, combatant3 =
, commander1 =
Boris Trajkovski
Boris Trajkovski (GCMG) ( mk, Борис Трајковски, pronounced ; 25 June 1956 – 26 February 2004) was a Macedonian politician who served as the second President of Macedonia from 1999 until his death in 2004 in a plane crash.
Traj ...
Ljubčo Georgievski
Ljubčo Georgievski or Lyubcho Georgievski ( mk, Љубчо Георгиевски, ; bg, Любчо Георгиевски; born 17 January 1966) is a politician from North Macedonia who served as the only Vice President of Macedonia and as th ...
Pande Petrovski
Pande Petrovski ( mk, Панде Петровски; 26 December 1943 – 31 December 2006) was a Macedonian general and the Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia. He was most famous for being the strategist that planned the mili ...
Ljube Boškoski
Ljube Boškoski ( mk, Љубе Бошкоски, ) (born 24 October 1960 in Čelopek, Brvenica Municipality, SR Macedonia, now North Macedonia), known among his supporters as "Brother Ljube" ( mk, Брат Љубе, Brat Ljube), is a Macedonia ...
, commander2 =
Rahim Beqiri
Rahim Beqiri ( al, Rrahim Beqiri; mk, Рахим Беќири, 1 January 1957 – 2 August 2001), or better known as Komandant Roki, was an army commander in the KLA during the Kosovo War of the late 1998s. He was born in Koprivnica, Autonomous ...
Hamdi Ndrecaj
Gëzim Ostreni
, commander3 =
*
George Robertson
*
Guido Venturoni
Admiral Guido Venturoni (born 10 April 1934 in Teramo) is a retired Italian Navy officer who served as Chief of the Defence Staff before being appointed Chairman of the NATO Military Committee.
He served as Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy fr ...
, units1 =
*
*
, units2 =
National Liberation Army
*
![Uck Nla logo](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Uck_Nla_logo.svg)
112th Brigade
, units3 =
* 2 armored companies
* 1 logistic unit
, strength1 =
* 10,000+
[Issues: The 2001 Conflict](_blank)
/ref>
* 5+ tanks
* 8+ APCs
* 1+ helicopters
, strength2 =
National Liberation Army
* 2,500–3,000+
, strength3 =
* 4,800+[Issues: The 2001 Conflict](_blank)
/ref>
* 2+ tanks
, casualties1 =
* 31 killed total
* Vejce Ambush (8)
* Ljuboten ambush (8) Karpalak Ambush
The Karpalak ambush ( mk, Заседа кај Карпалак, sq, Pritë në Karpalak), referred to by Macedonians as the Karpalak massacre ( mk, Масакр кај Карпалак), was an attack carried out by the National Liberation Arm ...
(10) Gajre ambush
Ethnic Albanian rebels of the National Liberation Army killed five soldiers of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia on 5 June 2001 near Gajre, a village in the Šar Mountains, North Macedonia. It represents one of the heaviest death tolls for ...
(5)
* 24 wounded
* 1 armoured vehicle destroyed
* 1 BTR-60 captured
* 1 truck destroyed
, casualties2 =
National Liberation Army
* 11+ killed (opening phase)
, casualties3 =
* 1 wounded (from Germany)
, casualties4 = 21+ civilians killed
22 civilians kidnapped
, campaignbox =
The Battle of Tetovo ( mk, Битка кај Тетово, sq, Beteja e Tetovës), was the largest engagement during the 2001 insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
The 2001 insurgency in Macedonia was an armed conflict which began when the ethnic Albanian National Liberation Army (NLA) militant group, formed from veterans of the Kosovo War and Insurgency in the Preševo Valley, attacked Macedonian se ...
, in which Macedonian security forces battled Albanian
Albanian may refer to:
*Pertaining to Albania in Southeast Europe; in particular:
**Albanians, an ethnic group native to the Balkans
**Albanian language
**Albanian culture
**Demographics of Albania, includes other ethnic groups within the country ...
insurgents
An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion against authority waged by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare from primarily rural base areas. The key descriptive feature of insurgency is its asymmetric nature: small irreg ...
of the National Liberation Army for control of the city.
