Babacar Sedikh Diouf or Babacar Sédikh Diouf ( Serer: Babakar Sidiix Juuf, b. 1928Babacar Sedikh Diouf's body of works: Diouf, Babacar Sedikh, ''O maad a sinig : Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas)'', 1853–1871 (PAPF, 1987) n

Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois is an academic consortium of public and private university and research libraries in the state of Illinois. History The Consortium of Academic and Research Libraries in Illinois (CARLI) ...

(CARLI) nCARLI I-Shar

(retrieved 8 February 2020)) is a Senegalese historian, author, researcher, campaigner against "

Wolofization Wolofization or Wolofisation is a cultural and language shift whereby populations or states adopt Wolof language or culture, such as in the Senegambia region. In Senegal, Wolof is a lingua franca Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Ethnic Diversity and Integrat ...

", a

Pan-Africanist Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all Indigenous and diaspora peoples of African ancestry. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement exte ...

, and former teacher. He has written extensively about the

history History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the History of writing#Inventions of writing, invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbr ...

and

culture of Senegal Senegal,; Wolof: ''Senegaal''; Pulaar: 𞤅𞤫𞤲𞤫𞤺𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭 (Senegaali); Arabic: السنغال ''As-Sinighal'') officially the Republic of Senegal,; Wolof: ''Réewum Senegaal''; Pulaar : 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 � ...

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

, and that of the Serer ethnic group to which he belong. He usually writes by the pen name ''Babacar Sedikh Diouf''.

Academia

In 1951, Diouf met

Léopold Sédar Senghor Léopold Sédar Senghor (; ; 9 October 1906 – 20 December 2001) was a Senegalese poet, politician and cultural theorist who was the first president of Senegal (1960–80). Ideologically an African socialist, he was the major theoretician o ...

– the future President of Senegal, when Senghor visited a village in

Casamance , settlement_type = Geographical region , image_skyline = Senegal Casamance.png , image_caption = Casamance in Senegal , image_flag = Flag of Casamance.svg , image_shield = , motto ...

were Diouf was working at the time as a teacher. Senghor, who was then a member of parliament was visiting the area as a surprise and had to sleep overnight in a

hut A hut is a small dwelling, which may be constructed of various local materials. Huts are a type of vernacular architecture because they are built of readily available materials such as wood, snow, ice, stone, grass, palm leaves, branches, hid ...

—away from the comforts he was used to. According to Diouf, after that chance meeting, he became a supporter of Senghor "because his visit had proved his humility and interest in teaching." As a result, he started to read Senghor's literary works. Sometime later, Senghor awarded him a grant to study

Serer history The medieval history of the Serer people of Senegambia is partly characterised by resisting Islamization from perhaps the 11th century during the Almoravid movement (which would later result in the Serers of Takrur migration to the south), to the ...

"along

Cheikh Anta Diop Cheikh Anta Diop (29 December 1923 – 7 February 1986) was a Senegalese historian, anthropologist, physicist, and politician who studied the human race's origins and pre-colonial African culture. Diop's work is considered foundational to the the ...

's hypotheses." Diouf, who is a retired teacher was appointed President of the Association of Retired Teachers of Senegal (French: ''l'association des instituteurs à la retraite'').Smith, Étienne, « Merging ethnic histories in Senegal: whose moral community? », in Derek Peterson & Giacomo Macola (dir.), Recasting the Past: History Writing and Political Work in Modern Africa, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2009, (213–232.), p. 12 (PDF) nAcademia.ed

(retrieved 8 February 2020) As of 1980, he was the Director of the Thiers School (''l'Ecole Thiers''). He has been a long-standing member of the National Union of Languages. Diouf sometimes write by the pen name ''Babacar Sedikh Diouf''. Many of his works are unpublished but cited by African, Caribbean people, Caribbean and Western scholars who've interacted with him over the years. Some of these include gender politics writers Louise Langevin,

Fatou Kiné Camara Fatou Kiné Camara (born 29 December 1964) is a Senegalese lawyer and women's rights campaigner. The daughter of a magistrate and government minister, Camara has a doctorate in law and works as a lecturer and researcher. She has supported campaigns ...

and Jeremy I. Levitt; historians Mamadou Diouf, Abdoulaye Keita of

IFAN Ifan may refer to: People *Ifan (given name), list of people with this name * Ifan Evans (born 1983), Welsh rugby union player * Wil Ifan * The nickname of Riefian Fajarsyah of a former Seventeen member, disbanded by 2018 Sunda Strait tsunam ...

