Bangia Fuscopurpurea Var. Crinalis
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''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division
Rhodophyta Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxonomic revisions ongoing. The majority ...
that grows in marine or
freshwater Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...
habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of
r-selected In ecology, ''r''/''K'' selection theory relates to the selection of combinations of traits in an organism that trade off between quantity and quality of offspring. The focus on either an increased quantity of offspring at the expense of individ ...
species. The plants are attached by down-growing rhizoids, usually in dense purple-black to rust-colored clumps. The chloroplasts of ''Bangia'', like others in the division Rhodophyta, contain chlorophyll a and sometimes
chlorophyll d Chlorophyll ''d'' is a form of chlorophyll, identified by Harold Strain and Winston Manning Winston may refer to: Places Antarctica * Winston Glacier Australia * Winston, Queensland, a suburb of the City of Mount Isa United Kingdom * ...
, as well as accessory pigments such as
phycobilin Phycobilins (from Greek: '' (phykos)'' meaning "alga", and from Latin: ''bilis'' meaning "bile") are light-capturing bilins found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplasts of red algae, glaucophytes and some cryptomonads (though not in green algae ...
pigments and xanthophylls. Depending on the relative proportions of these pigments and the light conditions, the overall color of the plant can range from green to red to purple to grey; however, the red pigment,
phycoerythrin Phycoerythrin (PE) is a red protein-pigment complex from the light-harvesting phycobiliprotein family, present in cyanobacteria, red algae and cryptophytes, accessory to the main chlorophyll pigments responsible for photosynthesis.The red pigmen ...
, is usually dominant.


