![Awanyu pot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Awanyu_pot.jpg)
Black-on-black ware is a 20th- and 21st-century pottery tradition developed by
Puebloan Native American ceramic artists in
Northern New Mexico
Northern New Mexico in cultural terms usually refers to the area of heavy-Spanish settlement in the north-central part of New Mexico. However, New Mexico state government also uses the term to mean the northwest and north central, but to exclude ...
. Traditional reduction-fired
blackware
Stoneware is a rather broad term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature. A modern technical definition is a vitreous or semi-vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay. Whether vi ...
has been made for centuries by Pueblo artists and other artists around the world. Pueblo black-on-black ware of the past century is produced with a smooth surface, with the designs applied through selective
burnishing or the application of
refractory slip. Another style involves carving or incising designs and selectively polishing the raised areas. For generations several families from ''
Kha'po Owingeh'' and ''
P'ohwhóge Owingeh''
pueblos
The Puebloans or Pueblo peoples, are Native Americans in the Southwestern United States who share common agricultural, material, and religious practices. Currently 100 pueblos are actively inhabited, among which Taos Pueblo, Taos, San Ildefonso ...
have been making black-on-black ware with the techniques passed down from
matriarch
Matriarchy is a social system in which women hold the primary power positions in roles of authority. In a broader sense it can also extend to moral authority, social privilege and control of property.
While those definitions apply in general E ...
potters. Artists from other pueblos have also produced black-on-black ware. Several contemporary artists have created works honoring the pottery of their ancestors.
Blackware and black-on-black ware
The artists of ''Kha'po Owingeh'' (
Tewa
The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe. They comprise the following communities:
* ...
:
ɑ̀ʔp’òː ʔówîŋgè, also called
Santa Clara Pueblo
Santa Clara Pueblo (in Tewa: Khaʼpʼoe Ówîngeh ɑ̀ʔp’òː ʔówîŋgè ″Singing Water Village″, also known as ″Village of Wild Roses″ is a census-designated place (CDP) in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico, United States and a federal ...
, and of ''P'ohwhóge Owingeh'' (
Tewa
The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe. They comprise the following communities:
* ...
:
’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè, also known as
San Ildefonso Pueblo
San Ildefonso Pueblo (Tewa: Pʼohwhogeh Ówîngeh ’òhxʷógè ʔówîŋgè"where the water cuts through"
) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States, and a federally recognized tribe, established c. 130 ...
, have been making traditional
blackware (reduction-fired earthenware) for many years using a coarse-grained clay body decorated with deeply incised or excised designs.
During the firing process in an earthen pit, the fire is smothered with powdered dung which reduces the oxygen without diminishing the heat; this process blackens the clay.
Another method of blackening the clay is by "smudging". The pots are surrounded with sheets of metal to reduce the amount of oxygen, and then smothered with damp manure. The smoke impregnates the clay with carbon to produce the blackened finish.
Black-on-black ware is produced with a smooth surface, with the designs applied through selective burnishing or the application of
refractory
In materials science, a refractory material or refractory is a material that is resistant to decomposition by heat, pressure, or chemical attack, and retains strength and form at high temperatures. Refractories are polycrystalline, polyphase, ...
slip. The clay body used in this type of pottery has a very fine grain structure. Both types are typically made using traditional methods of hand-coiling local clay and firing it in a pit.
Black-on-black ware pottery can be found in many museums and private collections.
The rapid shift in the early 20th century from traditional blackware made for centuries to the black-on-black style that broke with tradition was triggered by the innovations of María Martinez of ''P'ohwhóge Owingeh''.
Work by ''P'ohwhóge Owingeh'' (San Ildefonso Pueblo) artists
In 1910,
María Poveka Martinez and her husband
Julián Julián is the Spanish equivalent of the name Julian. Notable people with the name include:
* Julián, Julián Cuesta, Spanish footballer
* Julián Orbón (1925–1991) Cuban composer
* Julián Carrón (1950) Spanish Catholic theologian
* Juliá ...
of ''P'ohwhóge Owingeh'' are credited with originating a non-incised, smooth-surfaced polished-black on matte-black technique. Their technique involves making blackware using a fine-grained clay body fired in a cow-dung fire. By 1918 they had perfected the technique producing black-on-black surface ornamentation, created by selectively burnishing and polishing specific areas of the pot.
