Though mentioned in German literature in the 19th century, the history of the Baháʼà Faith in Germany (german: Bahaitum) begins in the early 20th century when two emigrants to the United States returned on prolonged visits to
Germany bringing their newfound religion. The first
Baháʼà Local Spiritual Assembly was established following the conversion of enough individuals to elect one in 1908.
After the visit of
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (; Persian language, Persian: , 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born ʻAbbás ( fa, عباس), was the eldest son of Baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the Baháʼà Faith from 1892 until 1921. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was later C ...
,
then head of the religion, and the establishing of many further assemblies across Germany despite the difficulties of
World War I, elections were called for the first BaháʼÃ
National Spiritual Assembly in 1923.
Banned for a time by the
Nazi government and then in
East Germany, the religion re-organized and was soon given the task of building the first
Baháʼà House of Worship for Europe.
After
German reunification
German reunification (german: link=no, Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a united and fully sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. The day of 3 October 1990 when the Ge ...
the community multiplied its interests across a wide range of concerns earning the praise of German politicians.
German Census data shows 5,600 registered BaháʼÃs in Germany in 2012.
The
Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on
World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 11,743 BaháʼÃs in 2005
and 12,356 BaháʼÃs in 2010.
According to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Germany, the German Baha'i community consists of about 100 local communities and 6000 members, towards the end of 2019.
First century
Early phase
Ibrahim George Kheiralla
Ibrahim George Kheiralla (11 November 1849 - 6 March 1929; ar, إبراهيم جورج خير الله), born in the Sidon Eyalet of Beirut of the Ottoman Empire, was a co-founder of the first American Baháʼà Faith community, along with Anton ...
, an early Baháʼà from Lebanon, traveled through Germany in 1892 attempting to making a living but found no interest in his inventions and moved on to the
United States in February, 1893. There he managed to convert some individuals by 1895 (see
Thornton Chase
Thornton Chase (February 22, 1847 – September 30, 1912) was a distinguished officer of the United States Colored Troops during the American Civil War, and the first western convert to the Baháʼà Faith.
Chase was born in Springfield, Massach ...
.) Following these conversions, some German emigrants became BaháʼÃs as well. Two in particular traveled back to Germany: Edwin Fischer and Alma Knobloch. Dr. Edwin Fischer, a dentist, had emigrated in 1878 from Germany to
New York City, became a Baháʼà there, and then returned to
Stuttgart
Stuttgart (; Swabian: ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the ''Stuttgarter Kessel'' (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the ...
in 1905. Fisher used every opportunity, including talking with his patients, to mention the
Baháʼà teachings, and in time a few Germans embraced the religion.
The other German BaháʼÃ, Alma Knobloch, became a Baháʼà in 1903, before Fischer, but arrived in Germany in 1907.
This small group of BaháʼÃs began to organize and formed a BaháʼÃ
Local Spiritual Assembly in 1908 and by 1909 began self-publishing pamphlets and letters and Baháʼà books including the
Hidden Words
''The Hidden Words'' (, ar, کلمات مكنونة, Persian: کلمات مکنونه) is a book written in Baghdad around 1858 by Baháʼu'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼà Faith, while he walked along the banks of the Tigris river during h ...
and a history of the religion by Knobloch. The second spiritual assembly in Germany was founded in 1909 in
Esslingen.
In the
German Colony in Palestine, as part of the worldwide
German diaspora
The German diaspora consists of German people and their descendants who live outside of Germany. The term is used in particular to refer to the aspects of migration of German speakers from central Europe to different countries around the world. ...
, "Frau Doktor Fallscheer" was the
family physician for the family of
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (; Persian language, Persian: , 23 May 1844 – 28 November 1921), born ʻAbbás ( fa, عباس), was the eldest son of Baháʼu'lláh and served as head of the Baháʼà Faith from 1892 until 1921. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was later C ...