Species

*''
Bangia aeruginosa ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plant ...
''
Sprengel Sprengel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Hermann Sprengel (1834–1906), chemist * Karl or Carl Sprengel (1787–1859), botanist * Kurt Sprengel (1766–1833), botanist * Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750–1816), teacher an ...
*''
Bangia amethystina ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plant ...
'' Kützing *''
Bangia anisogona ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plant ...
''
Meneghini Meneghini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Elisa Meneghini (born 1997), Italian artistic gymnast *Francisco Meneghini (born 1988), Argentine football manager *Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini Giuseppe Giovanni A ...
*''
Bangia annulina ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plant ...
'' (
Roth Roth may refer to: Places Germany * Roth (district), in Bavaria, Germany ** Roth, Bavaria, capital of that district ** Roth (electoral district), a federal electoral district * Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany: ** Roth an der Our, in the district B ...
)
Sprengel Sprengel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Hermann Sprengel (1834–1906), chemist * Karl or Carl Sprengel (1787–1859), botanist * Kurt Sprengel (1766–1833), botanist * Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750–1816), teacher an ...
*''
Bangia atropurpurea ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' (
Mertens __NOTOC__ Mertens () is a surname of Flemish Origin, meaning "son of Merten" (Martin). It is the fifth most common name in Belgium with 18,518 people in 2008. Geographical distribution As of 2014, 43.4% of all known bearers of the surname ''Merte ...
ex
Roth Roth may refer to: Places Germany * Roth (district), in Bavaria, Germany ** Roth, Bavaria, capital of that district ** Roth (electoral district), a federal electoral district * Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany: ** Roth an der Our, in the district B ...
) C.Agardh
Boelens, G., Boelens, R., Minchin, B. and Minchin, D. 2014 ''Bangia atropurpurea'' (Maertens ex Roth) C. Agardh (Rhodophyta) in the Grand Canal, Ireland. ''Ir. Nat. J.'' 33: 128 - 129 **'' Bangia atropurpurea f. ferruginea'' Migula **'' Bangia atropurpurea f. muscicola'' Marcucci & Beccari **'' Bangia atropurpurea f. tenuis''
Collins Collins may refer to: People Surname Given name * Collins O. Bright (1917–?), Sierra Leonean diplomat * Collins Chabane (1960–2015), South African Minister of Public Service and Administration * Collins Cheboi (born 1987), Kenyan middle- ...
**'' Bangia atropurpurea subsp. brevisegmenta''
Womersley Womersley is a village in the Selby District, in the English county of North Yorkshire. The parish population at the 2011 census (including Stapleton and Walden Stubbs) was 515. It is near the towns of Selby, Askern and Pontefract. It is clos ...
**'' Bangia atropurpurea subsp. coccinea'' ( Kützing) De Toni **'' Bangia atropurpurea subsp. roseopurpurea'' ( Kützing) De Toni **''
Bangia atropurpurea var. anisogona ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' (
Meneghini Meneghini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Elisa Meneghini (born 1997), Italian artistic gymnast *Francisco Meneghini (born 1988), Argentine football manager *Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini Giuseppe Giovanni A ...
) Kützing
**''
Bangia atropurpurea var. breviarticulata ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Baglietto Baglietto are superyacht builders of La Spezia, Italy. They build yachts 100 ft and longer. It was founded in 1854. Products * Litoraneo class patrol boat for Guardia di Finanza c. 1950s; 3 transferred to Maritime Squadron of the Armed Forc ...
**'' Bangia atropurpurea var. coccineopurpurea'' ( Kützing) Rabenhorst **''
Bangia atropurpurea var. elongata ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Brébisson **''
Bangia atropurpurea var. elongata ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' C.Agardh **'' Bangia atropurpurea var. ferruginea'' ( Kerner) Rabenhorst **'' Bangia atropurpurea var. heteronema'' Derbès & Solier **''
Bangia atropurpurea var. muscicola ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' De Notaris **''
Bangia atropurpurea var. pacifica ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' J.Agardh **'' Bangia atropurpurea var. roseopurpurea'' ( Kützing) Rabenhorst *''
Bangia atrovirens ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Lyngbye Hans Christian Lyngbye (29 June 1782 – 18 May 1837) was a Danish priest and Botany, botanist, specialising in algae. Life Hans Christian Lyngbye was born in Aalborg, Denmark, in 1782, the son of a teacher, Jens Michelsen Lyngbye. He attended the ...
*''
Bangia biseriata ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Meneghini Meneghini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Elisa Meneghini (born 1997), Italian artistic gymnast *Francisco Meneghini (born 1988), Argentine football manager *Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini Giuseppe Giovanni A ...
*'' Bangia breviarticulata'' C.K.Tseng *'' Bangia callicoma''
Meneghini Meneghini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Elisa Meneghini (born 1997), Italian artistic gymnast *Francisco Meneghini (born 1988), Argentine football manager *Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini Giuseppe Giovanni A ...
*'' Bangia carnea'' ( Dillwyn)
Harvey Harvey, Harveys or Harvey's may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Harvey'' (play), a 1944 play by Mary Chase about a man befriended by an invisible anthropomorphic rabbit * Harvey Awards ("Harveys"), one of the most important awards ...
*'' Bangia coccineopurpurea'' Kützing *'' Bangia condensata'' Zanardini *''
Bangia confervoides ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Zanardini *''
Bangia crispula ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Chauvin *''
