillery batteries at Timbó that commanded the Paraguay River north of Humaitá the next day. The Paraguayans repeated the operation again on 9 September with much the same result. On 26 September the Paraguyans moved a large-caliber gun below Humaitá and bombarded the Brazilian squadron, but it was silenced by gunfire from ''Tamandaré'' and ''Bahia''.

On 19 February 1868 six Brazilian ironclads, including ''Tamandaré'', steamed past Humaitá at night. Three river monitors, , and , were lashed to the larger ironclads in case any engines were disabled by the Paraguayan guns. led with ''Rio Grande'', followed by with ''Alagoas'' and Tamandaré with ''Pará''. Both ''Tamandaré'', which had taken an estimated 120 hits, and ''Pará'' had to be beached after passing the fortress to prevent them from sinking. ''Tamandaré'' was under repair at São José do Cerrito until mid-March. On 25 November the ship bombarded the Paraguyan capital of Asunción. ''Tamandaré'' and ''Alagoas'' destroyed the artillery batteries at Timbó on 23 March 1869. The ship was assigned to the Mato Grosso Flotilla, based in Ladário, after the war. ''Tamandaré'' was decommissioned on 18 April 1879 and scrapped afterwards.

Footnotes

References

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External links

Brief history of ''Tamandaré''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tamandare
Ships built in Brazil
Gunboats of the Brazilian Navy
Ironclad warships of the Brazilian Navy
1865 ships
Riverine warfare
Maritime incidents in February 1868