Prelude
Tetovo
Tetovo ( mk, Тетово, , sq, Tetovë/Tetova) is a city in the northwestern part of North Macedonia, built on the foothills of Šar Mountain and divided by the Pena River. The municipality of Tetovo covers an area of at above sea level, w ...
is a large city in Macedonia, the majority of whose citizens are ethnic Albanians.
During the break up of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, over 2,000 ethnic Albanians marched through Tetovo demanding secession from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia
The Socialist Republic of Macedonia ( mk, Социјалистичка Република Македонија, Socijalistička Republika Makedonija), or SR Macedonia, commonly referred to as Socialist Macedonia or Yugoslav Macedonia, was ...
and unity with Albania. Self-determination of an ethnic minority within a state was not a right under the Socialist Republic of Macedonia's constitution, and protesting their lack of representation under the constitution of a new Republic of Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Yugoslavia. It ...
, the Albanians of Macedonia boycotted the referendum on independence from Yugoslavia and were thus excluded from almost any representation in the new government.[ Tetovo became headquarters of the new Albanian political parties, which were regarded as unconstitutional by the Republic of Macedonia. Tensions worsened, Tetovo, along with the city of ]Gostivar
Gostivar ( mk, Гостивар , Albanian and Turkish: ''Gostivar''), is a city in North Macedonia, located in the upper Polog valley region. It is one of the largest municipalities in the country with a population of 81,042, and the town also ...
, took in and sheltered several thousands of Bosnian Muslim
The Bosniaks ( bs, Bošnjaci, Cyrillic: Бошњаци, ; , ) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to the Southeast European historical region of Bosnia, which is today part of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who share a common Bosnian ancestry, cu ...
refugees from 1992 until the end of the Bosnian war
The Bosnian War ( sh, Rat u Bosni i Hercegovini / Рат у Босни и Херцеговини) was an international armed conflict that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1992 and 1995. The war is commonly seen as having started ...
. Prior to the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia over Kosovo, Tetovo became the rear supply base for the Kosovo Liberation Army
The Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA; , UÇK) was an ethnic Albanian separatist militia that sought the separation of Kosovo, the vast majority of which is inhabited by Albanians, from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) and Serbia during the ...
,[ and then later home to over 100,000 Kosovar refugees from the ]Kosovo war
The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started 28 February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war ...
. Gligorov's plan to re-allocate the Kosovar refugees to Albania via refugee corridor through Macedonia had been abandoned, and the refugees began to gather in Tetovo, Gostivar and the western Albanian dominated towns during the late summer months. The KLA began to use the Tetovo hospital to treat the wounded combatants. As the ethnic Albanian unofficial capital in Macedonia, Tetovo was crowded with refugees from Kosovo and was deeply involved in the munitions supply to the KLA.[
The Albanian-dominated town of Tetovo had been deeply involved in the ]Kosovo war
The Kosovo War was an armed conflict in Kosovo that started 28 February 1998 and lasted until 11 June 1999. It was fought by the forces of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (i.e. Serbia and Montenegro), which controlled Kosovo before the war ...
since the spring of 1998, and some leading KLA officials came from Tetovo, such as Bardhyl Mahmuti.[ Many educated Albanians in Tetovo under 50 years of age had attended Pristina University before it was purged of ethnic Albanian teachers in the early 1990s. Before 1991 Kosovo and Macedonia formed part of Yugoslavia which meant unrestricted access between the entities.][
In 1997, Alajdin Demiri, the mayor of Tetovo, was jailed for raising the double headed eagle flag of Albania from Tetovo town hall and by 2000 the outbreak of hostilities in Tanusevci had spilled into the towns of Tetovo and Gostivar.][ With the formation of an insurgency, the National Liberation Front (NLA) began seizing territory in and around the Tetovo area. Skirmishes between the insurgency and government forces became commonplace in other portions of the country.
The Macedonian forces, numbering more than 3,000, held a limited amount of armour and artillery. Reportedly, they possessed a number of ]armoured personnel carriers
An armoured personnel carrier (APC) is a broad type of armoured military vehicle designed to transport personnel and equipment in combat zones. Since World War I, APCs have become a very common piece of military equipment around the world.
Acc ...
