Dignitaries assembled on Roker Pier, 1895 (21301911258)

A block-setting crane is a form of crane. They were used for installing the large stone blocks used to build

breakwater Breakwater may refer to: * Breakwater (structure), a structure for protecting a beach or harbour Places * Breakwater, Victoria, a suburb of Geelong, Victoria, Australia * Breakwater Island Breakwater Island () is a small island in the Palme ...

mole Mole (or Molé) may refer to: Animals * Mole (animal) or "true mole", mammals in the family Talpidae, found in Eurasia and North America * Golden moles, southern African mammals in the family Chrysochloridae, similar to but unrelated to Talpida ...

s and stone piers. The mid-Victorian age was a time of great expansion in industry and shipping. Better protected harbours were needed, with man-made breakwaters extending beyond natural bays or coasts, in order to enclose safe harbours for the new generations of sailing ships and iron steamships being built. This time also coincided with the availability of large-scale ironworking with which to build cranes, and portable steam power with which to drive them. In contrast to the

navvies Navvy, a clipping of navigator ( UK) or navigational engineer ( US), is particularly applied to describe the manual labourers working on major civil engineering projects and occasionally (in North America) to refer to mechanical shovels and ea ...

who had built the earlier

canal Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flo ...

s and the first railways mostly with human and animal muscle power, these new ports were built by powered engines as well.

Development

Block-setting cranes were required to lift a single large block in one lift, and to position it accurately. They also needed to reach a distance horizontally, but not to lift their loads high. Their working area was along the length of the breakwater, which had not yet been constructed at the time that most of the heavy masonry was put into place. Early breakwaters had been built from rubble or small boulders, dumped by hand from barges. Development in the mid-19th century of both powered lifting gear and

Portland cement Portland cement is the most common type of cement in general use around the world as a basic ingredient of concrete, mortar, stucco, and non-specialty grout. It was developed from other types of hydraulic lime in England in the early 19th ...

with which to cast large interlocking

concrete Concrete is a composite material composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement (cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. Concrete is the second-most-used substance in the world after water, and is the most wid ...

blocks now involved the lifting of larger single blocks than could be moved by hand. A granite block weighs around 2 tons per cubic yard. Larger blocks were favoured as they required less masonry work to build with them and individual large blocks were more resistant to storm damage. Since the

Eddystone Lighthouse The Eddystone Lighthouse is a lighthouse that is located on the dangerous Eddystone Rocks, south of Rame Head in Cornwall, England. The rocks are submerged below the surface of the sea and are composed of Precambrian gneiss. View at 1:50000 ...

of 1756, blocks had also been dovetailed together, to hold them more strongly and flexibly than with mortar. Assembling such blocks required a way of carefully positioning them, before sliding them downwards into place. Pieter Oosterhuis, Afb 010017000015

The first cranes used for block-setting were

floating crane Floating may refer to: * a type of dental work performed on horse teeth * use of an isolation tank * the guitar-playing technique where chords are sustained rather than scratched * ''Floating'' (play), by Hugh Hughes * Floating (psychological phe ...

s on barges. These could be moved around the job site easily and could carry powerful lifting gear. However they were unable to lift far from the gunwales of the vessel without risk of capsizing. To avoid this, they had to be anchored in position before each heavy lift, either by tying them down or by ballasting them to sit on the harbour bottom. This made their use very slow. In shallow water, a Goliath crane could be used. This is a

gantry crane A gantry crane is a crane built atop a gantry, which is a structure used to straddle an object or workspace. They can range from enormous "full" gantry cranes, capable of lifting some of the heaviest loads in the world, to small shop cranes, us ...

with no jib. A trolley runs across this gantry and can move side to side across the line of the breakwater, whilst carrying a load. It ran on baulks of timber laid temporarily on either side of the construction. Such cranes could lift a load of 40 tons, large for the time, and could also move such a load sideways. Railway-mounted cranes were already in use for railway construction and the recovery of railway accidents. However these were of limited capacity at this time: manually wound and with a capacity of only around 5 tons. They also required the lowering of

screw jack A jackscrew, or screw jack, is a type of jack that is operated by turning a leadscrew. It is commonly used to lift moderately and heavy weights, such as vehicles; to raise and lower the horizontal stabilizers of aircraft; and as adjustable sup ...

s onto the rail heads before they could lift, which limited their ability to move a load. Most could not luff and when under load could only rotate at a fixed radius.

