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The Blue Mosque ( fa, مسجد کبود, translit=''Masjed-e Kabūd'') is a historic mosque in Tabriz, Iran. The mosque and some other public buildings were constructed in 1465 upon the order of
Jahan Shah ''Muzaffar al-Din'' Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf (1397 in Khoy or 1405 in Mardin – 30 October or 11 November 1467 in Bingöl) ( fa, جهان شاه; az, Cahanşah ) was the leader of the Qara Qoyunlu Oghuz Turkic tribal confederacy in Azerbaijan and A ...
, the ruler of Kara Koyunlu. The mosque was severely damaged in an earthquake in 1780, leaving only the
iwan An iwan ( fa, ایوان , ar, إيوان , also spelled ivan) is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open. The formal gateway to the iwan is called , a Persian term for a portal projecting ...
(entrance hall). Reconstruction began in 1973 by Reza Memaran Benam under the supervision of Iranian Ministry of Culture. However, it is still incomplete.


History

The Blue mosque of Tabriz was built upon the order of
Jahan Shah ''Muzaffar al-Din'' Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf (1397 in Khoy or 1405 in Mardin – 30 October or 11 November 1467 in Bingöl) ( fa, جهان شاه; az, Cahanşah ) was the leader of the Qara Qoyunlu Oghuz Turkic tribal confederacy in Azerbaijan and A ...
, the ruler of the Kara Koyunlu. Jahan Shah's wife, Khatun Jan Begum (died 1469), established the endowment (''
vaqf A waqf ( ar, وَقْف; ), also known as hubous () or '' mortmain'' property is an inalienable charitable endowment under Islamic law. It typically involves donating a building, plot of land or other assets for Muslim religious or charitabl ...
'') for the mosque's construction. However, just a few years later, Jahan Shah and his Kara Koyunlu were toppled by
Uzun Hassan Uzun Hasan or Uzun Hassan ( اوزون حسن; fa, اوزون حسن; 1423 – January 6, 1478; where ''uzun'' means "tall" in Oghuz Turkic) was a ruler of the Turkoman Aq Qoyunlu state and is generally considered to be its strongest ruler. Ha ...
of the Ak Koyunlu, and Tabriz was taken. Jahan Shah's daughter, Saleha Khatun, oversaw the rest of the construction work by the new rulers. During the reign of
Yaqub bin Uzun Hasan Yaqub b. Uzun Hasan ( fa, یعقوب بن اوزون حسن) or Abū al-Muẓaffar Yaʿqūb Bahādur Ḫān, commonly known as Sultan Ya'qub ( fa, سلطان یعقوب; az, Sultan Yaqub ) was the ruler of the Aq Qoyunlu from 1478 until his deat ...
, "the cupola of the mosque's mausoleum as well as its main parts were completed". Sandra Aube adds: "A few details from the mausoleum’s interior, such as alabaster pieces from the wall panels and the main prayer niche ('' meḥrāb''), reveal that the mausoleum was never completely finished (Golombek and Wilber, p. 407; Aube, p. 248)". Though the mausoleum was never completed, when the Safavids assumed control over Tabriz and made it their capital, the Blue Mosque itself served the new rulers as a mosque during the first half of the 16th century. In 1514, after the Safavids were defeated at the decisive Battle of Chaldiran, the
Ottomans The Ottoman Turks ( tr, Osmanlı Türkleri), were the Turkic founding and sociopolitically the most dominant ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire ( 1299/1302–1922). Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks remains scarce, ...
occupied and looted Tabriz, including the Blue Mosque. Aube notes that at least eight carpets were looted by the Turks and taken to Istanbul. Aube notes that even though it is not known whether the Turks attacked the structure itself during the capture and occupation of the Blue Mosque, several earthquakes did damage the building between the 16th and 18th centuries. It was especially severely damaged by the earthquake of 1780. However, in the 17th century, the Blue Mosque was already reportedly "completely destroyed and abandoned". In the 19th century, the local people of Tabriz looted the building's ruins. In the 20th century, during the
Pahlavi Pahlavi may refer to: Iranian royalty *Seven Parthian clans, ruling Parthian families during the Sasanian Empire *Pahlavi dynasty, the ruling house of Imperial State of Persia/Iran from 1925 until 1979 **Reza Shah, Reza Shah Pahlavi (1878–1944 ...
era, the mosque was finally rebuilt. Reconstruction is performed by plans and supervision of Mohammad Reza Memaran Benam, a traditional architect from Tabriz, with authority of the Iranian Organization of Cultural Heritages.