, son of the founder of the religion. Fallscheer later became a Baháʼà when she moved back to Germany by 1930. Prominent early BaháʼÃ
Louis George Gregory
Louis George Gregory (born June 6, 1874, in Charleston, South Carolina; died July 30, 1951, in Eliot, Maine) was a prominent American member of the Baháʼà Faith who was devoted to its expansion in the United States and elsewhere. He traveled ...
stayed at a hotel in the
German Colony in Haifa during his
Baháʼà pilgrimage to Palestine in the spring of 1911 and on his return trip visited in Germany at the request of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in the fall of 1912.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's visit to Germany
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, then head of the religion, visited Germany for 8 days in 1913, including visiting Stuttgart, Esslingen and
Bad Mergentheim
Bad Mergentheim (; Mergentheim until 1926; East Franconian: ''Märchedol'') is a town in the Main-Tauber-Kreis district in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It has a population of around 23,000. An officially recognized spa town since 1926, B ...
.
During this visit he spoke to a youth group as well as a gathering of
Esperantists. In less than a decade Baháʼà sources state there were some 300 BaháʼÃs in Germany by the time of Ê»Abdu'l-Bahá's arrival. See
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's journeys to the West.
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or
tablets, to the followers of the religion in the
United States in 1916–1917; these letters were compiled together in the book ''
Tablets of the Divine Plan''. The seventh of the tablets mentioned
European regions and was written on April 11, 1916, but was delayed in being presented in the United States until 1919—after the end of the
First World War and the
Spanish flu. The seventh tablet was translated and presented on April 4, 1919, and published in ''
Star of the West'' magazine on December 12, 1919 and mentioned Germany. He says:
"In brief, this world-consuming war has set such a conflagration to the hearts that no word can describe it. In all the countries of the world the longing for universal peace is taking possession of the consciousness of men. There is not a soul who does not yearn for concord and peace. A most wonderful state of receptivity is being realized.… Therefore, O ye believers of God! Show ye an effort and after this war spread ye the synopsis of the divine teachings in the British Isles, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Switzerland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Holland, Portugal, Rumania, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, Greece, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, San Marino, Balearic Isles, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Crete, Malta, Iceland, Faroe Islands, Shetland Islands, Hebrides and Orkney Islands."
Ê»Abdu'l-Bahá praised the German BaháʼÃs - "individuals...endued with perceptive eyes and attentive ears" were "attracted to the principles of the oneness of mankind" and treated "all the peoples and kindreds of the earth in a spirit of concord and fellowship." He predicted Germany will "surpass all other regions" and "lead all the nations and peoples of Europe spiritually."
Shoghi Effendi, head of the religion after the death of Ê»Abdu'l-Bahá, continued commentary about Germany and its BaháʼÃs; he wrote that during the Nazi government the German BaháʼÃs demonstrated that they were the "great-hearted, indefatigable, much admired German Baháʼà community".
World War I
As World War I was becoming more widespread in its ramifications, the BaháʼÃs pursued other courses of action. In 1916 a plaque was raised to honor Ê»Abdu'l-Bahá's visit at Bad Mergentheim.
On May 23, 1916, Austrian Franz Pöllinger learned of the religion while staying in Stuttgart and on returning to
Austria had a prominent role in the growth of the religion there.
When the United States entered the war, individuals from there, as Fischer
and Knobloch,
had to leave Germany and both returned to the United States. On return to the US Fischer went to the
Los Angeles area and Knobloch went to New York. In a wave of anti-German sentiment (see
German American internment for similar issues a generation later) Fischer was caught up in charges of espionage for Germany which were dismissed. As Germany was allied with the
Ottoman Empire, the
Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I played an important role with the BaháʼÃs in Palestine - particularly the
Battle of Megiddo in September 1918. As a direct result of the events of the battle, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá was rescued after death threats were made against him in case the
Ottoman side was to lose (events in which
Wellesley Tudor Pole
Wellesley Tudor Pole OBE (23 April 1884 – 13 September 1968) was a spiritualist and early British BaháʼÃ.
He authored many pamphlets and books and was a lifelong pursuer of religious and mystical questions and visions, being particular ...
played a significant part.)