, 105 mm and 122 mm Howitzers
A howitzer () is a long-ranged weapon, falling between a cannon (also known as an artillery gun in the United States), which fires shells at flat trajectories, and a mortar, which fires at high angles of ascent and descent. Howitzers, like oth ...
, ex-Bulgarian T-55
The T-54 and T-55 tanks are a series of Soviet main battle tanks introduced in the years following the Second World War. The first T-54 prototype was completed at Nizhny Tagil by the end of 1945.Steven Zaloga, T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks ...
tanks. The bulk of their force consisted of reservists at the brink of conflict. These numbers were to rapidly rise in the following months as the military expenditures of Macedonia quadrupled to almost 7% of GDP, which resulted in major purchases of military hardware mainly from Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
and Bulgaria
Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedon ...
, and the mobilisation of special police forces like the Lions
The lion (''Panthera leo'') is a large cat of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Africa and India. It has a muscular, broad-chested body; short, rounded head; round ears; and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It is sexually dimorphic; adult ...
and Tigers
The tiger (''Panthera tigris'') is the largest living cat species and a member of the genus ''Panthera''. It is most recognisable for its dark vertical stripes on orange fur with a white underside. An apex predator, it primarily preys on un ...
. By the height of the conflict, the whole 1st Mechanized Brigade was stationed in and around Tetovo municipality.
The NLA, a mainly guerrilla force, had only an assortment of rockets, assault weapons, and mortars. However, they had the advantage of concealed positions in the mountains ringing the city. Weapons and supplies found their way from Kosovo to the frontlines over the Šar Mountains
The Šar Mountains ( Serbian and mk, Шар Планина, Šar Planina, colloquially also ) or Sharr Mountains ( sq, Malet e Sharrit), form a mountain range in the Balkans that extends from Kosovo and the northwest of North Macedonia to nort ...
through horse caravans. Mounts Baltepe and Kale were major strongpoints, both of which held ancient fortresses left over from the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
. The rebels constructed a series of trench
A trench is a type of excavation or in the ground that is generally deeper than it is wide (as opposed to a wider gully, or ditch), and narrow compared with its length (as opposed to a simple hole or pit).
In geology, trenches result from eros ...
es and bunker
A bunker is a defensive military fortification designed to protect people and valued materials from falling bombs, artillery, or other attacks. Bunkers are almost always underground, in contrast to blockhouses which are mostly above ground. ...
s in defence.
Battle
Opening phase
During the afternoon of 14 March, ethnic Albanians held a nationalist rally in town. Around this time, machine gun fire opened up on Macedonian police from the Baltepes hill. The confrontation in Tetovo began when about 15 rebels opened fire with rifles in the suburb of Kale about 1.2 miles north of the city centre and in the nearby village of Selce. The NLA proceeded to engage Macedonian forces with sniper fire and mortar attacks.
The first civilian death was an Albanian taxi driver who was killed on the first day of the rebellion in the old Ottoman neighbourhood of Koltuk when the police opened fire with machine guns indiscriminately, even though the main fighting at the time was taking place 1.2 miles away, beyond the Kale, the fortress above the city, in the village of Lavce.[
Fifteen Macedonian police and a NATO German soldier were also wounded when joint barracks in the outskirts of the town where hit by mortar fire. The next day, the ]German Ministry of Defence
The Federal Ministry of Defence (german: Bundesministerium der Verteidigung, ), abbreviated BMVg, is a top-level Federal agency (Germany), federal agency, headed by the Federal Minister of Defence as a member of the Cabinet of Germany. The mini ...
moved in two Leopard 2
The Leopard 2 is a 3rd generation main battle tank originally developed by Krauss-Maffei in the 1970s for the West German army. The tank first entered service in 1979 and succeeded the earlier Leopard 1 as the main battle tank of the West Germ ...
tanks from Prizren
)
, settlement_type = Municipality and city
, image_skyline = Prizren Collage.jpg
, imagesize = 290px
, image_caption = View of Prizren
, image_alt = View of Prizren
, image_flag ...
