The Berlin Secession was an art movement established in Germany on May 2, 1898. Formed in reaction to the Association of Berlin Artists, and the restrictions on contemporary art imposed by Kaiser Wilhelm II, 65 artists "seceded," demonstrating against the standards of academic or government-endorsed art. The movement is classified as a form of German Modernism, and came on the heels of several other secessions in Germany, including Jugendstil and the Munich Secession.

History

Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H0806-0501, Berlin, Jury der Berliner Sezession

Rise and reign of the Secession

The upheavals that led to the formation of the Berlin Secession began in 1891 on the occasion of the Great International Art Exhibition in Berlin. A dispute began after the commission of the Association of Berlin Artists rejected images done by

Edvard Munch Edvard Munch ( , ; 12 December 1863 – 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter. His best known work, ''The Scream'' (1893), has become one of Western art's most iconic images. His childhood was overshadowed by illness, bereavement and the dr ...

. In May 1898, under the leadership of

Walter Leistikow Walter Rudolf Leistikow (1865–1908) was a German landscape painter, graphic artist, designer and art critic. Biography His father was a pharmacist who owned a Kräuterlikör manufacturing plant in Kujawien that provided much of the family's ...

Franz Skarbina Franz Skarbina (24 February 1849 - 18 May 1910) was a German impressionist painter, draftsman, etcher and illustrator. Life Born in Berlin, he was the son of a goldsmith from Zagreb. From 1865 to 1869, he studied at the Prussian Academy of Ar ...

and

Max Liebermann Max Liebermann (20 July 1847 – 8 February 1935) was a German painter and printmaker, and one of the leading proponents of Impressionism in Germany and continental Europe. In addition to his activity as an artist, he also assembled an important ...

, various artists converged to form a "free association for the organization of artistic exhibitions". This group was governed by a President,

, and a Secretary, Walter Leistikow, along with an executive committee. At the time of its inception, there was a total of 65 members, including both men and women as full members. All those involved in the Secession followed a constitution that defined terms of involvement in the group, and nothing could be changed without a three-fourths majority from the committee. The Free Union of the XXIV was founded in Munich and exhibited under this name in Berlin. There was a variety of causes that led to the break in German art. In November 1892, a scandal occurred when an Edvard Munch exhibition was closed by a majority of the members of the Association of Berlin Artists. They described Munch's as "repugnant, ugly and mean". Other artists in favor of Munch, however, were not yet organized enough to leave the established exhibition system of the academy. Later, in 1898, the jury of the Great Berlin Art Exhibition rejected a landscape painting by the painter

. Now the proof was finally provided that the "modern art" of the rising artists had no support from the academy. This was the final act of momentum needed to organize the secession. The president at the time, Max Liebermann, gave some demands to the Secession at the Great Berlin Art Exhibition in 1899. He asked that the secession receive quality space, no less than 8 rooms worth, with an independent jury and committee. However, the demand was refused on the grounds of having excessive conditions for such a small group. After delegations, a compromise was met, still favoring independence from the rest of the exhibitions, but fewer rooms. Liebermann recruited the art dealers Bruno and

Paul Cassirer Paul Cassirer (21 February 1871, in Görlitz – 7 January 1926, in Berlin) was a German art dealer and editor who played a significant role in the promotion of the work of artists of the Berlin Secession and of French Impressionists and Post-Im ...

and offered them to become executive secretaries of the Secession. They joined in 1899 and together had a seat on the board but without voting rights. They were responsible for the planning and execution of the building, which was built according to plans by

Hans Grisebach Hans Grisebach (26 July 1848 – 11 May 1904) was a German architect whose buildings provided a backdrop for many celebrities from the arts world. Life Hans Otto Friedrich Julius Grisebach was born at Göttingen where August Grisebach (1814– ...

