Benjamin Berell Ferencz (born March 11, 1920) is an American lawyer. He was an investigator of

Nazi war crime Nazi crime or Hitlerite crime ( pl, Zbrodnia nazistowska or ''zbrodnia hitlerowska'') is a legal concept used in the Polish legal system, referring to an action which was carried out, inspired, or tolerated by public functionaries of Nazi Germany ...

s after

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

and the chief prosecutor for the

United States Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cla ...

at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, one of the 12

Subsequent Nuremberg Trials The subsequent Nuremberg trials were a series of 12 military tribunals for war crimes against members of the leadership of Nazi Germany between December 1946 and April 1949. They followed the first and best-known Nuremberg trial before the Int ...

held by the U.S. authorities at

Nuremberg Nuremberg ( ; german: link=no, Nürnberg ; in the local East Franconian dialect: ''Nämberch'' ) is the second-largest city of the German state of Bavaria after its capital Munich, and its 518,370 (2019) inhabitants make it the 14th-largest ...

, Germany. Later, he became an advocate of international

rule of law The rule of law is the political philosophy that all citizens and institutions within a country, state, or community are accountable to the same laws, including lawmakers and leaders. The rule of law is defined in the ''Encyclopedia Britannica ...

and for the establishment of an

International Criminal Court The International Criminal Court (ICC or ICCt) is an intergovernmental organization and international tribunal seated in The Hague, Netherlands. It is the first and only permanent international court with jurisdiction to prosecute individuals ...

. From 1985 to 1996, he was adjunct professor of international law at

Pace University Pace University is a private university with its main campus in New York City and secondary campuses in Westchester County, New York. It was established in 1906 by the brothers Homer St. Clair Pace and Charles A. Pace as a business school. Pac ...

Biography

Early life and education

Ferencz was born on March 11, 1920,Gale Reference Team: ''Biography - Ferencz, Benjamin B(erell) (1920-):'', Thomson Gale, April 6, 2006.Logli, Ch.:, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, 1999? URL last accessed December 12, 2006.Ferencz, B.:
Photos
'. One of the captions reads "On March 11, 2003, his 83rd birthday, ..." URL last accessed December 13, 2006. in Csolt,

Szatmár County Szatmár County ( hu, Szatmár vármegye ) was an administrative county (Comitatus (Kingdom of Hungary), comitatus) of the Kingdom of Hungary, situated south of the river Tisza. Most of its territory is now divided between Romania and Hungary, w ...

Kingdom of Hungary The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...

, located close to the historical

Transylvania Transylvania ( ro, Ardeal or ; hu, Erdély; german: Siebenbürgen) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains, and to the west the Ap ...

region (today part of

Șomcuta Mare Șomcuta Mare ( hu, Nagysomkút; german: Großhorn) is a town in Maramureș County, Romania. The town administers seven villages: Buciumi (''Törökfalu''), Buteasa (''Bucsonfalva''), Ciolt (''Csolt''), Codru Butesii (''Kodrulytelep''), Finteușu ...

Romania Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...

) into a Jewish family. A few months later, Transylvania was ceded to

under the

Treaty of Trianon The Treaty of Trianon (french: Traité de Trianon, hu, Trianoni békeszerződés, it, Trattato del Trianon) was prepared at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Paris Peace Conference and was signed in the Grand Trianon château in ...

(1920), the result of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

. The dictat cost Hungary 2/3 of its territory. When Ferencz was ten months old, his family emigrated to the United States, which, according to his own account, was to avoid the persecution of

Hungarian Jews The history of the Jews in Hungary dates back to at least the Kingdom of Hungary, with some records even predating the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin in 895 CE by over 600 years. Written sources prove that Jewish communities lived i ...

by Romania after Romania gained formal control of Transylvania and Eastern Hungary. The family settled in New York City, where they lived on the

Lower East Side The Lower East Side, sometimes abbreviated as LES, is a historic neighborhood in the southeastern part of Manhattan in New York City. It is located roughly between the Bowery and the East River from Canal to Houston streets. Traditionally an im ...

Manhattan Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...

USHMM The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust. Adjacent to the National Mall in Washington, D.C., the USHMM provides for the documentation, study, and interpretation of Holocaust hist ...

:
"Chief prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz presents his case at the Einsatzgruppen Trial"
encyclopedia.ushmm.org; accessed November 23, 2021. Ferencz studied crime prevention at the

City College of New York The City College of the City University of New York (also known as the City College of New York, or simply City College or CCNY) is a public university within the City University of New York (CUNY) system in New York City. Founded in 1847, Cit ...