, in Kosovo, in order to protect the base. Half of the 1,200 German troops were evacuated to another location eight kilometers away.[Deutscher Generalinspekteur Kujat warnt Angreifer in Mazedonien](_blank)
17 March 2001 By 20 March, another 400 KFOR KFOR may refer to:
* KFOR (AM), a radio station (1240 AM) licensed to Lincoln, Nebraska, United States
* KFOR-TV, a television station (channel 4 analog/27 digital) licensed to Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States
* KFOR-TV (Nebraska), a defunct ...
German combat troops equipped with Marder
Marder may refer to:
German military vehicles
* A series of World War II tank destroyers:
** Marder I
** Marder II
** Marder III
* Marder (IFV), a modern infantry fighting vehicle
* Marder (submarine), a World War II midget submarine
People with ...
armoured vehicles and more Leopard II tanks had been deployed to Tetovo. Civilians continued on with their daily business, but the streets became empty. Cafes and shops were deserted and electricity was cut off to part of the town. For the cafes that remained open, it was common to see some people taking the risk of watching gun battles.
In the battle for Tetovo, the Macedonian Army was frequently outmanoeuvred by the highly mobile guerrillas and their military leader, Gezim Ostreni.[ Born in ]Debar
Debar ( mk, Дебaр ; Albanian: ''Dibër''/''Dibra'' or ''Dibra e Madhe;'' ) is a city in the western part of North Macedonia, near the border with Albania, off the road from Struga to Gostivar. It is the seat of Debar Municipality. Debar has an ...
in western Macedonia, Ostreni was a veteran who had served in the Yugoslav Army
The Yugoslav People's Army (abbreviated as JNA/; Macedonian and sr-Cyrl-Latn, Југословенска народна армија, Jugoslovenska narodna armija; Croatian and bs, Jugoslavenska narodna armija; sl, Jugoslovanska ljudska a ...
and until April 2001 was a deputy commander in the Kosovo Protection Corps
The Kosovo Protection Corps (KPC; sq, Trupat e Mbrojtjes së Kosovës (TMK)) was a civilian emergency services organisation in Kosovo active from 1999 to 2009.
The KPC was created on September 21, 1999, through the promulgation of UNMIK Regulat ...
. Ostreni was typical of ethnic Albanians, who saw no future for themselves in the post-independence Macedonian Army whose officer corps was dominated by Macedonians.[
On 21 March, the two sides witnessed a brief cease fire. The day was quiet without a single shot. By this point in time, however, thousands of residents had fled the city. Those whom remained pressed on with life as best as they could while both factions licked their wounds. It was also on this day that the Macedonian army scaled Kale Hill under cover of artillery and gunfire.
On 22 March, after two months of sporadic violence, two Albanians were gunned down near the football stadium in the eastern districts. The two men approached a Macedonian checkpoint in a white car, and tossed a device to the policemen. The men were shot immediately. Western and Albanian media reported that Macedonian forces mistook a cellphone for an explosive device, though it was later established that it was, indeed, a hand grenade. Images of the dead men became famous, marking the insurgency's first '']martyr
A martyr (, ''mártys'', "witness", or , ''marturia'', stem , ''martyr-'') is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an externa ...
s'' and bringing Macedonia's violence to the world spotlight.
The Macedonians proceeded to beef up their security forces and deployed T-55
The T-54 and T-55 tanks are a series of Soviet main battle tanks introduced in the years following the Second World War. The first T-54 prototype was completed at Nizhny Tagil by the end of 1945.Steven Zaloga, T-54 and T-55 Main Battle Tanks ...
tanks in support.
In Tetovo's old town, a sandbag checkpoint near the Church of St. Nicholas suffered frequent shelling from houses in the highlands. Over the next few days, several skirmishes broke out throughout the hills. A Macedonian Mi-17
The Mil Mi-17 (NATO reporting name: Hip) is a Soviet-designed Russian military helicopter family introduced in 1975 (Mi-8M), continuing in production at two factories, in Kazan and Ulan-Ude. It is known as the Mi-8M series in Russian service. ...
helicopter crashed while ferrying police forces to a ski resort on the outskirts of town, killing the pilot and wounding 16 policemen. Most of the rebels held out on Baltepe Mountain. From the Koltak district, Macedonian forces poured fire onto Albanian positions. This was often returned with machine gun, sniper, and mortar fire.