''Parkes' Titan''

Kurrachee Harbour Works; Titan for laying blocks of Manora breakwater

In 1869, Stothert and Pitt constructed their first dedicated block-setting crane, 'Parkes' Titan' for the Manora breakwater, Kurrachee harbour, This was to the design of William Parkes (1822-1889). The blocks to be set were cast of concrete, laid at angles against each other, and weighing around 27 tons each. The completed breakwater was to be 24 feet square in section, comprising three courses of blocks, laid on 9000 tons of rubble, dumped as a foundation. As was typical, this rubble foundation was left to settle over a winter's storms before block-laying commenced. The gantry of the crane spanned the width of the breakwater and the two railway lines upon it, with a projection over the end of the newly constructed breakwater. A horizontal gantry, crosswise to the breakwater could run up and down this, and a traveller upon that gantry could move from side to side. The projecting gantry of 23 feet allowed two courses of blocks to be laid before the whole crane had to be moved forwards. It was powered by an 8 hp steam engine, on top of the gantry which, together with its water tank, acted as a counterweight. In 1872 it was moved to Madras Although, like many Victorian cranes, named allegorically as a ' Titan', the design had more in common with the later '

Hercules Hercules (, ) is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena. In classical mythology, Hercules is famous for his strength and for his numerous far-ranging adventures. The Romans adapted the ...

' design than the later hammerhead ' Titan'. This may have been the first crane to be so named.

''Moa''

Jib crane A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy objects and transporti ...

s were rarely used for block setting as they had insufficient lifting capacity. One of the first to do so was ''Moa'', used for construction of a breakwater at the new port of

Oamaru Oamaru (; mi, Te Oha-a-Maru) is the largest town in North Otago, in the South Island of New Zealand, it is the main town in the Waitaki District. It is south of Timaru and north of Dunedin on the Pacific coast; State Highway 1 and the rai ...

, New Zealand in 1872. Weather conditions here in the

Pacific Ocean The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the contin ...

meant that there was no calm Summer season for building and so a crane was needed which could lift 40 tons, was rail-mounted to allow easy movement, and could also make heavy lifts whilst still 'F.O.R.' (free on rails), rather than having to be wheeled into place, then raised on rigid blocks before lifting. Although railway steam cranes were becoming common at this time, they had lifting capacities only half this and needed to be blocked up first. Owing to a lack of local stone, the breakwater was built from concrete blocks, cast on site, using cement brought from England. This breakwater work may also have been the site of the world's first

concrete mixer A concrete mixer (often colloquially called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a revolving drum to mix the components. F ...

Coode's crane for Port Alfred

Block-Setting Crane, Stothert and Pitt's 15-Ton, for the Port Alfred Harbour Works, South Africa

In 1881, Stothert and Pitt constructed a horizontal jib crane for

Sir John Coode Sir John Coode (11 November 1816 – 2 March 1892), English civil engineer, known for harbour works. Life He was born at Bodmin on 11 November 1816. He was educated at Bodmin Grammar School and after leaving school entered his father's office ...

's harbour building work on the

Kowie River The Kowie River (Coyi in Xhosa) is a river in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. It has its source in the hills of the "Grahamstown Heights" from where it flows in a south-easterly direction draining the major part of the Bathurst region, reaching ...

Port Alfred A port is a maritime facility comprising one or more wharves or loading areas, where ships load and discharge cargo and passengers. Although usually situated on a sea coast or estuary, ports can also be found far inland, such as Ha ...

in South Africa. This was a rail-mounted steam crane, with a fixed horizontal jib carrying a movable trolley or 'crab'. The crane, including the steam plant, could slew on a central

king post A king post (or king-post or kingpost) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above (whereas a crown post, though visually similar, supports items above f ...

bearing. This represented all the main features of the fully developed block-setting crane, although at a small scale as yet. The fixed horizontal jib extended far enough to place the hook 45 feet from the king post, and the trolley could move 20 feet in from that position. This level carriage was copied from cranes already in use in foundries. Compared to a jib crane, this allowed blocks to be moved sideways precisely, without them also being moved up and down. The crane ran on a railway carriage of 15 feet gauge and could be powered by the crane's engine. When lifting, the rail carriage was wedged underneath to take the load. Slewing was possible all around the crane, which allowed a block to be picked up from a wagon behind the crane and moved to the front of the breakwater. The lift capacity was 15 tons, and there was enough wire rope to allow the hook to descend 26 feet below rail level. The crane was highly successful in use. The ability to move blocks rapidly from the wagons bringing them, and to put them in place accurately, was better than any other crane types yet used for this work.