Bangia discoidea ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' A.Aziz *''
Bangia dura ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Zanardini *'' Bangia enteromorphoides'' E.Y.Dawson *'' Bangia fergusonii'' Grunow *'' Bangia ferruginea'' Kerner *'' Bangia flocculosa'' Schousboe *'' Bangia foetida''
Sprengel Sprengel is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Hermann Sprengel (1834–1906), chemist * Karl or Carl Sprengel (1787–1859), botanist * Kurt Sprengel (1766–1833), botanist * Christian Konrad Sprengel (1750–1816), teacher an ...
*'' Bangia foetida''
Steudel Steudel is a surname In some cultures, a surname, family name, or last name is the portion of one's personal name that indicates one's family, tribe or community. Practices vary by culture. The family name may be placed at either the start of ...
*'' Bangia foliacea'' Schousboe *''
Bangia fulvescens ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' ( C.Agardh) J.Agardh *''
Bangia fuscopurpurea ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' ( Dillwyn)
Lyngbye Hans Christian Lyngbye (29 June 1782 – 18 May 1837) was a Danish priest and Botany, botanist, specialising in algae. Life Hans Christian Lyngbye was born in Aalborg, Denmark, in 1782, the son of a teacher, Jens Michelsen Lyngbye. He attended the ...
**''
Bangia fuscopurpurea f. viridis ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Wittrock & Nordstedt **''
Bangia fuscopurpurea var. concatenata ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Kützing **''
Bangia fuscopurpurea var. crinalis ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plant ...
'' De Notaris **'' Bangia fuscopurpurea var. crispa'' Holmes & Batters **'' Bangia fusco-purpurea var. fuscenses'' W.J.Hooker **'' Bangia fuscopurpurea var. jadertina'' Kützing **'' Bangia fuscopurpurea var. pilosella'' Ardissone **''
Bangia fuscopurpurea var. setacea ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Kützing *''
Bangia gloiopeltidicola ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Tanaka is the fourth most common Japanese name, Japanese surname. It is typically written with the kanji for . Less common variants include , , , , and . People with the surname *, Japanese musician formerly known as Boku no Lyric no Bōyomi *, Japane ...
*'' Bangia grateloupicola'' P.Crouan & H.Crouan *''
Bangia halymeniae ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' M.J.Wynne *'' Bangia harveyi'' Areschoug *'' Bangia homotrichoides'' Kützing *'' Bangia intricata'' Brébisson & Godey *'' Bangia intricata'' Suhr ex Rabenhorst *''
Bangia kerkensis ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Meneghini Meneghini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Elisa Meneghini (born 1997), Italian artistic gymnast *Francisco Meneghini (born 1988), Argentine football manager *Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini Giuseppe Giovanni A ...
*''
Bangia lacustris ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Carmichael *''
Bangia lanuginosa ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Harvey Harvey, Harveys or Harvey's may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Harvey'' (play), a 1944 play by Mary Chase about a man befriended by an invisible anthropomorphic rabbit * Harvey Awards ("Harveys"), one of the most important awards ...
*''
Bangia latissima ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
Meneghini Meneghini is an Italian surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Elisa Meneghini (born 1997), Italian artistic gymnast *Francisco Meneghini (born 1988), Argentine football manager *Giuseppe Giovanni Antonio Meneghini Giuseppe Giovanni A ...
*'' Bangia malacensis'' ( Kützing) Kützing *''
Bangia maxima ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Gardner *'' Bangia punctulata'' Schousboe *''
Bangia purpurea ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Schousboe *''
Bangia quadripunctata ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plant ...
''
Lyngbye Hans Christian Lyngbye (29 June 1782 – 18 May 1837) was a Danish priest and Botany, botanist, specialising in algae. Life Hans Christian Lyngbye was born in Aalborg, Denmark, in 1782, the son of a teacher, Jens Michelsen Lyngbye. He attended the ...
*''
Bangia radicula ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' B.F.Zheng & J.Li *'' Bangia sericea'' Bory *'' Bangia simplex'' A.H.S.Lucas *'' Bangia tanakae'' Pham-Hoàng Hô *''
Bangia tavarisii ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Welwitsch *''
Bangia tenuis ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
''
N.L.Gardner Nathaniel Lyon Gardner (February 26, 1864 – August 15, 1937), was an American phycologist and mycologist who taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he was the curator of the University Herbarium. He is known for his work on s ...
*'' Bangia thaerasiae'' Bory *''
Bangia trichodes ''Bangia'' is an extant genus of division Rhodophyta that grows in marine or freshwater habitats. ''Bangia'' has small thalli with rapid growth and high reproductive output, and exhibits behavior characteristic of r-selected species. The plants ...
'' Schousboe *'' Bangia vermicularis''
Harvey Harvey, Harveys or Harvey's may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''Harvey'' (play), a 1944 play by Mary Chase about a man befriended by an invisible anthropomorphic rabbit * Harvey Awards ("Harveys"), one of the most important awards ...
*'' Bangia viridis''
Lyngbye Hans Christian Lyngbye (29 June 1782 – 18 May 1837) was a Danish priest and Botany, botanist, specialising in algae. Life Hans Christian Lyngbye was born in Aalborg, Denmark, in 1782, the son of a teacher, Jens Michelsen Lyngbye. He attended the ...
*'' Bangia yamadae''
Tanaka is the fourth most common Japanese name, Japanese surname. It is typically written with the kanji for . Less common variants include , , , , and . People with the surname *, Japanese musician formerly known as Boku no Lyric no Bōyomi *, Japane ...