The polishing gives the clay a silver-black lustrous light-reflecting quality. At times the matte areas are painted with an iron-bearing slip.
By 1925, Martinez' pots were in demand, and selling for prices that benefited the pueblo by enabling new houses to be built and farming equipment to be purchased.
Between 1956 and 1970 Martinez collaborated with her son, Popovi Da (1921–1971).
Popovi Da was known for his experimentation, precision of design and for reviving and transforming traditional techniques. He perfected gunmetal-black finishes by knowing exactly when to "cut the oxidation" during the firing process.
His son, Tony Da (1940–2008) produced work that used sgraffito etching, and initiated a technique to selective black-on-black and sienna coloration on the same vessel. He was able to achieve a "shimmering" mirror-like gunmetal-black finish on his work.
A member of María Martinez' extended family,
Santana Roybal Martinez (1909-2002) whose parents were also potters, learned from Maria and Julian Martinez and would sign her pots "Marie and Santana".
She was married to Maria and Julian's eldest son Adam Martinez. In 1943, when Julian died, Santana took over the task of polishing and decorating Maria's work. When Maria became too old to fire her pots herself, Santana took on that process.
Santana and Adam Martinez became well-known artists in their own right, and their work can be found in numerous private and public collections.
Carmelita Vigil Dunlap (born 1925), was raised by her aunts Maria Martinez and Desideria Martinez. She began producing black-on-black ware in the 1950s as well as other styles of pottery.
Other members of the Martinez family and extended family also work in the burnished black-on-black style including three daughters of Carmelita Vigil Dunlap: Linda Dunlap (born 1955), Jeannie Mountain Flower Dunlap (born 1953), Cynthia Star Flower Dunlap (born 1959), as well as Carmelita's niece Martha Apple Leaf Fender (born 1950).
Rose Cata Gonzales (1900–1989) was known for her polished blackware as well as black-on-black pottery, and is credited for innovating a deeply carved style in the 1930s. While she was born at ''Ohkay Owingeh'' (San Juan Pueblo), she married into the San Ildefonso Pueblo. She and her son Tse-Pé (born 1940) would sometimes collaborate on works. Tse-pé and his wife Jennifer have worked collaboratively for years gathering and cleaning clay, making, polishing and firing pots.
Barbara Gonzales produces inventive blackware that is incised with delicate parallel-line work revealing an underlayer of red clay to produce a modified black-on-black appearance. She often inlays these pots with semiprecious stones and coral.
Crucita Gonzalez Calabaza (Blue Corn) (1920–1999) was influenced by Maria Martinez, having watched her work on the pueblo. She is known for her polychrome work as well as her black-on-black work.
Work by ''Kha'po Owingeh'' (Santa Clara Pueblo) artists
![Sara Fina Tafoya (right) with her husband Geronimo c](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Sara_Fina_Tafoya_%28right%29_with_her_husband_Geronimo_c._1900.jpg)
Five generations of potters of the Tafoya family of ''Kha'po Owingeh'' have been producing incised blackware and later, smooth-surfaced black-on-black ware, notably the matriarch potter
Sara Fina Tafoya
Sara Fina Gutiérrez Tafoya (1863-1949) (sometimes spelled Serafina Tafoya) was a Tewa matriarch potter from Kha'po Owingeh (in Tewa: ɑ̀ʔp’òː ʔówîŋgè, New Mexico.
Tafoya is known for her minimally-adorned blackware and black-on- ...
1863–1949).
Both Sara Fina (Autumn Flower) and her husband Geronimo (White Flower) produced polished blackware, however it was Sara Fina who expected nothing but "perfection from her children in their ceramic endeavors", while Geronimo was primarily concerned with cultivating food for the family. She was considered the "outstanding Tewa potter of her time" in relation to the beauty, size, and variety of her ceramic work. Some of her work was produced in micaceous clay, but it was making polished blackware, and later carved black-on-black ware where she excelled.
Sara Fina's daughter
Margaret Tafoya (Corn Blossom), born 1904,
and her granddaughter
LuAnn Tafoya
LuAnn Tafoya (born 1938 in Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico) is a Native American potter. Like her mother, Margaret Tafoya, and her grandmother Sara Fina Tafoya, she creates large ceramic pieces using traditional methods. She is known for her larg ...
