Pessamit (formerly Betsiamites, or Bersimis), is a
First Nations
First Nations or first peoples may refer to:
* Indigenous peoples, for ethnic groups who are the earliest known inhabitants of an area.
Indigenous groups
*First Nations is commonly used to describe some Indigenous groups including:
**First Natio ...
reserve and
Innu
The Innu / Ilnu ("man", "person") or Innut / Innuat / Ilnuatsh ("people"), formerly called Montagnais from the French colonial period ( French for "mountain people", English pronunciation: ), are the Indigenous inhabitants of territory in the ...
community in the
Canadian
Canadians (french: Canadiens) are people identified with the country of Canada. This connection may be residential, legal, historical or cultural. For most Canadians, many (or all) of these connections exist and are collectively the source of ...
province of
Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
, located about southwest from
Baie-Comeau
Baie-Comeau (; 2021 city population 20,687; CA population 26,643) is a city located approximately north-east of Quebec City in the Côte-Nord region of the province of Quebec, Canada. It is located on the shores of the Saint Lawrence River nea ...
along the north shore of the
Saint Lawrence River
The St. Lawrence River (french: Fleuve Saint-Laurent, ) is a large river in the middle latitudes of North America. Its headwaters begin flowing from Lake Ontario in a (roughly) northeasterly direction, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, connectin ...
at the mouth of the
Betsiamites River
The Betsiamites (also called Bersimis) is a river of Côte-Nord, Quebec, Canada, which joins the Saint Lawrence River.
The Pipmuacan Reservoir, impounded by the Bersimis-1 Dam, is roughly halfway down its course.Natural Resources Canada, Atlas ...
. It is across the river directly north of
Rimouski, Quebec
Rimouski ( ) is a city in Quebec, Canada. Rimouski is located in the Bas-Saint-Laurent region, at the mouth of the Rimouski River. It has a population of 48,935 (as of 2021). Rimouski is the site of Université du Québec à Rimouski (UQAR), the C ...
. It belongs to the Pessamit Innu Band.
The reserve includes the communities of Betsiamites and Papinachois.
Etymology
It has been argued that the word Betsiamites could mean "those arriving by river". However, most authors today agree that the word came from the Innu root "Pessamit", meaning of "place where there are leeches or lampreys or sea eels".
The dialect spoken at Mistissini uses the older form "upesciyâmîhc" as the locative noun referring to the town, and the form "upesciyâmîw-iyiniw" in reference to the people of Pessamit. The local form of the name can be explained by phonological changes that have occurred in the local dialect. In particular, the dialect of Pessamit has undergone the following phonological changes - it regularly drops short initial vowels, it has lost consonantal pre-aspirations, it has coalesced -sc- to -ss-, and final -c's have changed to final t's. This has resulted in local pronunciation of Pessamit from the more historical upesciyâmîhc.
The names Betsiamites and Bersimis have been in use concurrently since the mid 19th century. The Innu and Oblate missionaries used Betsiamites, whereas Bersimis was preferred by Admiral
Henry Wolsey Bayfield
Admiral Henry Wolsey Bayfield (21 January 1795 – 10 February 1885) was a British naval officer and surveyor.
Early life and career
Bayfield was born in Kingston-upon-Hull, to John Wolsey Bayfield and Eliza Petit. His family was an ancien ...
during his hydrographic surveys of the St. Lawrence and by the Hudson's Bay Company. Further interchangeable use between these names can be seen from the designation of the post offices on both sides of the Betsiamites River: on the west side, it was called Bersimis from 1863 to 1910, then Moulin-Bersimis (Bersimis-Mills) until 1945, and Rivière-Bersimis from then on. On the east side in the Innu village, the post office opened as Notre-Dame-de-Betshiamits in 1881, renamed to Bersimis in 1898 until 1919, and then took the name Betsiamites when demanded by the people. Similarly, the Indian reserve went through a few name changes: first Bersimis, then Betsiamites in 1981, and since 2008, Pessamit.
History
Indigenous people had lived or visited the site for centuries prior to arrival of Europeans. Early in the 17th century,
Samuel de Champlain
Samuel de Champlain (; Fichier OrigineFor a detailed analysis of his baptismal record, see RitchThe baptism act does not contain information about the age of Samuel, neither his birth date nor his place of birth. – 25 December 1635) was a Fre ...
reported the presence of an Innu village on the North Shore of the Saint Lawrence that he identified as ''Sauvages Bersiamiste'' on his map of 1632.