Hercules

In the mid-1880s, a further development of the crane design took place, the Hercules crane. A crane was needed which could set larger and heavier blocks, up to 30 tons. The Hercules design combined aspects of the Manora and the Port Alfred cranes. A horizontal jib was used, with the ability to slew sideways. As it was not possible to adapt the kingpost bearing and full-circle slewing of the Port Alfred crane to this new load, the design reverted to the Manora type where the lower frame of the crane allowed blocks to pass beneath it on wagons. The jib was now separate from the lower frame though, supported on two carriages which could move sideways, thus allowing the jib to slew over a small angle. For building linear breakwaters, this small slew angle was enough. Although the mechanical design of the jib was as a

kingpost truss A king post (or king-post or kingpost) is a central vertical post used in architectural or bridge designs, working in tension to support a beam below from a truss apex above (whereas a crown post, though visually similar, supports items above fro ...

, this kingpost was now part of the jib and rotated with it, rather than fixed to the frame beneath it. The kingpost was also placed further outboard, at the edge of the large ring bearing, making the most of the truss' span for increasing the reach of the jib. Pieter Oosterhuis, Afb 010017000007

Early examples were built by Stothert & Pitt for the

Breakwater Crane Railway The Douglas Breakwater Crane Railway was a massive self-propelled steam block-setting crane, with a capacity of 15 tons, built by Stothert & Pitt of Bath that ran the length of the original breakwater at Douglas, also used for the loading a ...

, Douglas Harbour, Isle of Man and by Alexander Shanks & Son for

Liepāja Liepāja (; liv, Līepõ; see other names) is a state city in western Latvia, located on the Baltic Sea. It is the largest-city in the Kurzeme Region and the third-largest city in the country after Riga and Daugavpils. It is an important ice-f ...

in Latvia, then part of

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

, and a 50 ton crane for

Roker Pier Roker () is a tourist resort and affluent area of Sunderland, North East England, bounded on the south by the River Wear and Monkwearmouth, on the east by the North Sea, to the west by Fulwell and on the north by Seaburn. It is administer ...

, Sunderland. At Roker, a second separate Goliath (gantry) crane was provided at the rail head, for loading the granite blocks from the railway to the tramway along the pier.

Titan

The ultimate development of the dedicated block-setting crane was the hammerhead or 'giant cantilever' Titan crane. These had a deep double truss as a

cantilever beam A cantilever is a rigid structural element that extends horizontally and is supported at only one end. Typically it extends from a flat vertical surface such as a wall, to which it must be firmly attached. Like other structural elements, a canti ...

atop a large diameter roller bearing, on a carriage similar to that of the Hercules. The upper edges of the two trusses formed a set of rails for a moveable trolley carrying the lifting cable sheaves and hook. The cantilever also extended behind the bearing, carrying the winch engine and also acting as a counterweight. Some also winched this counterpoise weight back and forth as the lifting trolley racked back and forth, in order to balance the changing moment of the load at each radius. The term 'Titan' had been applied to a number of earlier large cranes. Parkes' Titan at Manora was one of the first, although was missing an important feature. Some of the Hercules type cranes, with a cable-stayed jib supported by a kingpost, were termed 'Titans', if they were capable of slewing in a full circle.

William Arrol Sir William Arrol (13 February 1839 – 20 February 1913) was a Scottish civil engineer, bridge builder, and Liberal Unionist Party politician. Career The son of a spinner, Arrol was born in Houston, Renfrewshire, and started work in a cotton ...

built 14 of these large Titan cranes, several of them as block-setters and the rest as shipyard cranes. ; Arrol cranes * Dockyard :*

Titan Clydebank Titan Clydebank, more commonly known as the Titan Crane is a cantilever crane at Clydebank, West Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It was designed to be used in the lifting of heavy equipment, such as engines and boilers, during the fitting-out of ...

, completed in 1907 :* Titan Crane, Fairfield, completed in 1911 :* Titan Crane,

James Watt Dock Crane The James Watt Dock Crane is a giant cantilever crane situated at Greenock on the River Clyde. History It was built in 1917 by Sir William Arrol & Co. It was rated to lift , and is a category A listed structure. Apart from an adjacent derelict ...

, completed in 1917 :* Titan Crane, Barclay Curle, completed in 1920 :* Garden Island, Sydney, Australia * Blocksetter :* Travelling Titan (South African Harbours and Railways); for use at

Durban Durban ( ) ( zu, eThekwini, from meaning 'the port' also called zu, eZibubulungwini for the mountain range that terminates in the area), nicknamed ''Durbs'',Ishani ChettyCity nicknames in SA and across the worldArticle on ''news24.com'' from ...

