The Stenopodidea or boxer shrimps are a small group of
decapod crustacean
Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, amphipods and mantis shrimp. The crustacean group ...
s. Often confused with
Caridea shrimp or
Dendrobranchiata prawns, they are neither, belonging to their own group.
Anatomy
They can be differentiated from the Dendrobranchiata prawns by their lack of branching
gills
A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...
, and by the fact that they brood their eggs instead of directly releasing them into the water. They differ from the Caridea shrimp by their greatly enlarged third pair of legs.
Taxonomy
Stenopodidea belongs to the
order
Order, ORDER or Orders may refer to:
* Categorization, the process in which ideas and objects are recognized, differentiated, and understood
* Heterarchy, a system of organization wherein the elements have the potential to be ranked a number of d ...
Decapoda
The Decapoda or decapods (literally "ten-footed") are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp and prawns. Most decapods are scavengers. The order is esti ...
, and is most closely related to the
Caridea
The Caridea, commonly known as caridean shrimp or true shrimp, are an infraorder of shrimp within the order Decapoda. This infraorder contains all species of true shrimp. They are found widely around the world in both fresh and salt water. Many ot ...
and
Procarididea
Procarididea is an infraorder of decapods, comprising only eleven species. Six of these are in the genera ''Procaris'' and '' Vetericaris'', which together make up the family Procarididae. The remaining five species are only known from fossils an ...
infraorder
Order ( la, ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and ...
s of
shrimp
Shrimp are crustaceans (a form of shellfish) with elongated bodies and a primarily swimming mode of locomotion – most commonly Caridea and Dendrobranchiata of the decapod order, although some crustaceans outside of this order are refer ...
. The
cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...
below shows Stenopodidea's relationships to other relatives within
Decapoda
The Decapoda or decapods (literally "ten-footed") are an order of crustaceans within the class Malacostraca, including many familiar groups, such as crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp and prawns. Most decapods are scavengers. The order is esti ...
, from analysis by Wolfe ''et al.'', 2019.
There are 71 extant species currently recognized within Stenopodidea, divided into 12 genera.
Three fossil species are also recognized, each belonging to a separate genus.
The earliest fossil assigned to the Stenopodidea is ''
Devonostenopus pennsylvaniensis'' from the
Devonian
The Devonian ( ) is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the Silurian, million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Carboniferous, Mya. It is named after Devon, England, whe ...
.
Until ''D. pennsylvaniensis'' was discovered, the oldest known member of the group was ''
Jilinicaris chinensis'' from the
Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale. Rock strata from this epoch form the Upper Cretaceous Series. The Cretaceous is named after ''creta'', the ...
.
The cladogram below shows Stenopodidea's internal relationships:
Stenopodidea comprises the following
families
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideall ...
and
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
:
*
Macromaxillocarididae Alvarez, Iliffe & Villalobos, 2006
**''
Macromaxillocaris''
Alvarez, Iliffe & Villalobos, 2006
*
Spongicolidae
Spongicolidae is a family
Family (from la, familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
Schram, 1986
**''
Engystenopus''
Alcock & Anderson, 1894
**''
Globospongicola''
Komai & Saito, 2006
**''
Jilinicaris'' †
Schram, Shen, Vonk & Taylor, 2000
**''
Microprosthema''
Stimpson, 1860
**''
Paraspongicola''
De Saint Laurent & Cléva, 1981
**''
Spongicola''
De Haan, 1844
**''
Spongicoloides''
Hansen, 1908
**''
Spongiocaris''
Bruce & Baba, 1973
*
Stenopodidae
Stenopodidae is a family of decapods in the order Decapoda. There are about 6 genera and more than 30 described species in Stenopodidae.
Genera
These six genera belong to the family Stenopodidae:
* ''Juxtastenopus'' Goy, 2010
* '' Odontozona'' H ...
Claus, 1872
**''
Devonostenopus'' †
Jones ''et al.'', 2014
**''
Juxtastenopus
''Juxtastenopus spinulatus'' is a species of stenopodidean shrimp. It lives in the Red Sea, and across the Indian Ocean as far east as the Philippines. It is red or pink, up to long, with enlarged third pereiopods. Originally described in the ...
''
Goy, 2010
**''
Odontozona''
Holthuis, 1946
**''
Phoenice
Phoenice or Phoenike ( el, Φοινίκη) was an ancient Greek city in Epirus and capital of the Chaonians.: "To the north the Chaonians had expelled the Corcyraeans from their holdings on the mainland and built fortifications at Buthrotum, K ...
'' †
Garassino, 2001
**''
Richardina''
A. Milne-Edwards, 1881
**''
Stenopus''
Latreille, 1819
References
{{Taxonbar, from=Q932151
Arthropod infraorders
Extant Late Devonian first appearances