(born 1938) also create black-on-black work. LuAnn learned polishing techniques from her mother starting at age twelve, before she learned to make her own pots. Once she began making her own pots, she challenged her abilities by working at a large scale; her first storage pot was 23 inches tall. She learned from her family the importance of keeping true to tradition working with specific designs and their meanings, digging local clay and open-flame firing techniques.
Another daughter of Sara Fina Tafoya, Christina (Tafoya) Naranjo (1891–1980) is also well known for her blackware, as is her granddaughter Mary Cain (1915–2010), great-granddaughter Linda Cain (born 1949) and her great-great-granddaughter
Tammy Garcia
Tammy Garcia (born August 27, 1969, in Los Angeles, California) is a Santa Clara Pueblo sculptor and Ceramic artist. Garcia translates Pueblo pottery forms and iconography into sculptures in bronze and other media.
Background
Tammy Garcia is a m ...
(born 1969).
Garcia cites the women artists in her family as her role models from whom she learned everything from digging and cleaning and tempering clay to building pots, ornamentation, and firing techniques. Her geometric surface design sensibility is inspired by Mimbres, Acoma and Zuni pottery.
Nathan Youngblood Nathan Youngblood (born 1954) is a Native American potter from Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, United States.Folwell et al, 15
Background
He was born in Fort Carson, Colorado to Mela (1931–1991) and Walt Youngblood. During his adolescent years N ...
(born 1954), a great-grandson of Sara Fina Tafoya, produces carved black-on-black ware in addition to other styles of ceramic art inspired by his grandmother, Margaret Tafoya.
He lived with his grandparents for a while, and there he learned the symbolism behind designs from this grandfather, Alcario Tafoya, and also how and where to dig clay. He assisted his grandmother with the polishing process and learned about different clay bodies and firing techniques from her. Youngblood considers the design process itself as essential to "conveying his message using the symbols of a prayer."
Nancy Youngblood (born 1955) is mainly known for her deeply carved, ribbed sculptural vessels in blackware and redware, however she also produces some black-on-black ware.
Her son, Christopher Youngblood (born 1989) is an emerging artist who is a great-great-grandson of Sara Fina Tafoya, great-grandson of Margaret Tafoya. He learned the craft alongside his mother and credits her as his "best teacher" because her expectations were so high. His highly-polished, precisely-carved black-on-black ware often features images of birds, koi and serpents. Because of his labor-intensive process he only makes a few pieces per year.
Toni Roller (born 1935) is a granddaughter of Sara Fina Tafoya has been a guardian of the Santa Clara cultural traditions throughout her life as an artist. Her son, Jeff Roller and grandsons Ryan Roller and Jordan Roller, all of whom are potters have been inspired by her work. She taught them to "start from scratch and do it the old way".
Another granddaughter of Sara Fina Tafoya, Mida Tafoya (born 1931), and her daughter, Sherry Tafoya (born 1956) produce black-on-black ware.
Sara Fina Tafoya's son, Camillo Sunflower Tafoya (1902–1905) of ''Kha'po Owingeh'' is known for his carved blackware vessels. His daughter,
Grace Medicine Flower is known for her miniature pottery. She experiments with mixing different clay bodies and combining black-on-black and
redware
Redware as a single word is a term for at least two types of pottery of the last few centuries, in Europe and North America. Red ware as two words is a term used for pottery, mostly by archaeologists, found in a very wide range of places. Howeve ...
techniques in the same pot.
Virginia Tafoya Ebelacker, a daughter of Margaret Tafoya produced traditional black-on-black ware until about 1951 when she began introducing her jewelry-making skills into her ceramic work. She developed an innovative style of inlaying silver and turquoise elements into her ceramic work.
Autumn Borts–Medlock (born 1967) comes from the matrilineal legacy of women potters, she is a great-great granddaughter of Sara Fina Tafoya, great-granddaughter of Christina Naranjo, granddaughter of Mary Cain and daughter of Linda Cain. Her work carries on the tradition of incised and carved black-on-black ware, as well as other forms of pottery. Her unique carving style is precise and pictorial; she credits her mother with encouraging her to express an individual, unique design sensibility.