Post-War closing
After WWI, the national Baháʼà community organized a German Baháʼà Publishing Trust
and in 1920
Adelbert Mühlschlegel became a BaháʼÃ, and later appointed as a
Hand of the Cause
Hand of the Cause was a title given to prominent early members of the Baháʼà Faith, appointed for life by the religion's founders. Of the fifty individuals given the title, the last living was Ê»AlÃ-Muhammad Varqá who died in 2007. Hands of ...
, individuals who have been considered to have achieved a distinguished rank in service to the religion. He was the first of three believers who decisively influenced the German BaháʼÃs.
As with other German emigrants who converted to the religion, Siegfried Schopflocher who was born in Germany, as an
Orthodox Jew, sought out a wider unity and found the Baháʼà Faith while in Canada in the summer of 1921; he was also later appointed a Hand of the Cause. Ê»Abdu'l-Bahá's last tablet before his death was addressed to the BaháʼÃs in Stuttgart in November 1921.
Inter-war period
In 1921 a new magazine ''Sun of Truth'' was first published as one of five Baháʼà journals produced by German BaháʼÃs through the 1920s.
It contained newly translated Baháʼà literature and news from the Baháʼà community around the world.
In 1923 the first BaháʼÃ
National Spiritual Assemblies were elected "where conditions are favorable and the number of the friends has grown and reached a considerable size".
Along with
India and the
British Isles, the National Spiritual Assembly of the BaháʼÃs of Germany and Austria was first elected in that year. In 1925 there were 95 delegates who performed the election.
A 1925 list of local Baháʼà Centers mentions no less than 26 in Germany, compared to three in
England and two in
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
.
In late 1926 and again in 1929 widely traveled
Martha Root spoke in most German universities and technical colleges. Eugen Schmidt, the second of the three believers who decisively influenced the German BaháʼÃs, became a Baháʼà and was elected a member of the National Spiritual Assembly of Germany from 1932 for many years and served as chairman in the decisive years of re-building after World War II.
Among the BaháʼÃs to visit Germany were
Amelia Collins Amelia Engelder Collins (June 7, 1873 – January 1, 1962) was a prominent American Baháʼà from a Lutheran family. She became Baháʼà in 1919. She made large donations to several Baháʼà projects in Haifa, Israel, such as to the building ...
, Marion Jack and Louisa Mathew Gregory, wife of
Louis George Gregory
Louis George Gregory (born June 6, 1874, in Charleston, South Carolina; died July 30, 1951, in Eliot, Maine) was a prominent American member of the Baháʼà Faith who was devoted to its expansion in the United States and elsewhere. He traveled ...
. Another Baháʼà with links to Germany was
Robert Sengstacke Abbott whose adoptive father was German and, through his family connection, he kept in contact with his family in Germany.
In 1930 the national convention included delegates from Stuttgart,
Rostock,
Hamburg,
Schwerin,
Karlsruhe,
Göppingen,
Bissingen, and from
Vienna. The 1931 national assembly included four women and five men. In 1935 Shoghi Effendi, then head of the religion, re-organized the German community to cover Austria as well so they shared a regional national assembly.
Nazi period
During the early Nazi period BaháʼÃs had general freedom; Mary Maxwell
RúhÃyyih Khánum
RúhÃyyih Rabbánà (8 August 1910 – 19 January 2000), born as Mary Sutherland Maxwell and best known by the title Amatu'l-Bahá RúhÃyyih Khánum, was the wife of Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baháʼà Faith, from 1937 to 1957. In 19 ...
, before becoming wife of
Shoghi Effendi, had expressed a great desire to learn Spanish. However, her plans to travel to
Republican Spain were thwarted with the
Spanish Civil War. Instead, Mary chose to live with her cousin in
Nazi Germany in 1935, a move which was endorsed by Shoghi Effendi, and he encouraged Mary to strengthen the fledgling Baháʼà community. For 18 months the young Mary assimilated herself in German culture, wearing a
dirndl
A dirndl () is a feminine dress which originated in German-speaking areas of the Alps. It is traditionally worn by women and girls in Bavaria (south-eastern Germany), Austria, Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Alpine regions of Italy. A dirndl c ...
and learning to speak German fluently. Whilst in Germany in 1936, Mary received an invitation from Shoghi Effendi to go on pilgrimage with her mother. Both mother and daughter accepted the invitation, and this trip culminated with Mary's marriage to the Guardian in March 1937.
