![Plan de la bataille d'Obligado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Plan_de_la_bataille_d%27Obligado.jpg)
The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the
Paraná River
The Paraná River ( es, Río Paraná, links=no , pt, Rio Paraná, gn, Ysyry Parana) is a river in south-central South America, running through Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina for some ."Parana River". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Br ...
on 20 November 1845, between the
Argentine Confederation
The Argentine Confederation (Spanish: ''Confederación Argentina'') was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name ...
, under the leadership of
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although ...
, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was part of the larger
Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata
The Anglo-French blockade of the Río de la Plata was a five-year-long naval blockade imposed by France and Britain on the Argentine Confederation ruled by Juan Manuel de Rosas. It was imposed in 1845 to support the Colorado Party in the Urugu ...
. Although the attacking forces broke through the Argentine naval defenses and overran the land defenses, the battle proved that foreign ships could not safely navigate Argentine internal waters against its government's wishes. The battle also changed the political attitude toward the Confederation in South America, increasing support for Rosas and his government.
Background
During the 1830s and 1840s, the British and French governments were at odds with
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Juan Manuel José Domingo Ortiz de Rosas (30 March 1793 – 14 March 1877), nicknamed "Restorer of the Laws", was an Argentine politician and army officer who ruled Buenos Aires Province and briefly the Argentine Confederation. Although ...
' leadership of the
Argentine Confederation
The Argentine Confederation (Spanish: ''Confederación Argentina'') was the last predecessor state of modern Argentina; its name is still one of the official names of the country according to the Argentine Constitution, Article 35. It was the name ...
. Rosas' economic policies of requiring trade to pass through the Buenos Aires custom house – which was his method of imposing his will on the
Littoral provinces – combined with his attempts to incorporate
Paraguay
Paraguay (; ), officially the Republic of Paraguay ( es, República del Paraguay, links=no; gn, Tavakuairetã Paraguái, links=si), is a landlocked country in South America. It is bordered by Argentina to the south and southwest, Brazil to t ...
and
Uruguay
Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
to the Confederation, were in conflict with French and British economic interests in the region. During his government, Rosas had to face numerous problems with these foreign powers, which in some cases reached levels of open confrontation. These incidents included two naval blockades, the French blockade in 1838, and the Anglo-French of 1845.
[.]
With the development of steam-powered sailing (which mainly took place in Great Britain, France and the United States) in the third decade of the 19th century, large (and thus ocean-going) merchant and military ships became capable of sailing up rivers at a good speed and with a heavy load. This new technology allowed the British and French governments to avoid the custom house in
Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...
by sailing directly through the
La Plata estuary and engaging in commerce directly with inland cities in
Entre Ríos,
Corrientes
Corrientes (; Guaraní: Taragüí, literally: "Currents") is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, Argentina, located on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, about from Buenos Aires and from Posadas, on National Route 12. It ha ...
, Uruguay and Paraguay. This avoided Buenos Aires' taxation, guaranteed special rights for the Europeans and allowed them to export their products cheaply.
Rosas' government tried to stop this practice by declaring the Argentine rivers closed to foreign shipping, barring access to Paraguay and other ports in the process. The British and French governments did not acknowledge this declaration and decided to defy Rosas by sailing upstream with a joint fleet, setting the stage for the battle.
Battle
Order of battle
![Rotura de cadenas en Obligado](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Rotura_de_cadenas_en_Obligado.jpg)
The Anglo-French squadron that was sailing through the Paraná river in the first days of November was composed of eleven
warships
A warship or combatant ship is a naval ship that is built and primarily intended for naval warfare. Usually they belong to the armed forces of a state. As well as being armed, warships are designed to withstand damage and are usually faster an ...
.
* British
** , paddle (6 guns, Capt. Charles Hotham)
** , paddle (6 guns, Capt. James Hope)
** (8 guns, Commander
Bartholomew James Sulivan
Admiral Sir Bartholomew James Sulivan, (18 November 1810 – 1 January 1890) was a British naval officer and hydrographer. He was a leading advocate of the value of nautical surveying in relation to naval operations.
Sulivan was born at Mylor, ...