During the French Era, a trading post was established at the mouth of the Betsiamites River called Pointe-des-Bersimites by
Gilles Hocquart
Gilles Hocquart was born in 1694, in Sainte-Croix, Mortagne-au-Perche to Jean-Hyacinthe Hocquart. From September, 1729 to August, 1748, Hocquart served as Intendant of New France, history. Hocquart put his faith in the Canadian bourgeoisie as the ...
in 1733 (although this post was probably located on the west bank of the Betsiamites River rather than on the east bank where the village now stands). During that same period, numerous Jesuit missionaries evangelized and converted the Innu that visited the various trading posts along the coast.
In 1845, the registers of the Notre-Dame-de-Betshiamits Mission opened and a few years later in 1849, the Innu began to clear the site of present village in order to build a chapel. In 1855, the
Hudson's Bay Company
The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC; french: Compagnie de la Baie d'Hudson) is a Canadian retail business group. A fur trading business for much of its existence, HBC now owns and operates retail stores in Canada. The company's namesake business div ...
established its post, and from 1860 on, an industrial community developed on the west side of the Betsiamites River, known as Bersimis (now Rivière-Bersimis in the
Municipality of Colombier), that by 1900 was larger than the Innu village on the east side.
In 1853, the Innu of Betsiamites were first assigned a reserve of west of the
Outardes River, known as the Manicouagan Reserve, that was described by
John Rolph, Commissioner of Crown Lands, as: "On the River St Lawrence from the River of Vases to the River of Outardes at Manicouagan about 11 miles in breadth by 10 miles in depth." (The River of Vases is now known as Ragueneau River, so the reserve roughly corresponded to the current municipality of
Ragueneau). In 1861, the Governor General in Council allowed the Innu to move from Manicouagan to the Bersimis Reserve, that had the same area of Manicouagan Reserve, namely . But the formation of the reserve hardly affected the Innu because, for many years thereafter, most families remained nomadic and would spend almost all of their lives in the forest, hunting for caribou, beaver, and bear, as well as hare and partridge to supplement their diet. In fact, the Innu were slow in adopting new techniques and improvements, such as canvas canoes or metal stoves, but rather maintained their traditional beliefs, knowledge, behaviors, and techniques.
[Natural Resources Canada - Legal Surveys Division, Historical Review ]
Betsiamites
In 1924, the band council permitted the Government of Quebec to construct the provincial highway (
Quebec Route 138
Route 138 is a major highway in the Canadian province of Quebec, following the entire north shore of the Saint Lawrence River past Montreal to the temporary eastern terminus in Kegashka on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The western terminus is in El ...
) across the reserve, and in 1955, the local road between the village and the highway was built.
[
On February 21, 1981, the Band Council of Bersimis renamed itself and the reserve to Betsiamites. In 2005, the Betsiamites Band Council was renamed again, this time to the Innu Council of Pessamit, and on November 6, 2008, the Commission de toponymie du Québec (Quebec Geographical Names Board) agreed to change the name of the reserve to the Pessamit Indian Reserve.]
Economy
The largest employer on the reserve is the band council, followed by ''Société d'aménagement et de développement forestier de Betsiamites'', a forestry corporation that is managing the logging activities in the forests making up a large portion of the reserve's territory.
Economic development is led and supported by the ''Société de développement économique de Betsiamites'', and tourism is promoted by the ''Développement touristique de Betsiamites'', the organization that manages the Papinachois Resort and the Lac-des-Îles Outfitter.[
Other economic activities include mining, wind power, and hydroelectricity projects.][
]
Demographics
On-reserve population trend:
* Population in 2021: 2428 (2016 to 2021 population change: 7.6%)
* Population in 2016: 2256
* Population in 2006: 2357
* Population in 2001: 2288
* Population in 1996: 2042
* Population in 1991: 1844
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 822 (total dwellings: 841)
Mother tongue:
* English as first language: 2%
* French as first language: 4%
* English and French as first language: 0%
* Other as first language: 94%
Registered population of band members, as of May 2010:[Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - First Nation Profiles]
Registered Population of Bande des Innus de Pessamit
* Total members: 3687
* On Betsiamites Reserve: 2850
* On other reserves: 28
* Off reserve: 809
Education
There are two schools on the reserve:[
* École Nussim - Pre-Kindergarten to elementary grade 6
* École Uashkaikan - grades secondary 1 to secondary 5
]
References
External links
Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Aboriginal Community profiles: Pessamit First Nation
{{authority control
Innu communities in Quebec
Communities in Côte-Nord
Hudson's Bay Company trading posts
1861 establishments in Canada