May Maxwell
Mary "May" Maxwell (née Bolles; born 14 January 1870 in Englewood, New Jersey; died 1 March 1940 in Buenos Aires, Argentina) was an early American member of the Baháʼà Faith.
Early life
Mary Ellis Bolles was born to John Bolles and Mary ...
, wife of
William Sutherland Maxwell, was able to travel through Germany in 1936, though the plaque commemorating ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's visit had been taken down.
By 1937 however,
Heinrich Himmler signed an order disbanding the Baháʼà Faith's institutions in Germany
because of its 'international and pacifist tendencies'.
In 1939 and in 1942 there were sweeping arrests of former members of the National Spiritual Assembly. In May 1944 there was a public trial in
Darmstadt
Darmstadt () is a city in the States of Germany, state of Hesse in Germany, located in the southern part of the Frankfurt Rhine Main Area, Rhine-Main-Area (Frankfurt Metropolitan Region). Darmstadt has around 160,000 inhabitants, making it th ...
at which Dr. Hermann Grossmann was allowed to defend the character of the religion but the BaháʼÃs were instead heavily fined and its institutions continued to be disbanded. However, for this service and others, Grossmann was ranked as the third of the three believers who decisively influenced the German BaháʼÃs.
After the Nazi period
Following the fall of Nazi Germany, an American BaháʼÃ, John C. Eichenauer who was a
medic of the
100th Infantry division then at
Geislingen started searching for the Baháʼà community in Stuttgart. He drove through Stuttgart looking and asking for BaháʼÃs and was able to find an individual by nightfall/curfew. The next day saw the first meeting of BaháʼÃs since their disbandment in 1937. Two other American BaháʼÃs, Bruce Davison and Henry Jarvis, in
Frankfurt and
Heidelberg respectively, also connected with the Baháʼà community in Germany. At the beginning of the
partition of Germany there were about 150 German BaháʼÃs in the American section and they became registered with the American authorities. The National Spiritual Assembly was re-elected in 1946
and by 1950 there were 14 Local Spiritual Assemblies:
and smaller Baháʼà communities in 27 cities.
However, in Soviet controlled
East Germany, the Baháʼà Faith was again disbanded in 1948.
In
West Germany, by 1954 there were reports of large growth in the religion, and from 1951 to 1966
philately
Philately (; ) is the study of postage stamps and postal history. It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. Philately involves more than just stamp collecting or the study of postage; it is poss ...
stationery and a "
Cinderella stamp" religious stationery were produced in West Germany.
House of Worship
The construction of the
Baháʼà House of Worship in
Langenhain near
Frankfurt, began in 1952.
Hand of the Cause
Hand of the Cause was a title given to prominent early members of the Baháʼà Faith, appointed for life by the religion's founders. Of the fifty individuals given the title, the last living was Ê»AlÃ-Muhammad Varqá who died in 2007. Hands of ...
Amelia Collins Amelia Engelder Collins (June 7, 1873 – January 1, 1962) was a prominent American Baháʼà from a Lutheran family. She became Baháʼà in 1919. She made large donations to several Baháʼà projects in Haifa, Israel, such as to the building ...
represented the
Baháʼà International Community
The Baháʼà International Community, or the BIC, is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) representing the members of the Baháʼà Faith; it was first chartered in March 1948 with the United Nations, and currently has affiliates i ...
at the groundbreaking 20 November 1960. Designated as the "Mother Temple of Europe", it was dedicated in 1964 by Hand of the Cause
Ruhiyyih Khanum, representing the first elected
Universal House of Justice.