, and his criminal law exam result won him a scholarship to

Harvard Law School Harvard Law School (Harvard Law or HLS) is the law school of Harvard University, a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1817, it is the oldest continuously operating law school in the United States. Each class ...

. At Harvard, he studied under

Roscoe Pound Nathan Roscoe Pound (October 27, 1870 – June 30, 1964) was an American legal scholar and educator. He served as Dean of the University of Nebraska College of Law from 1903 to 1911 and Dean of Harvard Law School from 1916 to 1936. He was a membe ...

The Legal History Project:
Interview with Benjamin Ferencz
', May 2006. URL last accessed December 12, 2006. and also did research for

Sheldon Glueck Sheldon Glueck (August 15, 1896 – March 10, 1980) was a Polish-American criminologist.Staff report (March 13, 1980)Sheldon Glueck of Harvard Dies; Studied the Roots of Delinquency.''New York Times'' He and his wife Eleanor Glueck collaborated e ...

who, at that time, was writing a book on war crimes. Ferencz graduated from Harvard in 1943.Ferencz, B.:
(Auto-)Biography
''. URL last accessed December 12, 2006. After his studies, he joined the

U.S. Army The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cl ...

. His time as a soldier in the army began bleakly with a job as a typist in

Camp Davis Marine Corps Outlying Field (MCOLF) Camp Davis is a military use airport northeast of the central business district of Holly Ridge, in Onslow County, North Carolina, United States. It is used as a training facility by the United States Marine ...

in North Carolina. At that time, he was not familiar with using a typewriter, and he couldn't fire a weapon. His job duties also consisted of unceremoniously cleaning toilets and scrubbing pots and floors. In 1944, he served in the 115th AAA Gun Battalion, an

anti-aircraft artillery Anti-aircraft warfare, counter-air or air defence forces is the battlespace response to aerial warfare, defined by NATO as "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action".AAP-6 It includes surface based, ...

unit. In 1945, he was transferred to the headquarters of General

Patton George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the Seventh United States Army in the Mediterranean Theater of World War II, and the Third United States Army in Franc ...

's Third Army, where he was assigned to a team tasked with setting up a war crimes branch and collecting evidence for such crimes. In that role, he was sent to the

concentration camp Internment is the imprisonment of people, commonly in large groups, without charges or intent to file charges. The term is especially used for the confinement "of enemy citizens in wartime or of terrorism suspects". Thus, while it can simply ...

s that had been liberated by the U.S. army.

Nuremberg trial prosecutor

Prosecutor Benjamin Ferencz at the Einsatzgruppen Trial portrait

On Christmas 1945, Ferencz was honorably discharged from the Army with the rank of

sergeant Sergeant (abbreviated to Sgt. and capitalized when used as a named person's title) is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. The alternative spelling, ''serjeant'', is used in The Rifles and other uni ...

. He returned to New York, but was recruited only a few weeks later to participate as a prosecutor (and now made a full Colonel as part of his agreement to go) in the

in the legal team of

Telford Taylor Telford Taylor (February 24, 1908 – May 23, 1998) was an American lawyer and professor. Taylor was known for his role as lead counsel in the prosecution of war criminals after World War II, his opposition to McCarthyism in the 1950s, and his o ...

. Taylor appointed him chief prosecutor in the Einsatzgruppen Case —Ferencz's first case. All of the 22 men on trial were convicted; 13 of them received death sentences, of which four were eventually carried out. Apart from

East Germany East Germany, officially the German Democratic Republic (GDR; german: Deutsche Demokratische Republik, , DDR, ), was a country that existed from its creation on 7 October 1949 until its dissolution on 3 October 1990. In these years the state ...

, they were the last executions performed on German soil, and in the federal republic. In a 2005 interview for ''

The Washington Post ''The Washington Post'' (also known as the ''Post'' and, informally, ''WaPo'') is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C. It is the most widely circulated newspaper within the Washington metropolitan area and has a large nati ...

'', he revealed some of his activities during his period in Germany by way of showing how different military legal norms were at the time: Ferencz stayed in Germany after the

Nuremberg Trials The Nuremberg trials were held by the Allies of World War II, Allies against representatives of the defeated Nazi Germany, for plotting and carrying out invasions of other countries, and other crimes, in World War II. Between 1939 and 1945 ...