Description

''Bangia'' is a red alga that arises from a discoid holdfast and short stipe consisting of the extensions of rhizoidal cells. Bangia has unbranched, erect thalli forming initially uniseriate filaments becoming multiseriate at maturity. The plant is composed of filiform, unbranched cylinders of cells embedded in a firm gelatinous matrix. The cell contains a stellate chloroplast with prominent pyrenoid, as well as single thylakoids (characteristic of division Rhodophyta). The growth of ''Bangia'' is diffuse and intercalary, and each cell is quadrate to rectangular in shape. Primary pitt connections are absent in all but the conchocelis stage.


Distribution

''Bangia'' grows in freshwater or in marine habitats, usually forming dense clumps or mats, and occur throughout the intertidal area and subtidally to the maximum depth at which benthic algae occur. The plants are usually attached to a solid substratum (rock or shell), but can also occur as epiphytes attached to other algae.


Ecology

Marine populations of ''Bangia'' in the Atlantic Ocean are common food for the periwinkle '' Littorina littorea''.


Reproduction

Species of ''Bangia'' undergo a heteromorphic alternation of generation life cycle in which the haploid generation is dominant. Reproduction can be either sexual or asexual; sexual plants occur mainly during the cold season of the year, while at other times the thalli often bear monosporangia only. Bangia, like all Rhodophytes, lack motile sperm and so depend upon water currents to transport their gametes to the trichogyne (receptive area of the female gamete or
carpogonium The carpogonium (plural ''carpogonia'') is the female organ in the Red Algae (Rhodophyta) which have a highly specialized type of reproduction. It contains the reproductive nucleus. It may contain a number of cells usually without chloroplasts. It s ...
). All sexual reproduction in rhodophytes is oogamous. Carposporangia are formed through direct division of the zygote. Carpospores germinate to form the diploid filamentous conchocelis phase, which produces conchosporangial branches bearing conchosporangia, each containing a single conchospore. These conchospores then germinate to form gametophytes. During the "conchocelis stage", the plants can also self-replicate using monospores. The monospores develop directly into new plants and may germinate within the sporangia.


Scientific interest

Silicified peritidal carbonate rocks have been found off Somerset Island, arctic Canada, which contain fossils of well-preserved bangiophyte red algae (''
Bangiomorpha ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' is a red alga. It is the first known sexually reproducing organism. A multicellular fossil of ''Bangiomorpha pubescens'' was recovered from the Hunting Formation in Somerset Island, Canada that strongly resembles the m ...
''). Because these fossils have multiseriate filaments derived by longitudinal divisions from uniseriate filaments, taxonomists believe that these fossils are related to ''Bangia''. This resolution distinguished these fossils from other pre-Ediacaran eukaryotes and contributes to evidence that multicellular algae diversified before the Ediacaran radiation of large animals.


Related genera

'' Bangiadulcis'' and '' Pseudobangia'' were previously thought to be part of the genus ''Bangia''. However, it has since been discovered that these plants can only undergo asexual reproduction through the formation of archaeosporangia. In fact, sexual reproduction has so far only been recorded in ''Bangia'', '' Porphyra'', '' Erythrotrichia'' and ''
Erythrocladia Erythrotrichiaceae is a red algae Red algae, or Rhodophyta (, ; ), are one of the oldest groups of eukaryotic algae. The Rhodophyta also comprises one of the largest phyla of algae, containing over 7,000 currently recognized species with taxon ...
''.


Etymology

The genus was named after Niels Hofman Bang (1803-1886), the Danish patron of
Hans Christian Lyngbye Hans Christian Lyngbye (29 June 1782 – 18 May 1837) was a Danish priest and botanist, specialising in algae. Life Hans Christian Lyngbye was born in Aalborg, Denmark, in 1782, the son of a teacher, Jens Michelsen Lyngbye. He attended the Latin sc ...
, who described the genus.


References

* Brodie, Juliet A., and Irvine, Linda M. “Volume I Rhodophyta Part 3B Bangiophycidae.” Seaweeds of the British Isles. The Natural History Museum. St. Edmundsbury Press Ltd., 2003. pp 91–92 * Butterfiled, Nicholas J; Knoll, Andrew H; Sweet, Keene. “A Bangiophyte Red Alga from the Proterozoic of Arctic Canada.” Science, New Series, Vol. 250, No. 4977, 1990. pp 104–107 * Fritsch, F.E. “Structure and Reproduction of the Algae Volume II.” Cambridge University Press 1945. pp 397–398, 415, 423-424, 431, 433-435 * Garbary, David, J; Hansen, Gayle I; Scagel, Robert F. “The Marine Algae of British Columbia and Northern Washington: Division Rhodophyta (Red Algae), Class Bangiophyceae.” Dept. of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. 1980. pp 139–142 and 164-165


Further reading

*Sheath, R.G. (2003). Red Algae. In: Freshwater Algae of North America, Ecology & Classification. (Wehr, J.D. & Sheath, R.G. Eds), pp. 197–224. San Diego: Academic Press. *Silva, P.C.; Basson, P.W.; Moe, R.L. (1996). Catalogue of the Benthic Marine Algae of the Indian Ocean. University of California Publications in Botany. 79, xiv+1259 pp. , available online at https://books.google.com/books?id=vuWEemVY8WEC&pg=PA5 *Silva, P.C. & Nelson, W.A. (2008). History of the typification of conserved and rejected names, including an account of the typification of ''Bangia'' Lyngb. (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta). Taxon 57: 1351-1354. *Sutherland, J.E., Lindstrom, S.C., Nelson, W.A., Brodie, J., Lynch, M.D., Hwang, M.S., Choi, H.-G., Miyata, M., Kikuchi, N., Oliveira, M.C., Farr, T., Neefus, C., Mols-Mortensen, A. Milstein, D. & Müller, K.M. (2011). A new look at an ancient order: generic revision of the Bangiales (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 47(5): 1131-1151. {{Taxonbar, from=Q2711675 Red algae genera Bangiophyceae