Bashkortostan

The Republic of Bashkortostan or Bashkortostan ( ba, Башҡортостан Республикаһы, Bashqortostan Respublikahy; russian: Республика Башкортостан, Respublika Bashkortostan),; russian: Респу́блика Башкортоста́н, r=Respublika Bashkortostan, p=rʲɪsˈpublʲɪkə bəʂkərtɐˈstan also unofficially called Bashkiria (russian: Башкирия, tr. Bashkiriya), is a republic of Russia located between the Volga and the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It covers and has a population of 4 million. It is Russia's 7th most populous federal subject and most populous republic. Its capital and largest city is Ufa.

Bashkortostan was established on .Национально-государственное устройство Башкортостана, 1917–1925 гг: Общее введение и Том 1 // Билал Хамитович Юлдашбаев, Китап, 2002, , 9785295029165Хрестоматия по истории Башкортостана: Документы и материалы с древнейших времен до 1917 года // Фарит Гумеров, "Китап", 2001 On 20 March 1919 it was transformed into the Bashkir ASSR,''Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987.'', p. 25 the first Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the RSFSR.БСЭ т.4 1950 год стр 347

In accordance with the Constitution of Bashkortostan and Russian Federation Constitution, Bashkortostan is a state but has no sovereignty. On 11 October 1990 it adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty. The state celebrates 11 October as its Republic Day.

Terminology

The name "Bashkortostan" derives from the name of the Bashkir ethnic group. While the root of the name is Turkic (being a combination of '', which in Turkish can mean ''head'', ''chief'', ''main'', ''principal'' and "qort" meaning ''wolf'', one of the animals regarded as sacred to Turkic peoples); the suffix -stan is Persian, common to many Eurasian territorial names. The Bashkirs speak the Bashkir language, which belongs to the Kipchak branch of the Turkic language group.

History

The first settlements in the territory of modern Bashkortostan date from the early Paleolithic period, but the Bronze Age spurred an upsurge in the population of this territory. When people of the Abashevo culture started settling here, they possessed high skills in manufacturing bronze tools, weapons and decorations. They were the first to establish permanent settlements in the Southern Urals.

Bashkortostan takes its name from its native people, the Bashkirs. The Slavonic name of the country, Bashkiriya, formed at the end of the 16th century. Originally it appeared in the forms ''Bashkir land'', ''Bashkir'', ''Bashkirda'' and ''Bashkir horde''. The ethnonym ''Bashkirs'' first became known in the 7th century. In the 10th century, Al-Balkhi wrote about Bashkirs as a people, divided into two groups, one of which inhabited the Southern Urals, while the other lived near the Danube River, close to the boundaries of Byzantium. His contemporary Ibn-Ruste described the Bashkirs as "an independent people, occupying territories on both sides of the Ural mountain ridge between Volga, Kama, Tobol and upstream of Yaik River".

File:Рисунки в Каповой пещере.jpg, Cave paintings in the Shulgan-Tash Nature Reserve.
File:Mausoleum of Turahan.jpg, Mausoleum of Turahan, 14th-century building.
File:Башкиры в Гамбурге, 1814.jpg, Bashkirs near Hamburg during the Napoleonic Wars, c. 1813.
File:Командиры БОКБ.jpg, The Red Army cavalry unit, made up of Bashkirs, Russian Civil War, 1919.

After the early-feudal Mongolian state had broken down in the 14th century, the territory of modern Bashkortostan became divided between the Kazan and Siberia Khanates and the Nogai Horde. The tribes that lived there were headed by ''bi'' (tribal heads). After Kazan fell to Ivan the Terrible in 1554–1555, representatives of western and northwestern Bashkir tribes approached the Tsar with a request to voluntarily join Muscovy.

Starting from the second half of the 16th century, Bashkiria's territory began taking shape as a part of the Russian state. In 1798 the Spiritual Assembly of Russian Muslims was established, an indication that the tsarist government recognized the rights of Bashkirs, Tatars, and other Muslim nations to profess Islam and perform religious rituals. Ufa Governorate (), with a center in Ufa, was formed in 1865—another step towards territorial identification.

After the Russian Revolution of 1917 were All-Bashkir Qoroltays (conventions) on which a decision on the need to create a national federal republic within Russia. As a result, on 28 November 1917, the Bashkir Regional (Central) Shuro (Council) proclaimed the establishment of territorial and national autonomy in areas of Orenburg, Perm, Samara, and Ufa provinces with a predominantly Bashkir population.

In December 1917, delegates to the All-Bashkir (constituent) Congress, representing the interests of the population edge of all nationalities, voted unanimously for the resolution (Farman #2) of the Bashkir regional Shuro for the proclamation of national-territorial autonomy (of the Republic) Bashkurdistan. The congress formed the government of Bashkurdistan, the Pre-parliament—Kese-Qoroltay and other bodies of power and administration, and decisions were made on how to proceed.

In March 1919, based on the agreements of the Russian Government with the Bashkir Government was formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Soviet period, Bashkiria was granted broad autonomous rights—the first among other Russian regions. The administrative structure of the Bashkir ASSR was based on principles similar to those of other autonomous republics of Russia.