at Kantstraße 12 (corner Fasanenstraße). The split in German art was, incidentally, extremely well-accepted in the political sphere. There had been unrest in conservative groups towards the mixture of art in the annual salon. They believed immoral art should not be mingled in the same space as more traditional art, and they criticized the inclusion of foreign artists. However, they didn't outright demand their removal, only that they be given their own space to display work. This thinking lined up incredibly well with the wants of the Berlin Secession modernists, and made the split an easy transition for politics. On May 19, 1899, an exhibition of 330 pictures and graphics and 50 sculptures was opened in Charlottenburger Kantstraße. Of the 187 exhibitors, 46 lived in Berlin and 57 in Munich. At this time, foreign contributions were still missing. The audience of 2000 invited guests were impressed and the exhibits were perceived as overcoming the prevailing mediocrity. The event was attended by those of high social standing as well- the audience not only contained the head of the salon, Max Koner, but the President of the Royal Academy, which helped it be perceived as a surprisingly respectable gathering. At the second exhibition, the international claim was honored, of which 414 exhibits were over ten percent of foreign artists, including Pissarro, Renoir, Segantini and Whistler. This baffled nationalist circles, so that a conservative minority separated again until 1902 from the Secession. In addition to the summer exhibitions, there were also winter exhibitions reserved for graphics under the title "Black and White Exhibitions". At the 1902 exhibition, works by Kandinsky, Manet, Monet and Munch were shown for the first time. For the first time, the trend showed that Berlin Munich declined the rank of art metropolis Germany. When Germany wanted to participate with art in the St. Louis World's Fair in 1904, failed to reach an agreement of the commission to Anton von Werner and the Emperor with the Berlin Secession. In 1905, the relocation to the then-new larger building on Kurfürstendamm 208, the place where today the theater on Kurfürstendamm is located. Jury members this year were Heinrich Reifferscheid,

Philipp Franck Johann Heinrich Philipp Franck (9 April 1860, Frankfurt am Main - 13 March 1944, Berlin) was a German Impressionist painter, graphic artist and illustrator. Biography With his father's support, and insistence, he began by studying architectu ...

Leo von König Leo Freiherr von König (1871-1944) was a German painter and member of the Berlin Secession. Biography Leo was the eldest son of Götz von König, a military officer who later became a General of the Cavalry, and his wife Baroness Hertha von Cr ...

, Lovis Corinth and Ernst Oppler. In the same year, Gerhart Captain was appointed honorary member. On May 5, 1909, there was a private performance of the Russian Court Ballet in the

Krolloper The Kroll Opera House (german: Krolloper, Kroll-Oper) in Berlin, Germany, was in the Tiergarten district on the western edge of the '' Königsplatz'' square (today ''Platz der Republik''), facing the Reichstag building. It was built in 1844 as ...

. Among the visitors were Max Slevogt,

Georg Kolbe Georg Kolbe (15 April 1877 – 20 November 1947) was a German sculptor. He was the leading German figure sculptor of his generation, in a vigorous, modern, simplified classical style similar to Aristide Maillol of France. Early life and educa ...

, Fritz Klimsch and Ernst Oppler, as well as representatives of the press. The ballet and the tennis courts were among the most popular motifs of the Berlin Secession.

Artistic style and influence

The style of German art at the time was closely influenced by France, whether or not you were attempting to replicate the French style or distance yourself from it. During the late Imperial period, from around 1888 to around 1918, ideas of nationalism and a political interest in art became more popularized. Germans were interested in what it meant to be German, and what it meant to have a cultural identity through artistic style. People wanted Germany to have an individual artistic identity. France had influenced the artistic world in Germany for so long, but at this point, both artists and consumers had begun to reject what was called French Naturalism, and garnering more interest in German Idealism. A member of the Berlin Secession,

Karl Scheffler Karl Scheffler (* February 27, 1869 in Hamburg; † October 25, 1951 in Überlingen) was a German art critic and publicist. Life The son of the master painter John Scheffler first learned the painter's trade in the business of his uncle Claus ...

, categorized the differences in the artistic styles, perception and conception. Perception dictated painting of the natural world and what was physical around you. This was seen as the French way of art. Germans were conceptual painters, who took ideas and gave them form, and preferred to gain inspiration from their own thoughts. Edvard Munch - The dance of life (1899-1900)

Edvard Munch - The dance of life (1899-1900)

This way of thinking about German art can explain the differences in art styles of the Berlin secession. Expressionistic artists like Emil Nolde and Edvard Munch were exhibiting with artists who stayed closer to ideas of German Modernism and Impressionism, like Max Liebermann and Walter Leistikow. Although they had artistic differences, they were all painting from the ideas and the thoughts they had at the time.