A series of blasts was clearly visible in the hills above Tetovo as terrified residents scurried for cover below. The hills had been occupied by Albanian guerrilla forces for the past week. The Macedonian army was firing indiscriminately and several of the rising columns of smoke came from civilian houses. There was no word on casualties, but the risk to civilians was high. The hills around Tetovo are dotted with houses and it was not clear if they had all been evacuated. The NLA stood their ground.
A short time after the start of the Government offensive, the Macedonian army issued an ultimatum, giving the NLA 24 hours to cease hostilities and surrender, or leave Macedonia. After the deadline, Macedonian security forces continued using all their means against positions of the rebels. The Macedonian onslaught began just hours after the rebels offered to join peace talks.
Staunch resistance by 100 NLA fighters cornered in the Gracani area after the Tetovo fighting continued to harass the ARM, whose infantry units seemed extremely reluctant to engage in an open battle.[
]
Operation MH
Operation MH was the first Macedonian offensive planned and executed to clear out the rebels after weeks of skirmishes with the NLA. It began on March 25 with a combined assault by Macedonian Army and Police forces in the city of Tetovo and the surrounding villages which resulted with the routing of NLA forces and their removal from the Tetovo area, the NLA called it a tactical retreat. The offensive ended two days later with the Macedonian security forces taking control of the city, the fortified medieval fortress and the surrounding villages.
Vejce Ambush
Macedonian Army soldiers were attacked near the village of Vejce, nine miles north of Tetovo. Stevo Pendarovski
Stevo Pendarovski ( mk, Стево Пендаровски, ; born 3 April 1963) is a Macedonian politician who serves as the 5th and current President of North Macedonia since 12 May 2019.
Early life and education
Stevo Pendarovski was born o ...
, the Interior Ministry spokesman, said ''Eight are killed and two are injured. They were fired at with machine guns and rocket launchers. Macedonian forces responded, and the attackers withdrew. The situation is quiet now. It was an isolated incident.''[ The assumption was premature. The slaying of the eight commandos, which was an enormous loss for a country of only two million people, provoked the first civilian backlash by Macedonians grouped in sinister new paramilitary style, 'self-defence' organisations in the southern city of Bitola, 170 kilometres (120 miles) south of Skopje, from where four of the dead soldiers came.][ Ethnic Macedonian crowds looted and set fire to Albanian shops.][
]
Second phase
On 6 June another cease-fire was initiated, which lasted eighteen days before being broken by the NLA.[Macedonia issues rebel ultimatum]
, CNN (24 July 2001). Just before noon on 22 July, machine gun and small arms fire shattered the silence once again. As United States and European envoys met with President Boris Trajkovski
Boris Trajkovski (GCMG) ( mk, Борис Трајковски, pronounced ; 25 June 1956 – 26 February 2004) was a Macedonian politician who served as the second President of Macedonia from 1999 until his death in 2004 in a plane crash.
Traj ...
in Skopje on 23 July, the battle reached Tetovo's suburbs.
On 23 July, the Macedonians used ex-Ukrainian Mi-24
The Mil Mi-24 (russian: Миль Ми-24; NATO reporting name: Hind) is a large helicopter gunship, attack helicopter and low-capacity troop transport with room for eight passengers. It is produced by Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant and has been o ...
helicopters for the first time in the conflict, responding to Albanian mortar fire that wounded 20 civilians in the Koltuk area. Despite the addition of these new helicopters and superior firepower, the army was not experienced at counterinsurgency operations and resorted to sledgehammer tactics. With the hills and mountains behind the city and dozens of Albanian-populated villages to count on for support, the rebels knew they were in a strong position in Tetovo.[
On 24 July the Macedonian government issued an ultimatum demanding the NLA retreat from their positions in Tetovo and the villages which they took during the ceasefire or face an all out attack.] The rebel's abuse of the NATO brokered ceasefire to gain territory and the international observers criticizing of the Macedonian government for using disproportionate force against the rebelsprompted the Macedonian government to accuse NATO of siding with the rebels.