—

UCAD Cheikh Anta Diop University (french: Université Cheikh Anta Diop or UCAD), also known as the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, is a university in Dakar, Senegal. It is named after the Senegalese physicist, historian and anthropologist Cheik ...

, Cyr Descamps and

Iba Der Thiam Iba Der Thiam, also known as I. D. Thiam (26 February 193731 October 2020Descamps, Cyr; Thiam, Iba Der; ''La préhistoire au Sénégal: recueil de documents'', Association sénégalaise des professeurs d'histoire-géographie (1982), pp. 79–80 and

anthropologist An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology. Anthropology is the study of aspects of humans within past and present societies. Social anthropology, cultural anthropology and philosophical anthropology study the norms and ...

Henry Gravrand Father Henry Gravrand (France, 1921 - Abbey of Latrun, Palestine, 11 July 2003) was a French Catholic missionary to Africa and an anthropologist who has written extensively on Serer religion and culture. He was one of the leading pioneers of inte ...

. Diouf usually writes in French but has also written in Serer. An eighty-page short biography of the 19th century Serer King of Sine —

Maad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof Maad a Signig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof (variations : Mad a Sinig Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, Mad a Sinig Coumba Ndoffène Fa mak Diouf, Coumba N'Doffène Diouf, Coumba N'Doffène Diouf I, Maat Sine Kumba Ndoffene Famak Joof, etc. - c. 1810 � ...

, titled: ''O maad a sinig : Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas)'', 1853–1871, PAPF (1987) was written in Serer.

Senegambian stone circles

Diouf was one of the first (if not the first) to suggest a Serer religious significance for the

Senegambian stone circles The Senegambian stone circles are groups of megalithic stone circles that lie in The Gambia north of Janjanbureh and in central Senegal. With an approximate area of 30,000 km²,Laport et al. 2012, p. 410 they are sometimes divided into the ...

, based in part on their arrangement and religious symbolism which he saw as related to Serer numerology. His work published on 7 July 1980 on the Senegalese newspaper

Le Soleil Le Soleil ("The Sun") is the name of several newspapers: * ''Le Soleil'' (Quebec), a French-language daily newspaper in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, founded in 1896 * ''Le Soleil'' (French newspaper), a defunct daily newspaper based in Paris fro ...

became headline news and was picked up by the

prehistorian Prehistory, also known as pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the use of the first stone tools by hominins 3.3 million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems. The use of ...

and

archaeologist Archaeology or archeology is the scientific study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture. The archaeological record consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts or ecofacts, sites, and cultural landscap ...

Professor

Cyr Descamps Cyr may refer to: * ''Cyr'' (album) by The Smashing Pumpkins * Cyr, Montana, United States * Cyr Plantation, Maine, United States * Cyr wheel, an acrobatic device * Colonia Airport (IATA: CYR), Colonia Department, Uruguay People with the surna ...

and his colleague Professor

Iba Der Thiam Iba Der Thiam, also known as I. D. Thiam (26 February 193731 October 2020Le Soleil, 7 July 1980 The builders of these megaliths are still unknown. Other possible candidates are the ancestors of the

Jola people The Jola or Diola ( endonym: Ajamat) are an ethnic group found in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. Most Jola live in small villages scattered throughout Senegal, especially in the Lower Casamance region. The main dialect of the Jola lan ...

or the

Wolof Wolof or Wollof may refer to: * Wolof people, an ethnic group found in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * Wolof language, a language spoken in Senegal, Gambia, and Mauritania * The Wolof or Jolof Empire, a medieval West African successor of the Mal ...

The Guelowar Dynasty in Seereer kingdoms

The mainstream view has been that, the Guelowar Maternal Dynasty (whom some writers such as

Martin A. Klein Martin A. Klein (born 1934 in suburban New York City) is an African studies, Africanist and an emeritus professor in the History Department at the University of Toronto specialising in the Atlantic slave trade, and francophone West Africa: Senegal, ...

, Donald R. Wright and Emmett Jefferson Murphy wrongly labelled as Mandinka or MalinkeKlein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal: Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914.''

Edinburgh University Press Edinburgh University Press is a scholarly publisher of academic books and journals, based in Edinburgh, Scotland. History Edinburgh University Press was founded in the 1940s and became a wholly owned subsidiary of the University of Edinburgh ...