, together with his wife Gertrude, whom he had married in New YorkHarvard Law School:
Benjamin Ferencz
'': Speaker's biography from the
Pursuing Human Dignity: The Legacies of Nuremberg for International Law, Human Rights & Education
'' conference, November 2005. URL last accessed December 12, 2006. on March 31, 1946. Together with

Kurt May Kurt May (1896–1992) was director of the United Restitution Organization, which assisted victims of Nazism, from its inception in 1948 to his retirement at age 91, in 1988. For more than forty years he played a role in efforts to obtain compensat ...

and others, he participated in the setup of reparation and rehabilitation programs for the victims of persecutions by the Nazis, and also had a part in the negotiations that led to the

Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany The Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany ( German: ''Luxemburger Abkommen'' "Luxembourg Agreement" or ''Wiedergutmachungsabkommen'' "''Wiedergutmachung'' Agreement", Hebrew: ''הסכם השילומים'' ''Hesk ...

signed on September 10, 1952USHMM:
Chancellor Konrad Adenauer signs the reparations agreement between the Federal Republic of Germany and Israel
'', USHMM photograph #11019. URL last accessed December 13, 2006. and the first German Restitution Law in 1953. In 1956, the family—they had four children by then—returned to the U.S., where Ferencz entered private law practice as a partner of Telford Taylor.Ferencz, B.:
Telford Taylor: Pioneer of International Criminal Law
'', ''Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 37(3)'', pp. 661 – 664; 1999. URL last accessed December 13, 2006. While pursuing claims of Jewish forced laborers against the Flick concern (the subject of the Flick trial), Ferencz observed the "interesting phenomenon of history and psychology that very frequently the criminal comes to see himself as the victim".

Role in forming the International Criminal Court

Experiences just after World War II left a defining impression on Ferencz. After 13 years, and under the influence of the events of the

Vietnam War The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...

, Ferencz left the private law practice and henceforth worked for the institution of an

that would serve as a worldwide highest instance for issues of

crimes against humanity Crimes against humanity are widespread or systemic acts committed by or on behalf of a ''de facto'' authority, usually a state, that grossly violate human rights. Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity do not have to take place within the ...

and war crimes. He also published several books on this subject. Already in his first book published in 1975, entitled ''Defining International Aggression-The Search for World Peace'', he argued for the establishment of such an international court. From 1985 to 1996, Ferencz also worked as an adjunct professor of international law at

White Plains, New York (Always Faithful) , image_seal = WhitePlainsSeal.png , seal_link = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Country , subdivision_name = , subdivision_type1 = U.S. state, State , su ...

. An

was indeed established on July 1, 2002, when the

Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court is the treaty that established the International Criminal Court (ICC). It was adopted at a diplomatic conference in Rome, Italy on 17 July 1998Michael P. Scharf (August 1998)''Results of the R ...

came into force. Under the Bush administration, the U.S. signed the treaty, but didn't ratify it. The administration of George W. Bush concluded a large number of bilateral agreements with other states that would exclude U.S. citizens from being brought before the ICC.Coalition for the International Criminal Court: 2006.
Status of US Bilateral Immunity Acts
'. 2006. URL last accessed December 12, 2006. Ferencz has repeatedly argued against this procedure and suggested that the U.S. join the ICC without reservations, as it was a long-established rule of law that "law must apply equally to everyone", also in an international context. In this vein, he has suggested in an interview given on August 25, 2006, that not only

Saddam Hussein Saddam Hussein ( ; ar, صدام حسين, Ṣaddām Ḥusayn; 28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 16 July 1979 until 9 April 2003. A leading member of the revolution ...

should be tried, but also

George W. Bush George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd president of the United States from 2001 to 2009. A member of the Republican Party, Bush family, and son of the 41st president George H. W. Bush, he ...

because the

Iraq War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Iraq War {{Nobold, {{lang, ar, حرب العراق (Arabic) {{Nobold, {{lang, ku, شەڕی عێراق (Kurdish languages, Kurdish) , partof = the Iraq conflict (2003–present), I ...

had been begun by the U.S. without permission by the

UN Security Council The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN) and is charged with ensuring international peace and security, recommending the admission of new UN members to the General Assembly, and ...

. He also suggested that Bush should be tried in the

for '269 war crime charges' related to the

. In 2013, Ferencz stated once more that the "use of armed force to obtain a political goal should be condemned as an international and a national crime." Ferencz wrote in 2018, in a preface to a book on the future of international justice, that "war-making itself is the supreme international crime against humanity and that it should be deterred by punishment universally, wherever and whenever offenders are apprehended".

Later years

In 2009, Ferencz was awarded the

Erasmus Prize The Erasmus Prize is an annual prize awarded by the board of the Praemium Erasmianum Foundation to individuals or institutions that have made exceptional contributions to culture, society, or social science in Europe and the rest of the world. It ...

, together with

Antonio Cassese Antonio Cassese (1 January 1937 – 21 October 2011) was an Italian jurist who specialized in public international law. He was the first President of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and the first President of the Sp ...