Many other members of the extended Tafoya family have continued in the tradition of Sara Fina Tafoya to produce black-on-black ware including Mela Youngblood (1931–1991), Agapita Tafoya (1904–1959), Lucy Year Flower Tafoya (born 1935), Kelli Little Kachina (born 1967), Joy Cain (born 1947), and Myra Little Snow (born 1962).
The
Heard Museum
The Heard Museum is a private, not-for-profit museum in Phoenix, Arizona, United States, dedicated to the advancement of American Indian art. It presents the stories of American Indian people from a first-person perspective, as well as exhibitio ...
in collaboration with the
Erie Art Museum
Erie Art Museum is located in Erie, Pennsylvania. The Museum holds a collection of more than 8,000 objects, with strengths in American art pottery, American ceramics, Tibetan art, Tibetan paintings, Arts and entertainment in India#Sculpture, Indian ...
produced two survey exhibitions, ''The Pottery of Margaret Tafoya'', and ''Generation, A Survey of Margaret Tafoya's Descendants''. The exhibitions focused on her distinct style of incised black-on-black ware and other styles such as polychrome, to unify historic, traditional functional pots into modern art forms. The shows highlighted three generations of Tafoya ceramic artists.
In 1983, the
Denver Art Museum
The Denver Art Museum (DAM) is an art museum located in the Civic Center of Denver, Colorado. With encyclopedic collections of more than 70,000 diverse works from across the centuries and world, the DAM is one of the largest art museums between t ...
produced an exhibition of over 100 ceramic objects by six generations of the Tafoya family. Tafoya was named a National Heritage Fellow by the
National Endowment for the Arts
The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence. It was created in 1965 as an independent agency of the federal ...
in 1984.
Several members of the Chavarria family descending from matriarch potter Pablita Chavarria (born 1914) are well known for their black-on-black ware. These include Teresita Naranjo (1919–1999), Clara Shije (born 1924), Reycita Naranjo (born 1926), Elizabeth Naranjo (born 1929), Betty Naranjo (born 1956), Florence Browning (born 1931), Mary Singer (born 1936), Stella Chavarria (born 1939), Mildred Chavarria (born 1946), Jennifer Naranjo (born 1955) and Loretta (Sunday) Chavarria.
Members of the Gutierrez family of ''Kha'po Owingeh'' descending from matriarch potter Leocadia Gutierrez are known for their black-on-black ware, specifically Severa Tafoya (1890–1973) and Robert Cleto Nichols (Tall Mountain, born 1961). Their daughter,
Angela Tafoya Baca (1927–2014) produced carved blackware pottery.
Linda and Merton Sisneros
Linda Sisneros and Merton Sisneros are Native American potters from Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico, United States.
Both Linda and Merton, a married couple, have a long heritage of pottery in their families. Together they carry on these family ...
are also known for their black-on-black ware.
Work by artists of other pueblos
In the 1920s the San Ildefonso (Pueblo P'ohwhóge Owingeh) black-on-black style began to flourish, and several artists were inspired by
Nampeyo
Nampeyo (1859 – 1942) was a Hopi-Tewa potter who lived on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona. Her Tewa name was also spelled Num-pa-yu, meaning "snake that does not bite". Her name is also cited as "Nung-beh-yong," Tewa for Sand Snake.
She used a ...
(1959–1942), of
Hano
Hano or HANO may refer to:
* Hano, Arizona
*Hanö, an island off Listerlandet peninsula, western Blekinge, Sweden
*Arizona Tewa, a Tewa Pueblo group
* "Hano" (song), a song in the 2001 Eurovision Song Contest by Nino Pršeš
*Housing Authority of ...
, a
Tewan pueblo on the East Mesa of
Hopiland. Although her work looked very different from that of the artists working in the pueblos of the
Rio Grande Valley
The Lower Rio Grande Valley ( es, Valle del Río Grande), commonly known as the Rio Grande Valley or locally as the Valley or RGV, is a region spanning the border of Texas and Mexico located in a floodplain of the Rio Grande near its mouth. The ...
, the depth of her knowledge influenced the artists working at P'ohwhóge Owingeh.