(1968). pp. 7–8. Wright, Donald R., ''Oral Traditions from the Gambia: Mandinka griots'', Ohio University Center for International Studies, Africa Program (1979), p. 21, ) conquered the

Serer people The Serer people are a West African ethnoreligious group.

and subjugated them. After years of researching and documenting the oral traditionas of the Serer and that of

Kaabu The Kaabu Empire (1537–1867), also written Gabu, Ngabou, and N'Gabu, was an empire in the Senegambia region centered within modern northeastern Guinea-Bissau, larger parts of today's Gambia; extending into Koussanar, Koumpentoum, regions ...

, Diouf was one of the first historian and author to posit that the

Guelowar Guelowar, also spelled Gelwar, Guelwar, Guelware, Gueleware or Gueloware, was a maternal dynasty in the pre-colonial Serer kingdoms of Sine and Saloum (in the Senegambia, but mainly in the western area of present-day Senegal). They were from the ...

s of

Sine In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle. The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is oppo ...

and

Saloum The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a Serer people, Serer/Wolof people, Wolof monarchy, kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka people, Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum wa ...

(the two Serer kingdoms) did not conquer and subjugate the

Serer people The Serer people are a West African ethnoreligious group.

but were granted asylum by the Serer Council of Great Lamans, who then went on marry into the Serer noble patriclans.''Éthiopiques, Issues 55–56'', Fondation Léopold Sédar Senghor (1991), p. 32 The Guelowars who were relatives and offshoots of the powerful Ñaanco (or Nyancho) Maternal Dynasty of Kaabu, underwent a dynastic war or struggle against their powerful Ñaanco relatives. The Senegalese historian

Alioune Sarr Alioune Sarr (September 1, 1908 – July 12, 2001 ) was a Senegalese historian, author and politician whose family gained prominence in the Serer precolonial Kingdom of Sine and Saloum around the 14th century. They also made up the ''"sulba ...

, in his acclaimed paper '' Histoire du Sine-Saloum'' (1986–87) supports that view and placed that dynastic war around 1335. Sarr's ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum'' is one of the leading work on the history of

Sine-Saloum Sine-Saloum is a region in Senegal located north of the Gambia and south of the Petite Côte. It encompasses an area of 24,000 square kilometers, about 12% of Senegal, with a population in the 1990s of 1,060,000. The western portion contains the ...

and is generally regarded as the prevailing view especially in regards to the date of reign of the Kings of Sine and

. Diouf went on to posit that: :'' Maysa Waly

he first Guelowar to reign in Serer country He or HE may refer to: Language * He (pronoun), an English pronoun * He (kana), the romanization of the Japanese kana へ * He (letter), the fifth letter of many Semitic alphabets * He (Cyrillic), a letter of the Cyrillic script called ''He'' in ...

was first appointed legal adviser to the Council of the Great Lamans after his famous judgment. Gradually, he strengthened his power and authority and ended up being recognized as king.'' Maysa Wali's direct descendants did not reign in any of the Serer kingdoms. Serer noble men from the ancient ''lamanic'' class married Guelowar women, and the offsprings of these marriages reigned as kings. These children saw themselves as Serer and assimilated into Serer culture and all ties with Kaabu were severed. The Serer—Guelowar alliance was an alliance based on marriage, not conquest. With the exception of the Serer being a conquered group—which has been the mainstream view, Emmett Jefferson Murphy's earlier work ''History of African Civilization'' (1972) reached a somewhat similar conclusion as regards to the Serer—Guelowar (or "Malinke" as he put it) marriage alliance. He writes: :''The Serer people had earlier settled on the plains of the highland of

Futa Toro Futa Toro (Wolof and ff, Fuuta Tooro ''𞤆𞤵𞥄𞤼𞤢 𞤚𞤮𞥄𞤪𞤮''; ar, فوتا تورو), often simply the Futa, is a semidesert region around the middle run of the Senegal River. This region is along the border of Senegal and ...