; the award is given to individuals or institutions that have made notable contributions to European culture, society, or social science.Stichting Praemium Erasmianum
2009: Antonio Cassese, Benjamin Ferencz
. URL last accessed November 15, 2012. On May 3, 2011, two days after the

death of Osama bin Laden On May 2, 2011, Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist militant group al-Qaeda, was shot several times and killed at his compound in the Pakistani city of Abbottabad, by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Nava ...

was reported, ''

The New York Times ''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...

'' published a Ferencz letter which argued that "illegal and unwarranted execution – even of suspected mass murderers – undermines democracy". Also that year he presented a closing statement in the trial of

Thomas Lubanga Dyilo Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (born 29 December 1960) is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese P ...

in Uganda. On March 16, 2012, in another letter to the editor of ''The New York Times'', Ferencz hailed the International Criminal Court's conviction of

Thomas Lubanga Thomas Lubanga Dyilo (born 29 December 1960) is a convicted war criminal from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the first person ever convicted by the International Criminal Court (ICC). He founded and led the Union of Congolese P ...

as "a milestone in the evolution of international criminal law". In April 2017, the municipality of

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...

announced the naming of the footpath next to the

Peace Palace , native_name_lang = , logo = , logo_size = , logo_alt = , logo_caption = , image = La haye palais paix jardin face.JPG , image_size = , image_alt = , image_caption = The Peace Palace, The Hague , map_type = , map_alt = , m ...

the Benjamin Ferenczpad ("Benjamin Ferencz Path"), calling him "one of the figureheads of international justice". The city's Deputy Mayor Saskia Bruines (International Affairs) traveled to Washington to symbolically present the street sign to Ferencz. In 2018, Ferencz was the subject of a documentary on his life, ''Prosecuting Evil'', by director

Barry Avrich Barry Michael Avrich ( ; born May 9, 1963) is a Canadian film director, film producer, author, marketing executive, and arts philanthropist. Avrich's film career has included critically acclaimed films about the entertainment business including ...

, which was made available on Netflix. In the same year, Ferencz was interviewed for the 2018

Michael Moore Michael Francis Moore (born April 23, 1954) is an American filmmaker, author and left-wing activist. His works frequently address the topics of globalization and capitalism. Moore won the 2002 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature for ' ...

documentary, ''

Fahrenheit 11/9 ''Fahrenheit 11/9'' is a 2018 American documentary by filmmaker Michael Moore about the 2016 United States presidential election and presidency of Donald Trump up to the time of the film's release. The film is a follow-up to Moore's '' Fahren ...

''. On June 20, 2019, artist and sculptor Yaacov Heller honored Ferencz—presenting him with a bust he created—commemorating his extraordinary life dedicated to genocide prevention. On January 16, 2020, ''The New York Times'' printed Ferencz's letter denouncing the assassination of the Iranian general

Qassem Soleimani Qasem Soleimani ( fa, قاسم سلیمانی, ; 11 March 19573January 2020) was an Iranian military officer who served in the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC). From 1998 until his assassination in 2020, he was the commander of the Quds F ...

, unnamed in the letter, as an "immoral action nda clear violation of national and international law". He became a

centenarian A centenarian is a person who has reached the age of 100 years. Because life expectancies worldwide are below 100 years, the term is invariably associated with longevity. In 2012, the United Nations estimated that there were 316,600 living cente ...

two months later. Six months later on September 7, the documentary ''Two Heads Are Better Than One: Making of the Ben Ferencz Bust'', starring Ferencz and sculptor Yaacov Heller, had a world premiere, produced by Eric Kline Productions and directed by Eric Kline. On June 22, 2021, he became the first recipient of the Pahl Peace Prize in

Liechtenstein Liechtenstein (), officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (german: link=no, Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a German-speaking microstate located in the Alps between Austria and Switzerland. Liechtenstein is a semi-constitutional monarchy ...

. In March 2022, an audio clip of Ben Ferencz was played during the

Eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly The eleventh emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly opened on 28 February 2022 at the United Nations headquarters. It addresses the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Maldivian politician Abdulla Shahid served as President ...

and he later gave an interview to BBC Radio 4's ''

The World Tonight ''The World Tonight'' is a British current affairs radio programme broadcast on BBC Radio 4, every weekday evening, which started out as an extension of the 10 pm news. It is produced by BBC News and features news, analysis and comment on dome ...

'' on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. He also says that Vladimir Putin should be 'behind bars' for his war crimes, and says he is "heartbroken" over atrocities in Ukraine. On April 7, 2022,

Florida Governor The governor of Florida is the head of government of the state of Florida and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws and the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Florida ...