Hopi
The Hopi are a Native American ethnic group who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, there are 19,338 Hopi in the country. The Hopi Tribe is a sovereign nation within the Unite ...
–
Tewa
The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe. They comprise the following communities:
* ...
potter
Helen Naha
Helen Naha (1922–1993) was the matriarch in a family of well known Hopi Pottery, potters.
Biography
Helen Naha was the daughter-in-law of Paqua Naha (the first Frog Woman). Helen was married to Paqua’s son Archie. She was mostly self-taught, ...
(Feather Woman, 1922–1993) of the village of
Polacca
A polacca (or ''polacre'') is a type of seventeenth- to nineteenth-century sailing vessel, similar to the xebec. The name is the feminine of "Polish" in the Italian language. The polacca was frequently seen in the Mediterranean. It had two or th ...
, south of
First Mesa
First Mesa ( Hopi: Wàlpi) is a census-designated place (CDP) in Navajo County, Arizona, United States, on the Hopi Reservation. As of the 2010 census, the CDP population was 1,555, spread among three Hopi villages atop the 5,700-foot (1,740 m ...
(
Hopi
The Hopi are a Native American ethnic group who primarily live on the Hopi Reservation in northeastern Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, there are 19,338 Hopi in the country. The Hopi Tribe is a sovereign nation within the Unite ...
: Wàlpi), produced black-on-black ware in addition to other styles.
Artists from
Kewa Pueblo
Kewa Pueblo ( Eastern Keres , Keres: ''Díiwʾi'', Navajo: ''Tó Hájiiloh'') is a federally-recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people in northern New Mexico, in Sandoval County southwest of Santa Fe. The pueblo is recorded as the Santo ...
(
Eastern Keres
Keres (), also Keresan (), is a Native American language, spoken by the Keres Pueblo people in New Mexico. Depending on the analysis, Keres is considered a small language family or a language isolate with several dialects. The varieties of each ...
:
ʰewɑ Navajo
The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States.
With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United ...
: Tó Hájiiloh, formerly known as Santo Domingo Pueblo),
Ohkay Owingeh
Ohkay Owingeh (Tewa: Ohkwee Ówîngeh ), known by its Spanish name as San Juan de los Caballeros from 1589 to 2005, is a pueblo and census-designated place (CDP) in Rio Arriba County, New Mexico. Ohkay Owingeh is also a federally recognized tribe ...
(
Tewa
The Tewa are a linguistic group of Pueblo Native Americans who speak the Tewa language and share the Pueblo culture. Their homelands are on or near the Rio Grande in New Mexico north of Santa Fe. They comprise the following communities:
* ...
:
òhkèː ʔówĩ̂ŋgè formerly known as San Juan Pueblo), and
Picuris Pueblo
Picuris Pueblo (; Tiwa: P'įwweltha ’ī̃wːēltʰà is a historic pueblo in Taos County, New Mexico, United States. It is also a census-designated place (CDP) and a federally recognized tribe of Native American Pueblo people. The 2010 censu ...
(
Tiwa Tiwa and Tigua may refer to:
* Tiwa Puebloans, an ethnic group of New Mexico, US
* Tiwa (Lalung), an ethnic group of north-eastern India
* Tiwa language (India), a Sino-Tibetan language of India
* Tiwa languages, a group of Tanoan languages of the ...
: P'įwweltha
’ī̃wːēltʰà also produce black-on-black ware, but in lesser quantities, as their primary ceramic work is mostly produced in other styles.
Harrison Begay Jr. (born 1961), a
Navajo
The Navajo (; British English: Navaho; nv, Diné or ') are a Native American people of the Southwestern United States.
With more than 399,494 enrolled tribal members , the Navajo Nation is the largest federally recognized tribe in the United ...
artist who is part Hopi,
Jemez and
Zuni learned black-on-black techniques from his wife and her family who are from Santa Clara Pueblo. His pots are produced with traditional polished and matte black surfaces, and are deeply carved revealing traces of the red clay underneath the oxidized surface.
Contemporary art interpretations
Several contemporary artists have created works honoring the pottery of their ancestors.