Conflicts and splits

The Berlin Secession had developed from the countermovement to the recognized size of the art business. Many important artists were active or joined, in 1906 it was August Kraus, in 1907 it was Max Beckmann, Bernhard Pankok,

Hans Purrmann Hans Marsilius Purrmann (April 10, 1880 – April 17, 1966) was a German artist. He was born in Speyer where he also grew up. He completed an apprenticeship as a scene painter and interior decorator, and subsequently studied in Karlsruhe and ...

, and

Emil Orlík Emil Orlik (21 July 1870 – 28 September 1932) was a painter, etcher and lithographer. He was born in Prague, which was at that time part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and lived and worked in Prague, Austria and Germany. Biography Emil Orlik ...

, 1909 Lyonel Feininger, 1910 Rudolf Grossmann and 1911 Hans Meid. Around 1909, the Berlin Secession consisted of 97 members. There was still criticism from conservative circles, who consider the Berlin impressionism as decadent and a threat to German art, such as the nationalist Werdandi-Bund. From an artistic point of view, the Secession was very tolerant, even towards opposing positions: none of the representatives of the Secession, who were close to German impressionism, viewed Paul Baum's approach to

pointillism Pointillism (, ) is a technique of painting in which small, distinct dots of color are applied in patterns to form an image. Georges Seurat and Paul Signac developed the technique in 1886, branching from Impressionism. The term "Pointillism" wa ...

in the style of French Post-Impressionism as negative. The success was accompanied by economic interests and the despotic behavior of the art dealer Paul Cassirer. Thus, it is narrated by

Emil Nolde Emil Nolde (born Hans Emil Hansen; 7 August 1867 – 13 April 1956) was a German-Danish painter and printmaker. He was one of the first Expressionists, a member of Die Brücke, and was one of the first oil painting and watercolor painters of the ...

that Cassirer called the artists his slaves. In particular, artists who had no chance to exhibit at Cassirer, believe in the exhibition of the Secession to have disadvantages. After 27 mostly Expressionist artists had been rejected by the jury, it came in 1910 to withdraw, including Max Beckmann. On the initiative of Georg Tappert, Heinrich Richter-Berlin and others, including Otto Mueller and Max Pechstein, through whom the Dresdner Künstlergruppe Brücke was added, formed a new group, the Neue Secession. In May she opened her first exhibition "Rejected of the Secession Berlin 1910". Pechstein was elected president, Tappert chairman. After a fierce dispute by Emil Nolde against President Max Liebermann, Nolde was expelled from the Secession, and a little later Liebermann and his closest associates resigned from office. The successor of Liebermann 1911 Lovis Corinth. After he suffered a stroke, he could no longer perform the office. Numerous artists were dependent on the sales of the art dealers Bruno and

, sometimes even denied their livelihood through this way. Paul Cassirer ran and was elected the first chairman. He organized the summer exhibition of 1913. Although this was very successful, he had also 13 (mostly younger) members who cannot be exhibited. They then organized their own exhibition and did not follow the call to leave the Secession. To solve the problems, u met. a.

Max Neumann Max or MAX may refer to: Animals * Max (dog) (1983–2013), at one time purported to be the world's oldest living dog * Max (English Springer Spaniel), the first pet dog to win the PDSA Order of Merit (animal equivalent of OBE) * Max (gorilla) (1 ...

, Ernst Oppler, Adolph Herstein and Max Liebermann in his studio. They agreed on a desegregation Cassirers on June 6, 1913. Oppler held the scene in his work consultation in the studio. Art criticism interpreted the picture as planning the break with Cassirer. In fact, the depicted persons Hermann Struck, Emil Pottner, Ernst Bischoff-Culm, Max Neumann and Herstein, along with Corinth, were the members who remained loyal to the Secession. Although Lovis Corinth took over again, the break was unstoppable. Around 40 artists left the Secession, including Slevogt and Liebermann and even Paul Cassirer. In March 1914, some of the departed founded the existing until 1924 Free Secession with Max Liebermann as Honorary President. A little later, the " Juryfreie Kunstausstellung " opened, which allowed a picture market entirely without a jury, art dealers and groupings. Oppler did not resign from the Secession but renounced in the future to participate in the annual exhibitions of the increasingly Expressionist Berlin Secessionists. Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0718-501,_Gebäude_der_Berliner_Sezession

Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0718-501,_Gebäude_der_Berliner_Sezession

A national influence

The Berlin Secession was extremely successful after the incident at the Saint Louis International Exposition. The recognition they developed for themselves allowed their influence over German art to increase, bringing the term 'German Impressionism' into use. This was the style that was most closely associated with the Secession. It also allowed the middle class of Berlin to get a foothold into German art, as the liberal ideals of the movement opened doors for those of a lower class to learn new vocations within the art world. Even those who opposed the viewpoint of the Secession members benefited from their existence. Art created in opposition to the movement also had its own brand of popularity. However, that being said, the Berlin Secession capitalized well on the division between perspectives. The most popular artists at the time were almost all associated with art that didn't fit in the traditional mold of the academy. The power in the Secession was the fact that it allowed multiple styles to exist in the same space- unlike the academy, which demanded only one to be adhered to. Journals like Die Kunsthalle, that wrote in opposition to the Secession, went out of business. The Emperor, up until this point, had either let the Secession work as it will, or mildly supported it. He viewed change as a good thing, and it had been politically beneficial for him to allow it to develop. Nonetheless, he constantly attempted to interfere with matters like the jury of the salon, which caused conflicts in the art community. While having little power in many aspects of the governing of an autocratic society, the Emperor did have some influence in the cultural sphere. This made him an important factor in the Secession's public and financial success.

Berlin Secession during National Socialism

The First World War created a negative impact on the Secession. The cultural policy during the period of National Socialism led to a lasting damage that made the once influential artists' association meaningless. After the seizure of power by the National Socialists in February 1933, a new board was elected, which included, among others, Max Pechstein, Eugene Spiro, Magnus Zeller, Hans Purrmann, Bruno Krauskopf and

Rudolf Belling Rudolf Belling (26 August 1886 – 9 June 1972) was a German sculptor. His work was part of the sculpture event in the art competition at the 1932 Summer Olympics. Artistic theories At the very beginning of the 20th century Rudolf Bel ...

. At the meeting of March 10, 1933, Pechstein spoke about the position of some members of the Secession, and emphasized that no policy should be carried into the Secession. A week later, however, the possible cooperation with the Nazi regime and the

Kampfbund The ''Kampfbund'' ("Battle-league") was a league of nationalist fighting societies and the German National Socialist party in Bavaria, Germany, in the 1920s. It included Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party (NSDAP) and its '' Sturmabteilung'' (SA), the Oberl ...

for German culture was discussed. Eugene Spiro resigned from his position on the executive board, and further withdrawals were made in April 1933. At an important meeting on April 25, 1933, Pechstein read a statement to the government in which the Berlin Secession undertook to help build the new Germany. Emil van Hauth, a member of the Secession since 1932, read a program he had designed that was in the spirit of the National Socialist Kampfbund. Accordingly, Jewish artists and those who were disparagingly called Bolshevik were no longer allowed to be members of German artists' associations. At the same time he called for a transformation of the Secession in the sense of the new state and its so-called German art. The bill was accepted by 27 votes to 2 with one abstention. Subsequently, the statutes were changed, and on May 2, Emil van Hauth, Artur Degener and Philipp Harth were elected to the new board. All three were members of the

for German Culture. At a meeting in the Prussian Ministry of Culture, as it later turned out, van Hauth vilified the Secession as an assembly with a Marxist attitude and wanted to achieve dissolution. In the Secession van Hauth, on the other hand, reported that the Berlin Secession was no longer wanted by the government and that a dissolution by the Gestapo was possible. On June 16, 1933, the board was expanded, but no chairman elected. Emil van Hauth resigned from the community on September 28, 1933. On October 12, 1933, the liquidation of the association was discussed, which, however, many artists who were interested in the continued existence, rejected. At a further appointment in the Ministry of Culture, the board member Adolf Strübe managed to convince the responsible speaker that there had never been anti-state or political tendencies on the part of the artist community and that the association was loyal to the Hitler government. In April 1934, Ernst Barlach, Lyonel Feininger and