Ron DeSantis Ronald Dion DeSantis (; born September 14, 1978) is an American politician serving as the 46th governor of Florida since January 2019. A member of the Republican Party, DeSantis represented Florida's 6th district in the U.S. House of Represe ...

awarded Ferencz the Governor’s Medal of Freedom at a ceremony held at

Florida Atlantic University Florida Atlantic University (Florida Atlantic or FAU) is a Public university, public research university with its main campus in Boca Raton, Florida, and satellite campuses in Dania Beach, Florida, Dania Beach, Davie, Florida, Davie, Fort Lauderd ...

. In September 2022, Ferencz appeared in the Ken Burns documentary, ''" The U.S. and the Holocaust."'' In December 2022, Ferencz was awarded the

Congressional Gold Medal The Congressional Gold Medal is an award bestowed by the United States Congress. It is Congress's highest expression of national appreciation for distinguished achievements and contributions by individuals or institutions. The congressional pract ...

. https://www.jns.org/bipartisan-bill-awards-congressional-gold-medal-to-last-living-nuremberg-prosecutor/

Personal life

Ferencz married his teenage sweetheart Gertrude Fried, in New York in 1946. They were married for more than 70 years, “without a quarrel”, until her death in 2019. They had four children. He is the last surviving prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials.

Selected bibliography

* ''Parting Words'' (Hardcover), Benjamin Ferencz, Published by Little, Brown Book Group, London, 2020; * Ferencz, B.: "The 'Immoral' Killing of the Iranian General", New York Times Letter to Editor, January 16, 2020. * Ferencz, B.:
Kriegsverbrechen, Restitution, Prävention. Aus dem Vorlass von Benjamin B. Ferencz
, ed. by Constantin Goschler, Marcus Böick, Julia Reus, Göttingen 2019 (collection of documents, open access). * Ferencz, B.: ''Mémoires de Ben, procureur à Nuremberg et avocat de la paix mondiale'', (an autobiography), Michalon, Paris, 2012. * Ferencz, B.: ''New Legal Foundations for Global Survival: Security Through the Security Council'', Oceana 1994; . * Ferencz, B.: Keyes, K. Jr.: '' Planethood: The Key to Your Future'', Vision Books 1988. Reprint 1991; . * Ferencz, B.: ''A Common Sense Guide to World Peace'', Oceana 1985. * Ferencz, B.: ''Enforcing International Law: A Way to World Peace'', Oceana 1983. * Ferencz, B.: ''Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation'', Harvard 1979. Reprint 2002, Indiana University Press & USHMM; . * Ferencz, B.: ''An International Criminal Court: A Step Toward World Peace'', Oceana 1980. . * Ferencz, B.: ''Defining International Aggression: The Search for World Peace'', Oceana 1975. .

Lectures

''The Evolution of International Criminal Law - A Personal Account''
in th

Awards

* 1980:

National Jewish Book Award The Jewish Book Council (Hebrew: ), founded in 1944, is an organization encouraging and contributing to Jewish literature.University of Cologne The University of Cologne (german: Universität zu Köln) is a university in Cologne, Germany. It was established in the year 1388 and is one of the most prestigious and research intensive universities in Germany. It was the sixth university to ...

*2021: Awardee of the Pahl Peace Prize in Liechtenstein *2022: Governor's Medal of Freedom of the

State of Florida Florida is a U.S. state, state located in the Southeastern United States, Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia (U.S. state), Geo ...

References

External links

*
A lecture Ferencz gave on Memorial Day, 2006, at the Library of Congress

Benjamin Ferencz on ''Humankind''

Benjamin Ferencz on Nuremberg War Crimes Trials on C-SPAN

Oral history interview with Benjamin Ferencz at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

Biographical Interview with Benjamin Ferencz
published at "Quellen zur Geschichte der Menschenrechte" {{DEFAULTSORT:Ferencz, Ben 1920 births Living people 20th-century American Jews 20th-century American lawyers 20th-century American male writers 20th-century American non-fiction writers 21st-century American Jews 21st-century American lawyers 21st-century American male writers 21st-century American non-fiction writers American autobiographers American centenarians American male non-fiction writers American pacifists American people of Hungarian-Jewish descent City College of New York alumni Commanders Crosses of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Harvard Law School alumni Hungarian Jews Jewish American military personnel Jewish American writers Lawyers from New York City Men centenarians Military personnel from New York City Pace University faculty Romanian Jews Romanian emigrants to the United States United States Army Judge Advocate General's Corps United States Army non-commissioned officers United States Army personnel of World War II Writers from Manhattan