The NLA would continue to abuse ceasefires to gain ground in the north of Tetovo as Harald Schenker in a report for OSCE would state:
In the Drenovac district, rebels and government forces fought heavily for the town's sports stadium. The fall of the stadium and government checkpoint left the rebels within fifty yards of the city center. Residents of the areas were instructed to leave their homes by Macedonian forces.[Macedonia issues rebel ultimatum]
, CNN (24 July 2001).
During the fierce fighting that engulfed Tetovo from 22 to 24 July, a 12-year-old Albanian girl, Jehina Saliu, was mortally wounded in Poroj. The shelling of Poroj killed nine civilians on 23 July alone. Jeff Bieley, a journalist who was covering the conflict, found himself trapped in a basement in the village during the bombardment. ''It was held by the NLA in as much as police could not go there,'' he recalled, 'but it was mainly a civilian target.' Thirteen civilians and five government soldiers were injured. Macedonian government forces also shelled villages surrounding Tetovo, which were under control of Albanian rebels.[
On July 25th things in the city calmed down as the rebels were fortifying their positions
On July 26th the NLA agreed to pull back to their original positions before the ceasefire amid Macedonian government threats that refusal would lead to a full scale offensive][ in a new NATO brokered ceasefire
On July 30th the Macedonian government accused the rebels of violating the new ceasefire by staying at the positions they captured during the past week which the NLA denied but was confirmed by international observers who spotted the Rebels in uniform and civilian clothing. This prevented the return of the Macedonian refugees that had left the villages during the fighting. International observers also witnessed ethnic Macedonian homes being set alight by the NLA in the village of ]Tearce
Tearce ( mk, Теарце , sq, Tearcë) is a village located 12 km to the northeast of Tetovo, in northwestern North Macedonia, about 15 kilometres from the border with Kosovo. It is a seat of the Tearce municipality. Population 3,974 (200 ...
.
Final phase
The Ohrid
Ohrid ( mk, Охрид ) is a city in North Macedonia and is the seat of the Ohrid Municipality. It is the largest city on Lake Ohrid and the List of cities in North Macedonia, eighth-largest city in the country, with the municipality recording ...
peace negotiations finally came into play on 8 August. By then, Tetovo was practically a ghost city, most of its residents having fled the fighting. On 12 August 2001, ten ethnic Albanians in the village of Ljuboten were killed by government forces – evidently in revenge for the slaying of eight Macedonian commandos blown up by land mines and ten other soldiers killed in an NLA ambush. The eight soldiers were killed, and eight others were wounded, on the morning of 10 August, when a Macedonian military truck ran over two anti-tank mines on a remote country road on the Skopska Crna Gorna mountain just north of Skopje.[
Ljuboten also gave an international profile for the first time to Ljube Boskovski, the hardline Interior Minister who is a hero to many ordinary Macedonians but a simple-minded warlord in the eyes of many ethnic Albanians. President Trajkovski dismissed the Macedonian Army Chief of Staff, General ]Pande Petrovski
Pande Petrovski ( mk, Панде Петровски; 26 December 1943 – 31 December 2006) was a Macedonian general and the Chief of Staff of the Army of the Republic of Macedonia. He was most famous for being the strategist that planned the mili ...
, on 9 August, following the attack on the convoy. Petrovski had told Macedonia's National Security Council that he 'would take responsibility' for the casualties. His deputy, General Metodij Stamboliski, replaced him. This was the fourth time that the armed forces command had changed hands in less than two months, another telling sign of the Macedonian Army's inability to cope with the rebellion.[
The next day, the rebels attacked Macedonian army barracks in central Tetovo, sending black plumes of smoke above the northern and southwestern suburbs. Part of the barracks and an armored personnel carrier were set on fire in the fighting. The NLA attacked the army barracks in the city of Tetovo with machine guns and grenade launchers, killing an army soldier.][ The Macedonian National Security Council, in response, authorized another offensive against the NLA. Macedonian forces concentrated their attack around the suburb of Teqe, of which a graveyard separated both factions.
]
Aftermath
On 13 August, Macedonian and Albanian representatives signed the Ohrid Agreement
The Ohrid Framework Agreement ( mk, Охридски рамковен договор, Ohridski ramkoven dogovor) was the peace deal signed by the government of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) and representatives of the Albanian m ...