in modern Senegal. They lived side by side with the Tukulor and were ruled by them until the eleventh century. At that time, perhaps because of growing Islamic influence among the Tukulor, the Serer—who refused to accept Islam–migrated to an area between the Sine and Saloum rivers in what is now southeastern Senegal. The Serer conquered the Mande-speaking tribes then inhabiting the Sine-Salum and settled the area. Within a century, however, powerful Malinke invaders also moved into the Sine-Salum, settling among the Serer as a ruling class. This caste, called the tiedo, subdivided into the "guelowar," or the nobles eligible for the kingship (only Malinke or the descendants of Malinke-Serer marriages were included); ..' Murphy, E. Jefferson, ''History of African Civilization'', Crowell (1972), p. 106, The various Serer groups who saw the entire Senegambia region as their homeland were already in the Sine-Saloum area in the 11th century and should not be confused with the Serers of

Takrur Takrur, Tekrur or Tekrour ( 800 – c. 1285) was an ancient state of West Africa, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire. Origin Takrur was the capital of the state which flourished on the lower Senegal River. Takruri was ...

—who were affected by the jihadic wars of King

War Jabi War-Dyabe ibn Rabis ( ar, وار ذياب بن ربيس) or War Jabi ( ar, وار جابي), also known as: War Jaabi or War-Dyabe or War-Ndyay, was the first Muslim king of Tekrur in the 1030s. He converted to Islam and forced his subjects to con ...

and his allies. As common in the

Senegambia region The Senegambia (other names: Senegambia region or Senegambian zone,Barry, Boubacar, ''Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade'', (Editors: David Anderson, Carolyn Brown; trans. Ayi Kwei Armah; contributors: David Anderson, American Council of Le ...

and in many African cultures, when a woman from another tribe marries a man from a different tribe, both she and her children takes on the tribe of the father. Throughout the six hundred years of Guelowar dynastic rule, none of the reigning kings of Sine or Saloum bore Mandinka surnames, but Serer surnames with the few exceptions of the Mbooj or Mboge patrilineage, who patrilineally trace descent to Mbarick Bo or Mbarik Bo (or Mbanyik Bo), originally from

Waalo Walo ( wo, Waalo) was a kingdom on the lower Senegal River in West Africa, in what are now Senegal and Mauritania. It included parts of the valley proper and areas north and south, extending to the Atlantic Ocean. To the north were Moorish emira ...

, whose surname ''Bo'' is " Wolofized" to Mbooj. According to Serer oral tradition, he was the step father of Ndiadiane Ndiaye (founder of the

Jolof Empire Jolof (french: Djolof or ') may refer to either of * Jolof Empire, a West African successor state to the Mali Empire in modern Senegal from the 14th to 16th centuries * Kingdom of Jolof, a rump survival of the earlier empire from the 16th to the 19t ...

) and a Bambara prince from the Massassi dynasty of

Kaarta Kaarta, or Ka'arta, was a short-lived Bambara kingdom in what is today the western half of Mali. As Bitòn Coulibaly tightened his control over Ségou, capital of his newly founded Bambara Empire, a faction of Ségou Bambara dissatisfied with h ...

; and according to

oral tradition, he was the step father of Ndiadiane Ndiaye but a non-Muslim and a slave of the Almoravid Arab

Abu Bakr ibn Umar Abu Bakr ibn Umar ibn Ibrahim ibn Turgut, sometimes suffixed al-Sanhaji or al-Lamtuni (died 1087; ar, أبو بكر بن عمر) was a chieftain of the Lamtuna Berber Tribe and Amir of the Almoravids from 1056 until his death. He is credited ...

(also referred to as Abdu Darday). Sources do not agree with the Wolof account of him being a slave of Abu Bakr or that Abu Bakr was the father of Ndiadiane Ndiaye as per Wolof oral tradition, as Abu Bakr preceded Ndiadiane Ndiaye by at least three hundred years. Ndiadian reigned in Jolof around 1360. Abu Bakr was killed in 1087 possibly by the Serer bowman

Amar Godomat Amar Godomat (or Amar Gôdômat) is the name given in oral tradition to an 11th-century Serer archer. Mauritanian oral tradition claims Abu Bakr was killed in a clash with the "Gangara" (Soninke Wangara} of the Tagant Region of southern Maurita ...

.(Babacar Sédikh Diouf) nNgom, Biram, ''La question Gelwaar et l’histoire du Siin'', Dakar,

Université de Dakar Cheikh Anta Diop University (french: Université Cheikh Anta Diop or UCAD), also known as the Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, is a university in Dakar, Senegal. It is named after the Senegalese physicist, historian and anthropologist Cheikh ...