)
** (18 guns, Commander
Edward Augustus Inglefield (acting))
** (3 guns, Lieut. Reginald Thomas John Levinge)
** ''Fanny'', schooner (1 gun, Lieut. Astley Cooper Key)
* French
** ''San Martin'' (8 guns, Capt.
François Thomas Tréhouart)
** ''Fulton'', paddle (2 guns, Lieut.
Louis Mazères Louis may refer to:
* Louis (coin)
* Louis (given name), origin and several individuals with this name
* Louis (surname)
* Louis (singer), Serbian singer
* HMS ''Louis'', two ships of the Royal Navy
See also
Derived or associated terms
* Lewis (d ...
(fr))
** ''Expéditive'' (16 guns, Lieut. Miniac)
** ''Pandour'' (10 guns, Lieut. Duparc)
** ''Procida'' (4 guns, Lieut. de La Rivière)
These ships were among the most advanced military machinery of their time, and at least three — ''Fulton'', and — were
steamers, which initially stayed behind the sailing vessels. They were partially armoured, and had rapid-fire guns and
Congreve rocket
The Congreve rocket was a type of rocket artillery designed by British inventor Sir William Congreve in 1808.
The design was based upon the rockets deployed by the Kingdom of Mysore against the East India Company during the Second, Third, ...
s.
The main Argentine redoubt was located on a cliff rising between 30 and 180 m over the banks at Vuelta de Obligado, where the river is 700 metres wide and a turn makes navigation difficult.
The Argentine general
Lucio N. Mansilla, commander of the Confederation forces and Rosas' brother-in-law, set up three thick metal chains suspended from 24 boats completely across the river, to prevent the advance of the allied fleet. This operation was under the charge of an Italian immigrant named Filipo Aliberti. Only three of these boats were naval vessels; the rest were requisitioned barges whose owners received a compensation in case of loss.
Aliberti was the master of one of the boats, the ''Jacoba'', sunk in the battle. At least 20 boats and barges were lost in the chain barrage at Obligado.
![Rotas cadenas](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Rotas_cadenas.JPG)
On the right shore of the river the Argentines mounted four batteries with 30 cannons, many of them
bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids suc ...
8, 10, 12 and 20-
pounders. These were served by a division of 160
gaucho
A gaucho () or gaúcho () is a skilled horseman, reputed to be brave and unruly. The figure of the gaucho is a folk symbol of Argentina, Uruguay, Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil, and the south of Chilean Patagonia. Gauchos became greatly admired and ...
soldiers. There were also 2,000 men in trenches under the command of
Colonel
Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations.
In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge ...
Ramón Rodríguez (es), together with the
brigantine
A brigantine is a two-masted sailing vessel with a fully square-rigged foremast and at least two sails on the main mast: a square topsail and a gaff sail mainsail (behind the mast). The main mast is the second and taller of the two masts.
Ol ...
''Republicano''
(es) and two small gunboats, ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'',
with the mission of guarding the
chains across the river.
Some sources
increase the Argentine naval power to a third gunboat, the unarmed brigantine ''Vigilante,'' whose artillery had been dismounted and transferred to one of the batteries, eight armed launches and at least five armed barges.
Main action
The combat began at dawn, with intense cannon fire and rocket discharges over the Argentine batteries, which had less accurate and slower loading cannons. From the beginning the Argentines suffered many casualties — 150 dead, 90 wounded. Furthermore, the
barge
Barge nowadays generally refers to a flat-bottomed inland waterway vessel which does not have its own means of mechanical propulsion. The first modern barges were pulled by tugs, but nowadays most are pushed by pusher boats, or other vessels. ...
s that held the chains were burnt down, and the ''Republicano'' was lost, blown up by its own commander when he was unable to defend it any longer. A number of armed launches were also sunk in battle. The gunboats ''Restaurador'' and ''Lagos'' disengaged successfully and withdrew up river, towards Tonelero pass.
The third gunboat and the armed barges also survived the action, but the dismantled brigantine ''Vigilante'' was scuttled by her crew and the remaining launches were destroyed by the combined fleet on 28 November.
Shortly after, the French steamer ''Fulton'' sailed through a gap open in the chain's barrier. Disembarked troops overcame the last defenders of the bluff, and 21 cannons fell into the hands of the allied forces.
The Europeans had won free passage at the cost of 28 dead and 95 wounded. However, their ships suffered severe damage, stranding them at Obligado for 40 days to make emergency repairs.
[.]