Calligraphy

The diverse Kufic, and Thuluth scripts, the arabesque patterns, and the choramatic compositions of these facades, were created by Nematollah-ben-Mohammad-ol-Bavab, the famous calligrapher. The walls inside and outside had been covered with mosaic tiles.


Photo gallery

File:Tabriz-BlueMosque-07.jpg, The Blue Mosque entrance, in a snowy day. File:Blue Mosque of Tabriz.jpg, Entrance File:Interieur masjed-e-kabud tabriz.jpg, Inside File:Tabriz blue mosque door.jpg, One of the inner doors. File:Blue mosque tabriz 3.JPG, Entrance (night) File:The Blue Mosque in 1969.jpg, The Blue Mosque in 1969 File:Blue mosque tabriz.JPG, Inside (night) File:Blue mosque tabriz 1.JPG, Inside (night) File:Blue mosque tabriz 2.JPG, Inside (night) File:JahanShah1.JPG, The tomb of
Jahan Shah ''Muzaffar al-Din'' Jahan Shah ibn Yusuf (1397 in Khoy or 1405 in Mardin – 30 October or 11 November 1467 in Bingöl) ( fa, جهان شاه; az, Cahanşah ) was the leader of the Qara Qoyunlu Oghuz Turkic tribal confederacy in Azerbaijan and A ...
within the southern part of the mosque. File:Blmquake2.jpg, The Blue mosque before reconstruction. File:Ruined Mosque , Tabriz by Eugène Flandin.jpg, Ruins of Blue Mosque, Eugène Flandin 1841. File:Sunni mosque , Tabriz by Pascal Coste.jpg, A 19th century sketch of blue mosque. File:Jules Laurens 16.jpg, Painting of Blue mosque by a French tourist,
Jules Laurens Jules Joseph Augustin Laurens, commonly known as Jules Laurens, (26 July 1825, Carpentras - 5 May 1901, Saint-Didier, Vaucluse) was a French artist in drawing, painting, and lithography who is remembered above all for his orientalism, Oriental wo ...
, 1872. File:Some of the tiles fallen in 17th century earthquake, blue mosque.jpg, Remnants of the original tiling that are broken in earthquake, on show in southern shabistan of Blue Mosque. File:Tiles of blue mosque.jpg, Tiles on one of the walls in Blue mosque. File:Blue mosque of Tabriz.jpg, Panoramic view of entrance to Blue Mosque from street.


See also

*
List of Mosques in Iran In 2015 it was estimated, as per official statistics, that there are 47,291 Shiite mosques and 10,344 Sunni mosques in Iran. List of mosques in Iran This is a list of mosques in Iran. Ardabil Province * Jome mosque * Jameh Mosque of Germ ...
* Khaqani Park * Iranian architecture *
History of Persian domes Persian domes or Iranian domes have an ancient origin and a history extending to the modern era. The use of domes in ancient Mesopotamia was carried forward through a succession of empires in the Greater Iran region. An ancient tradition of roy ...


References


Sources

* * * * * *Persian Bulletin of Blue Mosque, Iranian Cultural Heritages Organization.


Further reading

*


External links


Blue Mosque of Tabriz official website

Blue Mosque (Kaboud Mosque) introduction in UNESCO web site

Tishineh
{{Authority control Mosques completed in 1465 Mosques in Tabriz Mosque buildings with domes 2nd-millennium establishments in Iran