Development in West Germany
By 1963 the list of local assemblies was:
Isolated BaháʼÃs were found in an additional 86 locations.
West German BaháʼÃs were given the responsibility of trying to strengthen the Baháʼà community in
Russia in 1963. During the 1960s and 1970s, a small number of BaháʼÃs visited the
Soviet Union as tourists but no attempt was made to promulgate the religion. In 1986 Friedo and Shole Zölzer and Karen Reitz from Germany traveled into the Soviet Union but remained for only short periods of time.
Continuing in the 1980s and into the 1990s the
Baháʼà Esperanto-League began to prosper especially in West Germany. One reason behind this was that Esperanto had acquired the reputation of being an "entrance ticket" to countries behind the
Iron Curtain
The Iron Curtain was the political boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union (USSR) to block itself and its s ...
, countries to which the Baháʼà Faith had had little access during the preceding decades (the first post-World War II Baháʼà know to pioneer to Russia was in 1979.)
Reunion
Following the
German reunification
German reunification (german: link=no, Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a united and fully sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. The day of 3 October 1990 when the Ge ...
in 1989-91 the
Federal Constitutional Court of Germany handed down a judgment affirming the status of the Baháʼà Faith as a religion in Germany. Continued development of youth oriented programs included the Diversity Dance Theater (see
Oscar DeGruy
Oscar DeGruy (born 1950) is an American actor who has appeared in over a dozen films and TV shows over 30 years, started the Baháʼà Youth Workshop performance model in 1974, and has assisted hip hop artists.
Acting career
DeGruy was a regular ...
) which traveled to
Albania in February 1997.
Udo Schaefer et al.'s 2001 ''Making the Crooked Straight'' was written to refute a
polemic supported by the
Evangelical Church in Germany written in 1981. Since its publication the Evangelical Church in Germany has revised its own relationship to the German Baháʼà Community. Former member of the federal parliament
Ernst Ulrich von Weizsaecker commended the ideas of the German Baháʼà community on social integration, which were published in a statement in 1998,
and Chancellor
Helmut Kohl sent a congratulatory message to the 1992 ceremony marking the 100th Anniversary of the
Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh
Ascension or ascending may refer to:
Religion
* "Ascension", "Assumption", or "Translation", the belief in some religions that some individuals have ascended into Heaven without dying first
* Ascension of Jesus
* Feast of the Ascension (Asce ...
.
Multiplying interests
Since its inception the religion has had involvement in
socio-economic development
Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes. In general it analyzes how modern societies progress, stagnate, or regress because of their local ...
beginning by giving greater freedom to women,
promulgating the promotion of female education as a priority concern, and that involvement was given practical expression by creating schools, agricultural coops, and clinics.
The religion entered a new phase of activity when a message of the
Universal House of Justice dated 20 October 1983 was released. BaháʼÃs were urged to seek out ways, compatible with the
Baháʼà teachings, in which they could become involved in the social and economic development of the communities in which they lived. World-wide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Baháʼà socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. Nearing the century mark of the Baháʼà community in Germany, the BaháʼÃs in Germany have begun efforts in diverse fields of interest. An estimated 500,000 people visited the Baháʼà pavilion at the
Hanover Expo 2000. The 170 square-meter Baháʼà exhibit, hosted by the
Baháʼà International Community
The Baháʼà International Community, or the BIC, is an international non-governmental organization (NGO) representing the members of the Baháʼà Faith; it was first chartered in March 1948 with the United Nations, and currently has affiliates i ...
and the National Spiritual Assembly of the BaháʼÃs of Germany, featured development projects in
Colombia
Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Car ...
