The Border or Upper Tami languages are an independent

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Papuan languages The Papuan languages are the non- Austronesian and non- Australian languages spoken on the western Pacific island of New Guinea in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, as well as neighbouring islands, by around 4 million people. It is a strictly geogr ...

in Malcolm Ross's version of the Trans–New Guinea proposal. Unlike the neighboring

Sepik languages The Sepik or Sepik River languages are a family of some 50 Papuan languages spoken in the Sepik river basin of northern Papua New Guinea, proposed by Donald Laycock in 1965 in a somewhat more limited form than presented here. They tend to have ...

and many other Papuan language families of northern New Guinea, Border languages do not have grammatical gender or number (dual and plural forms).

Name

The Border family is named after the Indonesia – Papua New Guinea border, which it spans. Other than the Border languages, the Skou, Senagi, Pauwasi,

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, and Yam families also span the Indonesia – Papua New Guinea border.

Classification history

Cowan (1957) tentatively proposed a "Tami" family, named after the Tami River, that included the modern Border and Sko language families. Some of the previously unclassified languages did turn out to be Sko, and were added to that family; the remainder (including the languages of the upper Tami) constitute the Border family.

Languages

Laycock classified Morwap as an isolate, but noted pronominal similarities with Border. Ross included Morwap in Border but noted that they do not appear to share any lexical similarities. However, his Morwap data were quite poor. Usher included it as a branch of Border.

Foley (2018)

Foley (2018) provides the following classification. ;Border family *Taikat: Auyi, Taikat *Bewani: Ainbai, Kilmeri, Ningera, Pagi *Waris: Amanab, Auwe ( Simog), Daonda, Imonda, Manem, Senggi ( Viid), Waina ( Sowanda), Waris

Usher (2020)

The Border languages are: He does not mention Ningera, subsuming it into another language.

Pronouns

The pronouns that Ross (2005) reconstructs for proto-Border are the following: : Foley (2018) lists pronouns for the following five Border languages. :

Cognates

Border family cognates ( Awyi, Taikat, Kilmeri, Waris, Imonda) listed by Foley (2018): :

Vocabulary comparison

The following basic vocabulary words are from Voorhoeve (1971, 1975), as cited in the Trans-New Guinea database: :

Migration history

200–250 years ago, Bewani speakers rapidly expanded and migrated towards neighboring regions, which started off chain migrations among various peoples of the region. The migration of Bewani speakers split up the territory of Kwomtari speakers, and Fas was displaced to the swampy area of Utai (). The displaced Fas speakers then expanded further east into One territory, causing conflicts between the Fas and One peoples in the Kabore area (). The Pagei, Bewani, Bo, and Ningera peoples expanded down the Pual River to displace speakers of Inner Skou and Serra Hills languages. Inner Skou speakers were then forced to migrate, displacing Barupu/ Warapu speakers ( Piore River branch). Bewani speakers, however, were not able to expand eastward into the lowland swampy areas occupied by Busa and

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speakers, who were themselves pushed out of the more fertile hills into the lowland swamps. Westward expansion of Bewani speakers was halted by fighting in Kaure territory.

References

External links

Border languages database at TransNewGuinea.org
{{DEFAULTSORT:Border Languages (New Guinea) Northwest Papuan languages Languages of western New Guinea Languages of Sandaun Province Language families