On 11 October 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Republic adopted the declaration on state sovereignty of the Bashkir ASSR. On 25 February 1992, the Bashkir ASSR was renamed the Republic of Bashkortostan.

On 31 March 1992, a Federative Compact "On separation of authorities and powers among federal organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed. On 3 August 1994, a Compact "On separation of authorities and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of power of the Russian Federation and the organs of power of the Republic of Bashkortostan" was signed, granting the republic autonomy. This agreement was abolished on 7 July 2005.

Geography

Bashkortostan contains part of the southern Urals and the adjacent plains.

File:Шихан Торатау и коровы.jpg, Shihan Toratau. Single hills are popular symbols of Bashkortostan.
File:Atysh waterfall (2008).jpg, Atysh waterfall
File:Лошади на Банном.jpg, Bashkir horses near Yakty-Kul lake
File:Лес вокруг г.Ямантау.jpg, Autumn Yamantau

*''Area'': (according to the 2002 Census)
*''Borders'': Bashkortostan borders with Perm Krai (N), Sverdlovsk Oblast (NE), Chelyabinsk Oblast (NE/E/SE), Orenburg Oblast (SE/S/SW), the Republic of Tatarstan (W), and the Udmurt Republic (NW)
*''Highest point'': Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
*''Maximum North-South distance'': 550 km
*''Maximum East-West distance'': over 430 km

Rivers

There are over 13,000 rivers in the republic. Many rivers are part of the deepwater transportation system of European Russia; they provide access to ports of the Baltic and Black seas.

Major rivers include:
* Belaya (Aghidhel) River (1,430 km)
* Ufa (Qaraidel) River (918 km)
* Sakmara River (760 km)
* Ik (Iq) River (571 km)
* Dyoma (Dim) River (556 km)
* Ay River (549 km)
*Yuruzan River (404 km)
* Bystry Tanyp River (345 km)
*Sim River (239 km)
* Nugush River (235 km)
* Tanalyk River (225 km)
* Zilim (Yethem) River (215 km)
*Syun River (209 km)

Lakes

There are 2,700 lakes and reservoirs in the republic. Major lakes and reservoirs include:
* Asylykül Lake (23.5 km²)
* Qandrykül Lake (15.6 km²)
* Urgun Lake (12.0 km²)
*Pavlovskoye Reservoir (120.0 km²)
* Nugushkoye Reservoir (25.2 km²)

Mountains

The Republic contains part of the southern Urals, which stretch from the northern to the southern border. The highest mountains include:
* Mount Yamantau (1,638 m)
* Mount Bolshoy Iremel (1,582 m)
* Mount Maly Iremel (1,449 m)
*Mount Arwyakryaz (1,068 m)
*Mount Zilmerdaq (909 m)
*Mount Alataw (845 m)
*Mount Yurmataw (842 m)

Natural resources

The Republic of Bashkortostan is one of the richest territories of Russia in mineral resources with deposits of some 3,000 mineral resources. Bashkortostan is rich in crude oil reserves, and is one of the principal centers of oil extraction in the Russian Federation. Other major resources are natural gas, coal, ferrous metal ores, manganese, chromite, iron ores, non-ferrous metals ores ( lead, tungsten), non-metallic ores ( rock crystal, fluorite, Iceland spar, sulfide pyrites, barite, silicates, silica, asbestos, talcum), deposits of precious and semi-precious stones and natural stones ( malachite, jade, granite).

The republic has enough mineral resources to provide its power and fuel complex as well as petrochemical, chemical, agro-industrial complex, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, glass-making and ceramic branches with raw materials.

Bashkortostan is one of the major raw materials bases for Russia non-ferrous metallurgy. The republic has good deposits of lignite with a high degree of bitumen. This lignite can be used for obtaining a variety of different chemical products like resins, surface-active substances, gummy fertilizers, and other stimulants for plant growth. Mining-chemical raw materials ( rock salt, lime, phosphorites, barytes, etc.) are quite substantial, and are utilized in the republic economy.

Bashkortostan is also rich in woods. The total territory covered with forests is about . More than one third of the republic territory is covered with woods. The following types of trees dominate: birch tree, conifers, lime, oak, and maple. The general stock of timber according to some evaluation is 717.9 million m³. Bashkortostan forests have special sanctuaries and national parks. They cover more than .

Bashkortostan is also rich in springs and sources of mineral, medicinal, and drinking water.

The Asselian Age at the start of the Permian Period of geological time is named after the Assel River in Bashkortostan.

Climate

*''Average annual temperature'': (mountains) to (plains)
*''Average January temperature'':
*''Average July temperature'':

Administrative divisions

Politics

The head of the government of the Republic of Bashkortostan is the Head (before 1 January 2015 the title was called "President"). According to the Constitution, the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan guarantees rights and liberties of the country's people and citizens, protects economic and political interests of the Republic of Bashkortostan, and secures legitimacy, law, and order within its territory.