As a tribute to María Martinez and to Northern New Mexico's car culture,
Rose Bean Simpson, a contemporary sculptor and second-generation Santa Clara Pueblo ceramic artist, created a museum installation titled ''Maria'', that included a 1985
Chevy El Camino hot-rod
Hot rods are typically American cars that might be old, classic, or modern and that have been rebuilt or modified with large engines optimised for speed and acceleration. One definition is: "a car that's been stripped down, souped up and made ...
custom-painted with traditional black-on-black motifs.
Gallery
File:Pottery by Merton and Linda Sisneros.jpg, Pottery by Merton and Linda Sisneros, Santa Clara Pueblo
File:Maria and julian martinez wedding vase.jpg, María and Julián Martinez wedding vase, San Ildefonso Pueblo, collection Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art
The Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art is an art museum on the University of Oklahoma campus in Norman, Oklahoma.
Overview
The University of Oklahoma’s Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art holds over 20,000 objects in its permanent collection. The museum c ...
File:Maria martinez e santana roybal martinez, ciotola, san ildefonso pueblo, 1940-50 ca.jpg, Maria Martinez and Santana Roybal Martinez, Ciotola, San Ildefonso Pueblo, 1940-50 ca, collection Cleveland Museum of Art
The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA) is an art museum in Cleveland, Ohio, located in the Wade Park District, in the University Circle neighborhood on the city's east side. Internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of Asian and Egyptian ...
File:Double-spout_vessel,_Santa_Clara_Pueblo,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_4995.1.JPG, Santa Clara Pueblo double spouted vessel, collection Honolulu Museum of Art
The Honolulu Museum of Art (formerly the Honolulu Academy of Arts) is an art museum in Honolulu, Hawaii. The museum is the largest of its kind in the state, and was founded in 1922 by Anna Rice Cooke. The museum has one of the largest single col ...
File:Lula Tapia p1070213.jpg, Bowl by Lula Tapia, San Ildefonso Pueblo, collection Stanford Museum
File:Black bowl with bear paw by Angela Baca.jpg, Black bowl with bear paw by Angela Baca, Santa Clara Pueblo
File:SanIldefonsoBowl1.jpg, San Ildefonso Bowl, collection Field Museum
The Field Museum of Natural History (FMNH), also known as The Field Museum, is a natural history museum in Chicago, Illinois, and is one of the largest such museums in the world. The museum is popular for the size and quality of its educational ...
See also
*
Pueblo pottery
Pueblo pottery are ceramic objects made by the indigenous Pueblo people and their antecedents, the Ancestral Puebloans and Mogollon cultures in the Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico.
For centuries, pottery has been central to puebl ...
*
Ceramics of indigenous peoples of the Americas
Native American pottery is an art form with at least a 7500-year history in the Americas. Pottery is fired ceramics with clay as a component. Ceramics are used for utilitarian cooking vessels, serving and storage vessels, pipes, funerary urns, ...
*
Pit fired pottery
Pit firing is the oldest known method for the firing of pottery. Examples have been dated as early as 29,000–25,000 BCE, while the earliest known kiln dates to around 6000 BCE, and was found at the Yarim Tepe site in modern Iraq. Kilns all ...
*
Pottery of the American Southwest
Art of the American Southwest is the visual arts of the Southwestern United States. This region encompasses Arizona, New Mexico, and parts of California, Colorado, Nevada, Texas, and Utah. These arts include architecture, ceramics, drawing, fi ...
*
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas encompasses the visual artistic practices of the indigenous peoples of the Americas from ancient times to the present. These include works from South America and North America, which includes ...
*
List of Native American Ceramic Artists
*
Black-burnished ware
Black-burnished ware is a type of Romano-British ceramic. Burnishing is a pottery treatment in which the surface of the pot is polished, using a hard smooth surface. The classification includes two entirely different pottery types which share ...
Further reading
* Peterson, Susan, ''The Living Tradition of Maria Martinez,'' Kadansha International Ltd., 1977, . Includes extensive black-and-white and color photo sequences of the complete process of producing black-on-black ware: Maria, Santana and Adam Martinez mining the raw clay, building coiled pots, smoothing, polishing and decorating, firing and retrieving the finished black-on-black ware from the ashes.
References
{{Reflist
Native American pottery
Artists from New Mexico
Santa Clara Pueblo people
Hopi people
Puebloan peoples
Ceramic art
Pottery
Indigenous art of the Americas