Erich Heckel Erich Heckel (31 July 1883 – 27 January 1970) was a German painter and printmaker, and a founding member of the group ''Die Brücke'' ("The Bridge") which existed 1905–1913. His work was part of the art competitions at the 1928 Summer Oly ...

were elected to the community. The logbook was conducted from 1915 to 19 April 1934. In a document, a page of the Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger of January 26, 1936, is reported by the annual meeting of the Berlin Secession, where Adolf Strübe was re-elected chairman, as his deputy painter Franz Lenk was determined. The sculptor Ernesto de Fiori and Herbert Garbe also belonged to the board. Lenk and Fiori were artists of the new objectivity. Garbe, the first member of the November Group, joined the NSDAP in 1933. Presumably, the Berlin Secession continued even after 1936.

Lasting effects and Jewish influence

The Berlin Secession opened cultural, political, and class doors that paved the way for Germany to have, briefly, a spot in the artistic limelight before WWII. While being mostly associated Modernism, it created a space where later Expressionists could integrate themselves into, even after the dissolution of the Secession members. Many of the patrons and artists were of wealthy Jewish descent, and while they were specifically targeted during WWII, the ideas they shared during the Secession have survived long after. The Berlin Secession also had leaders within the Jewish community, like Max Liebermann, who was the initial president. The secession was a space where people coming from different backgrounds could work together to influence a new culture.

Notable members

* Hans Baluschek (1870–1935) * Ernst Barlach (1870–1938) * Paul Baum (1859–1932) * Max Beckmann (1884–1950) * Charlotte Berend-Corinth (1880–1967) *

Josef Block Josef Block (27 November 1863 – 20 December 1943) was a German painter. Life and career Block was born in Bernstadt an der Weide (Bierutów) in Prussian Silesia. He was a scholar of the Breslau (Wrocław) Art Academy, where his lifelong fri ...

(1863–1943) * Martin Brandenburg (1870–1919) * Erich Büttner (1889–1936) * Lovis Corinth (1858–1925) * (1863–1930) *

Charles Crodel Charles Crodel (September 16, 1894 – November 11, 1973) was a German painter and stained glass artist. Life Crodel was born in Marseille, he studied in 1914 with Richard Riemerschmid, one of the founders of the Deutscher Werkbund, at the M ...

(1894–1973) * (1894–1989) * Ludwig Dettmann (1865–1944) * (1868–1942) * (1866–1949) * Lyonel Feininger (1871–1956) *

(1860–1944) *

Oskar Frenzel Oskar Frenzel (12 November 1855 – 15 May 1915) was a German landscape-artist, animal painter and lithographer. Life Frenzel was originally a lithographer. He became an animal and landscape painter in addition to his work as a lithographer f ...

(1855–1915) * (1868–1935) *

August Gaul August Gaul (; October 22, 1869 – October 18, 1922) was a German sculptor and expressionism artist, born in Großauheim (now part of Hanau). August Gaul was a founding member of the Berlin Secession. On close terms with art dealers like Bruno ...

(1869–1921) *

Robert Genin Robert Genin (russian: Роберт Генин; french: Robert Guénine; born 11 August 1884 in Vysokoye near Klimovichi in the Region of Mogilev, now Belarus; died 16 August 1941 in Moscow) was a Russian artist, painter, draftsman, and illus ...

(1884–1941) *

Rudolf Großmann Rudolf Wilhelm Walther Großmann, or Grossmann (25 January 1882, Freiburg im Breisgau – 28 November 1941, Freiburg im Breisgau) was a German painter and graphic artist. He is particularly well known for his portrait drawings of famous contempo ...

(1882–1941) * Hugo von Habermann (1849–1929) *

Karl Hagemeister Karl Hagemeister (12 March 1848 in Werder – 5 August 1933 in Werder) was a German landscape painter. Life He was the son of a fruit grower and developed an early interest in nature from the forested, watery surroundings of his birthpla ...

(1848–1933) * Theodor Hagen (1842–1919) * (1885–1968) * (1899–1974) *

(1883–1970) *

Franz Heckendorf Franz Heckendorf (5 November 1888 – 17 August 1962) was a German expressionist painter closely associated with the Berlin Secession. He contributed works to the painting event in the art competition at the 1928 Summer Olympics. His work ...