, ending most of the fighting. Over the next few months, NATO and Macedonian troops worked to disarm the NLA, which ceded power after the thirty-day Operation Essential Harvest
Operation Essential Harvest (or Task Force Harvest) was a deployment mission in the Republic of Macedonia by NATO, officially launched on August 22, 2001, and effectively started on August 27. Because national contributions were larger than expecte ...
.
As a result of the fighting, the Red Cross estimated that 76,000 people fled their homes. Though the major violence ended on the 13th, skirmishes and harassment remained common throughout the Tetovo area. On 14 August, A Macedonian policeman was shot dead by suspected ethnic Albanian rebels in Tetovo, puncturing the fragile ceasefire declared on Sunday as part of a plan to end the six-month rebellion and pave the way for the disarmament of the guerrilla National Liberation Army. An NLA commander said a civilian had been injured in the shooting at the Drenovec checkpoint in a Tetovo suburb. He accused police of opening fire.
A western ambassador in Skopje cautioned that NATO force would most likely remain for a while after the disarmament process as the Albanian youths have had a taste of a successful insurgency. Part of the guerrilla group feels very sure of itself and might not surrender its weapons.
On 12 November, three Macedonian police officers were ambushed and killed in the village of Trebos.[Macedonia police killed in ambush]
, BBC News (12 November 2001).
See also
*Operation Essential Harvest
Operation Essential Harvest (or Task Force Harvest) was a deployment mission in the Republic of Macedonia by NATO, officially launched on August 22, 2001, and effectively started on August 27. Because national contributions were larger than expecte ...
* Operation MH - 2
*Operation Vaksince
Operation Vaksince was a military operation launched by the Macedonian security forces against Albanian insurgents belonging to the NLA, which was at the time launching a campaign of guerrilla attacks against facilities of the Macedonian Govern ...
*Prizren incident (1999)
The Prizren Incident, also known among German troops as "Bloody Sunday", was a confrontation between German Kosovo Force (KFOR) troops advancing into Kosovo and stragglers from the withdrawing Yugoslav Army. The shootout took place in the city of ...
References
Bibliography
* ''Diary of an Uncivil War'', by Scott Taylor, Esprit de Corps Books (22 February 2002).
* ''Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans'', by John Phillips, I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd, 2004.
External links
Georgiev, Marko, "Tetovo, Macedonia, March 20, 2001: Apocalypse Now" (blog).
Accessed 14 December 2010.
*
, CNN (21 March 2001).
* Huggler, Justin (19 March 2001).
, ''The Independent
''The Independent'' is a British online newspaper. It was established in 1986 as a national morning printed paper. Nicknamed the ''Indy'', it began as a broadsheet and changed to tabloid format in 2003. The last printed edition was publis ...
''.
* Phillips, James T. (9 August 2001)
Accessed 14 December 2010.
* Seraphinoff, Michael (21 July 2002)
Accessed 14 December 2010.
* Huggler (16 March 2001)
Accessed 14 Dec 2010.
* " ttp://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/08/09/macedonia.attack/ Battle for Tetovo rages, CNN (9 August 2001).
*
Mountain battle in Macedonia
, CNN (22 May 2001).
* Kujundzic, Lidija. Trans. Lazovic, S. (23 March 2001
Accessed 14 December 2010.
*
, CBC News
CBC News is a division of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the news gathering and production of news programs on the corporation's English-language operations, namely CBC Television, CBC Radio, CBC News Network, and CBC.ca. ...
(24 March 2001)
* Martin, Susan Taylor (22 March 2001).
Tetovo's residents watch, wait for war
, ''St. Petersburg Times
The ''Tampa Bay Times'', previously named the ''St. Petersburg Times'' until 2011, is an American newspaper published in St. Petersburg, Florida, United States. It has won fourteen Pulitzer Prizes since 1964, and in 2009, won two in a single ...
''.
* Deliso, Christopher (18 April 2002
"Macedonian Tortured in Tetovo Village, As Gang War Rages," antiwar.com.
Accessed 14 December 2010.
* Deliso (25 January 2002
Accessed 14 December 2010.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tetovo, Battle of
Conflicts in 2001
Modern history of North Macedonia
2001 in the Republic of Macedonia
2001 insurgency in Macedonia
Battles involving Germany