, 1987, p 69Sarr, Alioune, ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum'', (Sénégal), Introduction, bibliographie et notes par Charles Becker. Version légèrement remaniée par rapport à celle qui est parue en 1986–87. p 19

Selection of works

The following are a sample of Diouf's works: *''O maad a sinig : Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas)'', 1853–1871 by Babacar Sedikh Diouf, PAPF (1987)Overview of Babacar Sedikh Diouf's works n

WorldCat WorldCat is a union catalog that itemizes the collections of tens of thousands of institutions (mostly libraries), in many countries, that are current or past members of the OCLC global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. Many of the OCL ...

br>
retrieved 8 February 2020) *''L'esprit de l'ecole nouvelle'' by Babacar Sedikh Diouf, (1988) *''Gradation modification effects on engineering performance of reclaimed asphalt pavement for use as roadway base'' by Babacar Sedikh Diouf, M.S. Florida Institute of Technology (2011) – (thesis) *''Les mégalithes, monuments funéraires ou sanctuaires d'initiation?'', by Babacar Sedikh Diouf, Age d'or du Sénégal. Pages 53–64. (article) *''La présence sérère dans les fondements historiques et culturels de la nation'', by Babacar Sédikh Diouf *''L'imaginaire sérère dans l'œuvre de Léopold Sédar Senghor'' by Babacar Sédikh Diouf. (1998) n"Le colloque senghorien ", pp. 241–245 *''Leopold Sédar Senghor et l'éducation,'' by Babacar Sedikh Diouf, Éthiopiques, (1979) *''Stratégie d'integration des valeurs traditionnelles dans nos systèmes d'éducation'' (enseignement conventionnel), by Alioune Ndoye and Babacar Sedikh Diouf, Éthiopiques (1982) *''Que faire de la pédagogie traditionnelle du Kasak au 21 siècle'' by Babacar Sedikh Diouf, Éthiopiques (1982)

Pan Africanism

In 2004, Diouf was invited by the

Institut Fondamental d'Afrique Noire IFAN (I.F.A.N., Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire or Fundamental Institute of Black Africa Sub-Saharan Africa is, geographically, the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lies south of the Sahara. These include West Africa, ...

to give a speech at the cultural and scientific institute's conference—held at the University of Mutants in

Gorée (; "Gorée Island"; Wolof: Beer Dun) is one of the 19 (i.e. districts) of the city of Dakar, Senegal. It is an island located at sea from the main harbour of Dakar (), famous as a destination for people interested in the Atlantic slave trade ...

. In that conference, Diouf spoke out against

globalization Globalization, or globalisation (Commonwealth English; see spelling differences), is the process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and governments worldwide. The term ''globalization'' first appeared in the early 20t ...

, and called for a

Pan-African Pan-Africanism is a worldwide movement that aims to encourage and strengthen bonds of solidarity between all Indigenous and diaspora peoples of African ancestry. Based on a common goal dating back to the Atlantic slave trade, the movement exte ...

approach and the need to increase solidarity among African countries.

Le Soleil (Senegal) ''Le Soleil'' is a daily newspaper published in Dakar, Senegal and founded in 1970. History In 1933, French press publisher Charles de Breteuil founded the ''Paris-Dakar'' as a weekly newspaper. The ''Paris-Dakar'' would in 1936 become the firs ...

AllAfrica.com AllAfrica is a website that aggregates news produced primarily on the African continent about all areas of African life, politics, issues and culture. It is available in both English and French and produced by AllAfrica Global Media, which has of ...

, ''Afrique: Babacar Sédikh Diouf'', conférencier : « Face à une mondialisation, il faut renouveler l'idéal panafricain » (4 November 2004) by Madeline Malhair

(retrieved 8 February 2020)

Views on Wolofization

Diouf is a fervent opponent of linguistic "

" which is prevalent throughout Senegal and almost engulfing the entire

.Wolf, Hans-Georg , ''English in Cameroon'',

Walter de Gruyter Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter (), is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature. History The roots of the company go back to 1749 when Frederick the Great granted the Königliche Realschule in Be ...

(2013), p. 36,

(retrieved 8 February 2020) Godfrey Mwakikagile, Mwakikagile, Godfrey, ''Ethnic Diversity and Integration in The Gambia: The Land, the People and the Culture'', Continental Press (2010), p. 84,

(retrieved 8 February 2020) He views Wolofization as destructive to the Senegambian languages, languages and cultures of other Senegambian ethnic groups such as Serer, Jola, Mandinka, Fula, etc.