,
Kenya and
Eastern Europe that illustrated the importance of grassroots capacity-building, the advancement of women, and moral and spiritual values in the process of social and economic development. The German community organized a national Baháʼà Choir in 2001 which tours various events in Germany and Europe. In 2002 the director of the Ernst Lange-Institute for Ecumenical Studies held a meeting under the auspices of the
German Federal Environment Ministry titled "Orientation dialogue of religions represented in Germany on environmental politics with reference to the climate issue" for the interfaith community including the BaháʼÃs. In 2005 former federal Minister of the Interior,
Otto Schily, praised the contributions of German BaháʼÃs to the social stability of the country, noting "It is not enough to make a declaration of belief. It is important to live according to the basic values of our constitutional state, to defend them and make them secure in the face of all opposition. The members of the Baháʼà Faith do this because of their faith and the way they see themselves."
However the BaháʼÃs have been excluded from other dialogues on religious issues.
In 2007 a new memorial was unveiled replacing the one that had been taken down in Bad Mergentheim during Nazi Germany.
BaháʼÃs from much of Europe were among the more than 4,600 people who gathered in Frankfurt for the largest ever Baháʼà conference in Germany in February 2009.
Demographics
A 1997-8 estimate is of 4,000 BaháʼÃs in Germany (40 in Hannover).
In 2002 there were 106 Local Spiritual Assemblies.
The 2007-8
German Census
A national census in Germany (german: Volkszählung) was held every five years from 1875 to 1910. After the World Wars, only a few full population censuses have been held, the last in 1987. The most recent census, though not a national census, w ...
using
sampling estimated 5–6,000 registered Baháʼà members in Germany.
The
Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on
World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 11,743 BaháʼÃs in 2005
and 12,356 BaháʼÃs in 2010.
According to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Germany, the German Baha'i community consists of about 100 local communities and 6000 members, towards the end of 2019.
Artists
Among the better known Baháʼà artists of Germany are:
*Peter Held - Composer pianist.
*Parisa Badiyi - violinist and educator
*Brigitte Schirren - textiles
*Hans J. Knospe - photopoetry
*Anne Bahrinipour - painting, sculpture
Prophecies regarding Germany
The writings of
Baháʼu'lláh
Baháʼu'lláh (born Ḥusayn-Ê»AlÃ; 12 November 1817 – 29 May 1892) was the founder of the Baháʼà Faith. He was born to an aristocratic family in Persia, and was exiled due to his adherence to the messianic Bábà Faith. In 1863, in I ...
and ʻAbdu'l-Bahá in the late 19th century and early 20th century contain some prophecies regarding Germany. The first mention related to Germany in the Baháʼà Faith is when the founder of the religion, Baháʼu'lláh wrote in the
Kitáb-i-Aqdas in 1873:
O banks of the Rhine! We have seen you covered with gore, inasmuch as the swords of retribution were drawn against you; and you shall have another turn. And We hear the lamentations of Berlin, though she be today in conspicuous glory.
In 1912, shortly before visiting Germany, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá spoke of the increasing tensions in Europe:
We are on the eve of the Battle of Armageddon referred to in the sixteenth chapter of Revelation... The time is two years hence, when only a spark will set aflame the whole of Europe... by 1917 kingdoms will fall and cataclysms will rock the earth.
and in January 1920 he wrote:
The ills from which the world now suffers... will multiply; the gloom which envelops it will deepen. The Balkans will remain discontented. Its restlessness will increase. The vanquished Powers will continue to agitate. They will resort to every measure that may rekindle the flame of war.
Further reading
See also
*
History of Germany
The Germani tribes i.e. Germanic tribes are now considered to be related to the Jastorf culture before expanding and interacting with the other peoples.
The concept of a region for Germanic tribes is traced to time of Julius Caesar, a Roman gene ...
*
Religion in Germany
*
Religion in Nazi Germany
A census in May 1939, six years into the Nazi era and after the annexation of mostly Catholic Austria and mostly Catholic Czechoslovakia into Germany, indicates that 54% of the population considered itself Protestant, 41% considered itself Cat ...
References
External links
BaháʼÃs of GermanyBaháʼà Publishing TrustSociety for Baháʼà Studies for the German-speaking EuropeSinge die Verse Gotteslive recordings at the House of Worship in Germany
{{DEFAULTSORT:Baha'i Faith In Germany
Bahá'à Faith in Germany