(1888–1962) *

Adolf Edward Herstein Adolf Eduard Herstein (1869–1932) was a painter and engraver. Born in Warsaw, he worked and taught in France, Germany (where he was active in the Berlin Secession movement) and his native Poland. His oil painting relied on the use of heavy im ...

(1869–1932) * Curt Herrmann (1854–1929) *

Dora Hitz Dora Hitz (30 March 1856, Altdorf bei Nürnberg - 20 November 1924, Berlin) was a Court Painter to the Romanian Royal Family, a member of the November Group and co-founder of the Berlin Secession. Life When she was six years old, her family ...

(1856–1924) * Ferdinand Hodler (1853–1918) * (1902–1995) *

Ulrich Hübner Ulrich Hübner (17 June 1872, Berlin - 29 April 1932, Neubabelsberg) was a German painter. Biography He was born into a family of artists and began his academic training 1892 in Karlsruhe with Robert Poetzelberger, Gustav Schönleber, and Car ...

(1872–1932) *

Willy Jaeckel Willy Gustav Erich Jaeckel (10 February 1888, Breslau – 30 January 1944, Berlin) was a German Expressionist painter and lithographer. Biography Jaeckel's father was a public lands manager and he originally intended to become a forest ranger, ...

(1888–1944) * (1885–1958) * Ernst Ludwig Kirchner (1880–1938) * Fritz Klimsch (1870–1960) * Paul Klimsch (1868–1917) *

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmak ...

(1857–1920) * (1893–1971) *

(1877–1947) * Käthe Kollwitz (1867–1945) *

(1871–1944) * August Kraus (1868–1934; vice-president from 1911 to 1913) * (1892–1960) *

Max Kruse Max Bennet Kruse (; born 19 March 1988) is a German professional footballer who last played as a forward for Bundesliga club VfL Wolfsburg and the Germany national team. Early years Kruse was born in Reinbek, Kreis Stormarn, Schleswig-Holste ...

(1854–1942) *

(1865–1908) * (1898–1968) *

Reinhold Lepsius Reinhold Lepsius (14 June 1857 – 16 March 1922) was a German painter, especially of portraits, and graphic artist. Biography He was born in Berlin, the son of Karl Richard Lepsius (1810–1884), professor at the Humboldt University of Berlin, ...

(1857–1922) *

Sabine Lepsius Sabine Lepsius (15 January 1864 – 22 November 1942) was a German portrait painter. Life She was born in Berlin as the daughter of portrait painter Gustav Graef and Franziska Liebreich (1824–1893), a lithographer. She studied with her fat ...

(1864–1942) *

(1847–1935) * Heinrich Eduard Linde-Walther (1868–1939) * Otto Modersohn (1865–1943) *

Marg Moll Marg Moll (born Margarethe Haeffner; 2 August 1884 – 15 March 1977) was a German sculptor, painter and author. Moll was strongly influenced by Henri Matisse as a young artist and spent her life contributing to his form of art, although at time ...

(1884–1977) *

Oskar Moll Oskar Moll (21 July 1875, Brieg – 19 August 1947, Berlin) was a German Fauvist painter; best known for his landscapes, portraits and somewhat abstract still-lifes. Biography Moll initially studied biology in Switzerland, but also taught ...

(1875–1947) * George Mosson (1851–1933) *

(1863–1944) *

(1867–1956) * Ernst Oppler (1867–1929) * (1869-1965) * Emil Orlik (1870–1932) *

Waldemar Rösler Waldemar Rösler (1882-1916) was a German Impressionist landscape painter and lithographer. Biography His father was a photographer. When he was still very young, the family moved to Königsberg where he later became an illustrator at a local ...

(1882–1916) * Max Schlichting (1866–1937) *

Karl Schmidt-Rottluff Karl Schmidt-Rottluff (Karl Schmidt until 1905; 1 December 1884 – 10 August 1976) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker; he was one of the four founders of the artist group Die Brücke. Life and work Schmidt-Rottluff was born in ...