École pratique des hautes études The École pratique des hautes études (), abbreviated EPHE, is a Grand Établissement in Paris, France. It is highly selective, and counted among France's most prestigious research and higher education institutions. It is a constituent college o ...

(France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales,

École des hautes études en sciences sociales The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (french: École des hautes études en sciences sociales; EHESS) is a graduate ''grande école'' and '' grand établissement'' in Paris focused on academic research in the social sciences. The ...

, ''Cahiers d'études africaines'', vol. 46, issue 4; vol. 46, issue 184, Mouton (2006), pp. 933, 938 Diouf calls for a "controlled osmosis" (French: "osmose contrôlée") between Wolof and other ethnicities, and regard Wolofization as a form of “uncontrolled” homogenization of the nation by the Wolof. That is, the Wolof language used as a tool to control other ethnic groups—which could possibly lead to the death or extinction of other ethnic languages and their cultures. Serer intellectuals like Marcel Mahawa Diouf, Mandinaka intellectuals like Doudou Kamara, and Haalpulaar intellectuals like Yoro Doro Diallo and

Cheikh Hamidou Kane Cheikh Hamidou Kane (born 2 April 1928) is a Senegalese writer best known for his 1961 novel ''L'Aventure ambiguë'' (''Ambiguous Adventure''), about the interactions of western and African cultures. Its hero is a Fulani boy who goes to study in ...

share Diouf's view on Wolofization. The historian and author

Marcel Mahawa Diouf Marcel may refer to: People * Marcel (given name), people with the given name Marcel * Marcel (footballer, born August 1981), Marcel Silva Andrade, Brazilian midfielder * Marcel (footballer, born November 1981), Marcel Augusto Ortolan, Brazilian ...

offers a drastic solution to the "Wolofization problem". Since the Wolof language itself is the original language of the

Lebou people The Lebu (Lebou, ''Lébou'') are an ethnic group of Senegal, West Africa, living on the peninsula of Cap-Vert. The Lebu are primarily a fishing community, but they have a substantial business in construction supplies and real estate.Keese, Alexan ...

, and not the Wolof; and the Wolof people are a mixture of the other Senegambian ethnic group—and became a distinct ethnic group only few centuries ago, Marcel Mahawa Diouf proposes an alliance between all non-Wolofs who have had historic alliances such as Serers, Toucouleurs, Sarakolés, Sossés, Jola, Lebou, etc. The purpose of this is to disconnect the Wolof, and in effect, disinherit them from the Senegambia region and its history. In the oral tradition of the Wolof, they claim descent from Ndiadiane Ndiaye-founder of the Jolof Empire. However, Ndiadian had a Haalpulaar mother and a Serer father, and his name came from the Serer language. In essence, Marcel's proposal for dealing with Wolofization is to relegate the Wolof to a non-existent and irrelevnt group. According to Étienne Smith: :"The alternative national narrative with which so-called peripheral homespun historians are striving to replace the Wolof-centered narrative postulates a coalition of small ethnic groups, interconnected by joking pacts. The Wolof appear nowhere in the ethnogenesis of the Senegalese nation they propose, except as the final product of the mixing of the “scraps” of these groups. In the eyes of the promoters of joking pacts, that is, the Senegalese nation is Wolof only from a linguistic point of view, the Wolof language itself being nothing more than the result of the amalgamation of all of the country’s languages and the Wolof identity being the possible outcome of the merging of such groups. But insofar as honor, prestige, cultural richness, or historical depth is concerned, the peripheral histories of the Serer, Haalpulaar, Joola, or Mandinka occupy center stage. For their promoters, that is what all these singular patriae have in common." Diouf does not dislike the Wolof people or the Wolof language, but takes issue with the concept of Wolofization which is prevalent in Senegal and encroaching on Gambian soil. For many years, Diouf have advocated for brotherhood and cousinage among all Senegambian peoples.