Secondary action
Meanwhile, 40 km to the north, a small Argentine naval force composed of the
sloop
A sloop is a sailboat with a single mast typically having only one headsail in front of the mast and one mainsail aft of (behind) the mast. Such an arrangement is called a fore-and-aft rig, and can be rigged as a Bermuda rig with triangular sa ...
''Chacabuco'', the gunboats ''Carmen'', ''Arroyo Grande'', ''Apremio'' and ''Buena Vista'' kept watch over a secondary branch of the Paraná whose control gives full access to the ports of
Entre Ríos. Like at Obligado, a double chain held by seven barges was also deployed across the river.
When news of the battle's outcome reached the squadron, the ''Chacabuco'' was scuttled and the remainder of the flotilla took shelter in the port of
Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seychelle ...
.
Upstream
Only 50 out of 92 merchantmen awaiting at
Ibicuy Islands continued their upriver trip. The rest gave up and returned to Montevideo. The British and French ships that were able to sail past up river were again attacked on their way back at Paso del Tonelero and at Angostura del Quebracho. The combined fleet suffered the loss of six merchant ships during the later engagement, on 4 June 1846.
Aftermath
The Anglo-French victory did not achieve their goal. The severe damage to their naval forces and loss of merchantmen indicated that it would be too costly to sail Argentine rivers without the authorisation of Argentine authorities.
Some
Unitarian leaders, traditional enemies of the Argentine leader were moved by the events, with unitarian General
Martiniano Chilavert offering to join the Confederacy army.
France and the United Kingdom eventually lifted the blockade and dropped their attempts to bypass Buenos Aires' policies. They acknowledged the Argentine government's legal right over the Paraná and other internal rivers, and its authority to determine who had access to it, in exchange for the withdrawal of Rosas's army from Uruguay.
The Battle of Obligado is remembered in Argentina on 20 November, which was declared "
Day of National Sovereignty
The National Sovereignty Day ( es, Día de la Soberanía Nacional) is a national public holiday of Argentina, celebrated during November 20. It commemorates the Battle of Vuelta de Obligado, when a small Argentine army stood against an Anglo- Fre ...
" in 1974, and became a national holiday in 2010. The
Paris Métro
The Paris Métro (french: Métro de Paris ; short for Métropolitain ) is a rapid transit system in the Paris metropolitan area, France. A symbol of the city, it is known for its density within the capital's territorial limits, uniform architec ...
had a station named ''Obligado'' for this battle until 1947, when it was renamed ''Argentine'', as a good-will gesture after the visit of
Eva Perón
María Eva Duarte de Perón (; ; 7 May 1919 – 26 July 1952), better known as just Eva Perón or by the nickname Evita (), was an Argentine politician, activist, actress, and philanthropist who served as First Lady of Argentina from June 194 ...
to France.
"La station Argentine fait peau neuve"
Le Parisien
''Le Parisien'' (; French for "The Parisian") is a French daily newspaper covering both international and national news, and local news of Paris and its suburbs. It is owned by LVMH Moët Hennessy Louis Vuitton SE, better known as LVMH.
Histor ...
, 16 June 2011
Notes
References
* .
* .
* .
* .
External links
1845 Anglo-French action in Uruguay
by W.L. Clowes
Henry Norton Sulivan on the 1845 Anglo-French action in Uruguay
(3 parts)
20 de noviembre de 1845 – La Vuelta de Obligado
by Felipe Pigna
Felipe Pigna (born
29 May 1959) is an Argentine historian and writer. He is among the best-selling authors from Argentina.
Biography
Pigna teaches at the Escuela Superior de Comercio Carlos Pellegrini, directing the ''Ver la Historia'' proje ...
''La Vuelta de Obligado'' – Histarmar
(''accessed 2016-01-14'')
{{Authority control
Vuelta de Obligado
The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was par ...
1845 in Argentina
1845 in France
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Vuelta de Obligado
The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was par ...
History of Buenos Aires Province
Juan Manuel de Rosas
Vuelta de Obligado
The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was par ...
Vuelta de Obligado
The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was par ...
Vuelta de Obligado
The naval Battle of Vuelta de Obligado took place on the waters of the Paraná River on 20 November 1845, between the Argentine Confederation, under the leadership of Juan Manuel de Rosas, and a combined Anglo-French fleet. The action was par ...
November 1845 events
Riverine warfare