, completed prior to 1932 :* Travelling Hercules (South African Harbours and Railways); for use at

Table Bay Table Bay (Afrikaans: ''Tafelbaai'') is a natural bay on the Atlantic Ocean overlooked by Cape Town (founded 1652 by Van Riebeeck) and is at the northern end of the Cape Peninsula, which stretches south to the Cape of Good Hope. It was named b ...

, completed prior to 1932 :* Travelling Hercules; for use at

Ceuta Ceuta (, , ; ar, سَبْتَة, Sabtah) is a Spanish autonomous city on the north coast of Africa. Bordered by Morocco, it lies along the boundary between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. It is one of several Spanish territorie ...

, completed prior to 1932 :* Portland Breakwater, Dorset The following diesel crane was actually built by Skoda in 1931. :* Comodoro Rivadavia pier, Argentina

Later jib cranes

By the 1920s, port cranes had developed to become much more powerful - particularly when electrically driven, for which Stothert & Pitt were again leaders. A port crane is required to make many lifts, as fast as possible, and so requires powerful motors even if their lifting capacity is not so great. Electric cranes, supplied by electricity from a single centralised generating station or prime mover, could offer a lot of power per crane, without requiring the high cost of an equivalent steam plant on each crane. Port cranes were almost all luffing

jib crane A crane is a type of machine, generally equipped with a hoist rope, wire ropes or chains, and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It is mainly used for lifting heavy objects and transporti ...

s, often with a long reach. Their lifting capacity depended on how far they were reaching. Although not intended for lifting heavy loads, when the jib was raised high and the crane worked at a short radius, their capacity could become comparable to a block-setting crane. When an existing harbour was to be extended or maintained, it was now possible to use one of the existing port cranes for this work. This only required new lines to be laid along the breakwater and a longer cable supplied to power one of the existing cranes, moved into position for this work. Obviously this was far cheaper than obtaining another specialist crane just for this work.

Working life

In their heyday, block-setting cranes were sold on from completed sites and used elsewhere. Two cranes returned to the UK for further use; a S&P Titan of 1900 for Seaham went on to Malta and thence to the Proof Testing Establishment at Shoeburyness in 1921; and a S&P Titan of 1901 from Simonstown went to Aberdeen in 1937. They were dismantled for shipping and might even be designed to make this simpler, with bolted joints to break the crane down into components, each of which was permanently assembled by rivetting. Some cranes were only partly re-used, the more complicated and expensive parts also being the most compact. The steam plant and moving parts could be removed and re-used, whilst the large but relatively simple framework was scrapped ''in situ'' and a new one built for the new site. A single crane might construct several breakwaters in its working life. In later years, such cranes were in less demand and so the crane might be left in place, and available in the future for any maintenance work needed.

Tynemouth Pier

As an example, Tynemouth Pier had three cranes permanently in place at various times. The two breakwaters were constructed under the supervision of P. J. Messent (1830-1897) "the maker of the Tyne River". The first crane was used to rebuild the North pier and breakwater in 1909 and remained in service afterwards until 1931. The next crane was a steam-powered Titan hammerhead, which lasted to the late 1960s. The breakwater here also formed a pier on its landward side. Although not used for commercial cargoes, it was sometimes used for ship repair, such as lifting engines in and out. It was replaced by a more modern electric crane after this, which lasted into the 1990s.

Models

Meccano

Cranes have always been a popular subject for

Meccano Meccano is a brand of model construction system created in 1898 by Frank Hornby in Liverpool, England. The system consists of reusable metal strips, plates, angle girders, wheels, axles and gears, and plastic parts that are connected using nut ...

models and large Titan cranes in particular. They have appeared in instruction guides, as shop display models, and as one-off constructions by dedicated Meccanistes.

Nº 4 Super Models

The instructions of ' Meccano Super Models No. 4.' were for a 'Giant Block-Setting Crane'. These instructions were printed in 1929, firstly across three issues of the ''

Meccano Magazine ''Meccano Magazine'' was an English monthly hobby magazine published by Meccano Ltd between 1916 and 1963, and by other publishers between 1963 and 1981. The magazine was initially created for Meccano builders, but it soon became a general hobb ...

''. They were then reprinted in booklet form. This model required the resources of the largest Meccano set, the wooden-cased No 10 set, and so few Meccano modellers would have had the resources to build it. Even with that set, it required an additional component – the part 167 Geared Roller Bearing. This model remains a popular goal for large Meccano builders.