, ''« devoir de confraternité » entre cousins à plaisanterie '', 17 May 1996, p. 6). He argues that, "national unity existed long before the name, without fratricidal wars and unnecessary heartbreaks, around a central nucleus whose virtues can still be used."Smith, Étienne, ''La nation « par le côté » – "Le récit des cousinages au Sénégal"'', (pp. 907–965), 2006 nCahiers d'Études africaine., Notes: 45, 81, 93; Texte intégral: 3, 54, 55, 71

(retrieved 8 February 2020)

Notes and references

Bibliography

*Diouf, Babacar Sedikh, O maad a sinig : Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas), 1853–1871, PAPF (1987), pp. 3–4 *Babacar Sedikh Diouf's body of works: Diouf, Babacar Sedikh, ''O maad a sinig : Kumba Ndoofeen fa Maak JUUF (Buka-Cilaas)'', 1853–1871 (PAPF, 1987) n

(CARLI) nCARLI I-Shar

(retrieved 8 February 2020) *Overview of Babacar Sedikh Diouf's works n

br>
retrieved 8 February 2020) *

, ''Afrique: Babacar Sédikh Diouf'', conférencier : « Face à une mondialisation, il faut renouveler l'idéal panafricain » (4 November 2004) by Madeline Malhair

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Academia.edu Academia.edu is a for-profit open repository of academic articles free to read by visitors. Uploading and downloading is restricted to registered users. Additional features are accessible only as a paid subscription. Since 2016 various social ...

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(retrieved 8 February 2020) *Smith, Étienne, « Merging ethnic histories in Senegal: whose moral community? », in Derek Peterson & Giacomo Macola (dir.), Recasting the Past: History Writing and Political Work in Modern Africa, Athens, Ohio University Press, 2009, (213–232.), p. 12 (PDF) nAcademia.ed

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Pangool Pangool (in Serer and Cangin) singular: Fangool (var : ''Pangol'' and ''Fangol''), are the ancient saints and ancestral spirits of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania. The Pangool play a crucial role in Serer religion and hist ...

'', Nouvelles Editions africaines du Sénégal (1990), p. 56, *Diouf, Babacar Sedikh « La dimension genre dans le vivre ensemble africain » nLangevin, Louise, ''Rapports sociaux de sexe-genre et droit: repenser le droit'', Archives contemporaines (2008), p. 96,

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Cambridge University Press Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge. Granted letters patent by Henry VIII of England, King Henry VIII in 1534, it is the oldest university press A university press is an academic publishing hou ...

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(retrieved 8 February 2020) * Mamadou Diouf (historian), Diouf, Mamadou, ''Tolerance, Democracy, and Sufis in Senegal'',

Columbia University Press Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University. It is currently directed by Jennifer Crewe (2014–present) and publishes titles in the humanities and sciences, including the fiel ...

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Dakar Dakar ( ; ; wo, Ndakaaru) (from daqaar ''tamarind''), is the capital and largest city of Senegal. The city of Dakar proper has a population of 1,030,594, whereas the population of the Dakar metropolitan area is estimated at 3.94 million in 2 ...

: Ministère de la Culture du Sénégal, 1996), p. 72–81 *N'Diaye-Correard, Geneviève, ''Les mots du patrimoine: le Sénégal'' (cont. Moussa Daff, Equipe du projet IFA.), Archives contemporaines (2006), p. 589,

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Research in African Literatures ''Research in African Literatures'' is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal covering African literary studies. It was established in 1970 and is published by Indiana University Press. The editor-in-chief is Kwaku Larbi Korang (Ohio State U ...

'', Volume 37.

University of Texas at Austin The University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin, UT, or Texas) is a public research university in Austin, Texas. It was founded in 1883 and is the oldest institution in the University of Texas System. With 40,916 undergraduate students, 11,075 ...

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, « devoir de confraternité » entre cousins à plaisanterie, 17 May 1996, p. 6). *Bassène, Pape Chérif Bertrand,( 2011), ''MEMOIRE DE L'ESCLAVAGE ET DE LA TRAITE NÉGRIÈRE EN SÉNÉGAMBIE'' (1965–2007), p. 46, Dialectique de la diversité mémorielle, *Ndoye, Alioune; Diouf, Babacar Sedikh; ''Stratégie d'integration des valeurs traditionnelles dans nos systèmes d'éducation'' (enseignement conventionnel), nÉthiopiques, numéro 31 révue socialiste de culture négro-africaine, 3 trimestre (1982

and nWathinotes Valeurs africaines (3 November 2016) (West African Think Tank

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Diouf, Babacar Sedikh Senegalese non-fiction writers Serer writers Scholars of Serer history Scholars of Serer religion Serer historians 1928 births Joof family Senegalese pan-Africanists Senegalese Africanists Senegalese historians 20th-century historians 20th-century male writers Living people