Since 11 October 2018, the head of the Head of the Republic of Bashkortostan has been Radiy Khabirov. He was first appointed as acting head by the Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2019 he was officially elected after winning 82% of the vote in the 2019 Bashkir head election. The next election will be in 2024. Before his current role, Radiy Khabirov was the Head of Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast. His predecessor was Rustem Khamitov who was the leader since 19 July 2010. He resigned on 11 October 2018 ahead of the election because he personally decided to not run for re-election.

The Republic's parliament is the State Assembly—Kurultai, popularly elected every five years. The one-chamber State Assembly has 110 deputies.

The Republic's Constitution was adopted on 24 December 1993. Article 1 of the Constitution stipulates that Bashkortostan is a sovereign state within Russia, it has state power beyond the limits of authority of the Russian Federation and the powers of the Russian Federation concerning the aspect of the joint authority of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Bashkortostan. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a full-fledged subject of the Russian Federation on equal and agreed bases.

The relations of the Republic of Bashkortostan and the Russian Federation are at present based on the articles of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Constitution of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Federative Treaty (with amendments) and the Agreement on Separation of authorities and powers and mutual delegating of powers among the organs of state power of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

The judicial power of the republic is in the hands of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, District Courts, and justices of the peace.

In full accord with universally recognized principles of international law, articles of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Bashkortostan ensures in its Constitution that local self-government is recognized and guaranteed within the republic's territory.

The Republic of Bashkortostan resolves all issues of administrative-territorial structure on its own. The list of districts and towns, municipalities, as well as the order of establishing, amending and changing borders of municipalities and their names, are stipulated by the Republic of Bashkortostan law "On administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Bashkortostan and territory of municipalities".

The state has strong economic and cultural ties with its western neighbour, the Republic of Tatarstan.

Economy

Bashkortostan is one of the most developed regions of the Russian Federation in terms of its cross regional output, the volume of industrial production, agricultural production, and investment in fixed assets.

The largest companies in the region include Bashneft (revenues of $ billion in 2017), Ufa Engine Industrial Association (part of United Engine Corporation; $ billion), Peton Holding ($ billion), Bashkhim ($ million), Ufaorgsintez ($ million), Beloretsk Iron and Steel Works ($ million).

The extraction of crude oil in Bashkiria began in 1932. At the end of 1943 large crude oil deposits were discovered. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941 to 1945, Bashkiria became one of the major regions of the Soviet Union to accommodate plants and factories evacuated from Western Russia, as well as great masses of people, while also providing the country with weaponry, fuel, and foodstuffs. After the war, a number of industries developed further in Bashkiria, such as mining, machine-building and (especially) oil-refining. Bashkiria's industry became a solid base for the further economic growth of all European outlying territories of Russia.

The economy of Bashkortostan, being one of the largest industrial centers of Russia, is very diverse. Bashkortostan has a large agricultural sector. But the republic's most important industry is chemical processing; Bashkortostan produces more oil than any other region of Russia, about 26 million tons annually, and provides 17% of the country's gasoline and 15% of its diesel fuel. Other important products manufactured in Bashkortostan include alcohols, pesticides, and plastics.

Bashkortostan's gross regional product (GRP) in 2016 was 1.34 trillion rubles, making the republic the subject with the ninth-highest GRP in Russia. The state had a positive trade balance, with $13.7 billion exported and $1.2 billion imported in 2013. 82.9% of enterprises in Bashkortostan are profitable, higher than the nationwide average of 68.42%. Bashkortostan has been recognized as the subject with the lowest economic risk.

Bashkortostan is among the leaders in real estate development, developed electric power industry and tourism.

According to '' Forbes'', Ufa is the best city in Russia for business among cities with a population of over one million (2013).

Structure of GRP

GRP structure of Bashkortostan for 2013.

File:Russian Navy Kamov Ka-31.jpg, Ka-31 helicopter, produced in Kumertau.
File:DT-30P1 Vityaz 1.jpg, DT-30 amphibious ATV, made in Ishimbay.
File:117C for Su-35.jpg, AL-41F1 engine for PAK FA fifth-generation fighter and Su-35S, produced in Ufa.
File:Автобус НефАЗ-VDL "Башавтотранс" на улицах г.Уфы..jpg, Nefaz-VDL bus of Neftekamsk Automotive Plant.

Demographics

Settlements

Population development

Vital statistics

:Source
Russian Federal State Statistics Service

Note: Total fertility rate 200-12 source.

Ethnic groups

Bashkirs as the indigenous (autochthonal) peoples of Bashkortostan have the sole rights to self-determination. According to the 2010 Census, the ethnic composition was:
* Russians 36.1%
*Bashkirs 29.5%
*Volga Tatars 25.4%
* Chuvash 2.7%
* Mari 2.6%
* Ukrainians 1%
* Mordovians 0.5%
* Udmurts 0.5%
*Belarusians 0.3%

Languages

According to the 2010 Census, spoken languages: Russian (97%), Tatar (26%), Bashkir (23%).

Religion

Islam is adhered to by a majority

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