(1884–1976) *

Clara Siewert Clara Siewert (9 December 1862, Budda (Pomerania) – 11 October 1945, Berlin) was a German Symbolist painter, graphic artist and sculptor; associated with the Berlin Secession. Biography She was born to a family of Baltic-Germans who h ...

(1862–1945) * Renée Sintenis (1888–1965) *

(1849–1910) * Maria Slavona (1865–1931) * Max Slevogt (1868–1932) * Eugene Spiro (1874–1972) * Robert Sterl (1867–1932) * (1881–1973) * Hermann Struck (1876-1944) *

Wilhelm Trübner Wilhelm Trübner (February 3, 1851 – December 21, 1917) was a German realist painter of the circle of Wilhelm Leibl. Biography Trübner was born in Heidelberg. He was the third son of a silver- and goldsmith, Johann Georg Trübner, and h ...

(1851–1917) *

Lesser Ury Leo Lesser Ury (November 7, 1861 – October 18, 1931) was a German Impressionist painter and printmaker, associated with the Düsseldorf school of painting. Life and career Ury was born in Birnbaum in what was then Prussia (now Międzych� ...

(1861–1931) * Max Uth (1863–1914) * (1873–1958) * Karl Walser (1877–1943) *

Emil Rudolf Weiß Emil Rudolf Weiß (or Weiss; 12 October 1875, Lahr – 7 November 1942, Meersburg) was a German painter, typographer, graphic artist and poet. Biography His father was a police officer and he grew up in Breisach and Baden-Baden.Hedwig Weiß Hedwig Weiß (25 May 1860, Königsberg - 1923, Berlin) was a German painter and graphic artist. Her works are primarily Impressionistic in style. Biography Her father, Bernhard Weiß, was an Evangelical theologian. Her mother, Hermine (née Vo ...

(1860–1923) * Julie Wolfthorn (1864–1944) * Heinrich Zille (1858–1929)

Gallery

File:Allee in Overveen.jpg, Max Liebermann: ''Allee in Overveen'' File:Lesser Ury Im Cafe Bauer 1898.JPG, Lesser Ury: ''Cafe Bauer'' File:Lovis Corinth 006.jpg, Lovis Corinth: ''In the Slaughterhouse'' File:Slevogt3.jpg, Max Slevogt: ''Nini am Weinspalier'' File:Der-maler-und-jo oppler 1928.jpg, Ernst Oppler: ''Der Maler und Jo'' File:Paul Baum - Frühling.jpg, Paul Baum: ''Spring'' File:EmilNolde-Blumengarten(ohne+Figur)1908.jpg, Emil Nolde: ''Garden of Flowers'' File:Emil Orlik Junge Frau im grünen Kleid.jpg, Emil Orlik: ''Unknown Woman'', 1917 File:Edvard Munch - The dance of life (1899-1900).jpg, Edvard Munch: ''The Dance of Life'', 1899–1900. File:Freistunde im Waisenhaus.jpg, Max Liebermann: ''The Courtyard of the Orphanage in Amsterdam: Free Period in the Amsterdam Orphanage'', 1882. File:Puberty (1894-95) by Edvard Munch.jpg, Edvard Munch: ''Puberty'', 1894–1895. File:Walter Leistikow, Grunewaldsee oder Schlachtensee, um 1900, Bröhan-Museum, Foto Martin Adam.tif, Walter Leistikow: ''Grunewalksee or Schlachtensee'', 1900. File:Berliner-secession-plakat_cropped.jpg, Poster for the 1912 exhibition

Notes

References

* Bilski, Emily D: ''Berlin Metropolis: Jews and the New Culture, 1890–1918'', University of California Press. The Jewish Museum, New York. 1999. * Frank, Mitchell B., ''Painterly Thought: Max Liebermann and the Idea in Art'', Universities Art Association of America. * King, Averil: ''Emil Nolde: Artist of the Elements'', Philip Wilson Publishers. 2013. * Paret, Peter: ''The Berlin Secession: Modernism and Its enemies in Imperial Germany'', Harvard University Press 1980 * Visual Arts Cork: ''Berlin Secession: Avant-Garde Artists Group'', October 12, 2019.

External links

* {{Authority control 1890s in art 1898 establishments in Germany 19th-century art groups Arts organizations established in 1898 German artist groups and collectives