Illustration

The block-setting crane model was such an icon of Meccano that it was used as cover art for several publications: the 1930 Book of New Models, the 1947 No 3 set, and the post-war revised No 7, 8, 9 & 10 sets. This was despite none of these sets containing enough parts, or the roller bearing, with which to build it. The crane is widely known as the 'Pinyon' block setter, after the name of the illustrator who produced the cover artwork.

References

{{Reflist, refs= {{Cite journal , title=Kurrachee Harbour Works; Titan for laying blocks of Manora breakwater , journal= The Engineer , date=17 September 1869 , pages=192–194 , url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/images/2/2c/Eg18690917.pdf {{Cite journal , title=Block-Setting Crane, Stothert and Pitt's 15-Ton, for the Port Alfred Harbour Works, South Africa , journal= The Engineer , date=4 November 1881 , pages=455–457 , url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Special:MemberUsers?file=images/c/c8/Eg18811104.pdf {{Cite web , title=A short background and history of ''Moa'' , website=Historical Crane Society , year=2009 , url=http://historicalcranesociety.org/Moa_at_Oamaru.html {{Cite magazine , title=Bruce Comfort is intrigued to know if New Zealand's 1870s concrete mixer is the earliest of its kind , magazine=Newcomen Links , date=March 2018 , page=7 , publisher=

Newcomen Society Newcomen may refer to: People * John Newcomen (c.1613–1630), English first white settler murdered by another white settler in Plymouth Colony, Massachusetts * Matthew Newcomen (c. 1610–1669), English nonconformist churchman *Thomas Newcomen (16 ...

, issue=245 {{Cite web , title=William Parkes , website= Grace's Guide , url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/William_Parkes {{Cite web , title=Philip John Messent , website= Grace's Guide , url=https://www.gracesguide.co.uk/Philip_John_Messent {{Cite news , title=Visit of the Channel Fleet to Sunderland , date=10 September 1895 , id=TWAM (Tyne & Wear Archives and Museum) ref. 3768/8 , newspaper= Sunderland Daily Echo , quote=Admiral Lord Walter Kerr, in the presence of his staff, members of the River Wear Commission and many influential gentleman laid a 45 ton block in the new Pier. , url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/twm_news/21301911258/ {{Cite magazine , author=Charles Dickens , authorlink=Charles Dickens , title= Portland Breakwater , magazine= Household Words , date=17 April 1858 {{Cite web , title=Portland Breakwater Railway , url=https://spellerweb.net/rhindex/UKRH/OtherRailways/PBR.html , author=John Speller {{Cite web , title=Comodoro Rivadavia pier and the 'Rada Tilly' or Punta Piedras line , url=http://www.railwaysofthefarsouth.co.uk/07ncomrivpier.html , website=Railways of the Far South Arrol Catalogue, circa. 1932 {{Cite web , title=Meccano Giant Block-Setting Crane (Meccano Super Models No 4) , url=http://www.brightontoymuseum.co.uk/index/Meccano_Giant_Block-Setting_Crane_(Meccano_Super_Models_No_4) , website=

Brighton Toy and Model Museum Brighton Toy and Model Museum (sometimes referred to as Brighton Toy Museum) is an independent toy museum situated in Brighton, East Sussex (registered charity no. 1001560). Its collection focuses on toys and models produced in the UK and ...

{{Cite web , title=Giant Block-Setting Crane ( No 4) , url=http://www.nzmeccano.com/image-18228 {{Cite web , title=Giant Block-Setting Crane ( No 4) , website=Brighton Toy and Model Museum , url=http://www.brightontoymuseum.co.uk/w/images/Meccano_Giant_Block-Setting_Crane_(Meccano_Super_Models_4).jpg {{Cite web , title=Geared Roller Bearing, Meccano part 167 , website=Brighton Toy and Model Museum , url=http://www.brightontoymuseum.co.uk/index/Geared_Roller_Bearing,_Meccano_part_167 {{cite journal , url=http://www.mmci.com.au/articles/hammerHead.pdf , title=Hammerhead Crane, Garden Island, NSW , last=Wright , first=Mike , work=Club newsletter , publisher=Melbourne Meccano Club , date=December 2005 , pages=8–11 , accessdate=16 January 2016 , url-status=dead , archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228023115/http://mmci.com.au/articles/hammerHead.pdf , archivedate=28 February 2016 , df=dmy {{Cite web , title=Giant Block Setting Crane , author=Wes Dalefield , url=http://www.dalefield.com/mwes/blocksetter/blockset1pg.html {{Cite web , title=W.H. Pinyon Blocksetter , url=http://www.hsomerville.com/mwmailorder/MWModelPlans/MP143.html Cranes by function