Algerian Communist Party
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The Algerian Communist Party (french: Parti Communiste Algérien; ar, الحزب الشيوعي الجزائري) was a
communist party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A ...
in
Algeria ) , image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg , map_caption = , image_map2 = , capital = Algiers , coordinates = , largest_city = capital , relig ...
. The PCA emerged in 1920 as an extension of the
French Communist Party The French Communist Party (french: Parti communiste français, ''PCF'' ; ) is a political party in France which advocates the principles of communism. The PCF is a member of the Party of the European Left, and its MEPs sit in the European Unit ...
(PCF) and eventually became a separate entity in 1936. Despite this, it was recognized by the
Comintern The Communist International (Comintern), also known as the Third International, was a Soviet Union, Soviet-controlled international organization founded in 1919 that advocated world communism. The Comintern resolved at its Second Congress to ...
in 1935. Its first congress was in
Algiers Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques ...
in July 1936, where it was the PCA's headquarter. In 1955 the party was banned by the French authorities. The party then oriented itself towards the national liberation movement. PCA obtained legal status in 1962 and in the same year it was banned and dissolved. The Algerian communists later regrouped as PAGS. The general secretaries of PCA were Benali Boukort from 1936 to 1939, Amar Ouzegane during the underground central committee, Bouhali from 1947 to 1949 and Bachir Hadj Ali from 1949.


The PCA before the Algerian Independence war (1920–1954)

The PCA had at the beginning a lack of political sensibility with the colonized aspirations. This is attributed to the majority of its members (between 12,000 and 15,000) being
Pieds-Noirs The ''Pieds-Noirs'' (; ; ''Pied-Noir''), are the people of French and other European descent who were born in Algeria during the period of French rule from 1830 to 1962; the vast majority of whom departed for mainland France as soon as Alger ...
. The PCA supported the
Blum–Viollette proposal The Blum–Viollette proposal of 1936 takes its name from Léon Blum and Maurice Viollette, who acted as the French premier and governor-general of Algeria. The proposal was introduced to the Popular Front (France), Popular Front government of ...
and Setif´s repression of 1945. However, some Muslims were attracted to the PCA. Some of them were:
Ben Ali Boukurt Ben is frequently used as a shortened version of the given names Benjamin, Benedict, Bennett or Benson, and is also a given name in its own right. Ben (in he, בֶּן, ''son of'') forms part of Hebrew surnames, e.g. Abraham ben Abraham ( he, ...
, Ahmed Akkache and the general secretary Bachir Hadj Ali. The PCA additionally had trouble gaining traction since it had lost most of its proletariat base. During the first world war, as France's men were mostly employed along the western front, tens of thousands of Algerians were displaced from the countryside and moved to France to take advantage of the labor shortage. A saying emerged that "l’Algerie est une societe dont le proletariat est en France." Essentially, Algeria's proletariat was in France. The First World War increased union membership leading to a doubling of Algiers Trade Union membership. This only continued as the ranks of displaced workers flooded Algeria's cities from the countryside. However, ties remained with the rural communities in which they had lived for generations. As these people joined the communist party, their networks allowed the party to expand into areas not typically considered its territory. Yet the division that dominated Algerian Society also affected the supposedly egalitarian Communist Party, the division of ethnicity effected the Algerian communist party as well. Additionally, since the party was so tied to France, there were different ideas about how to pursue the Comintern's call for peoples to free themselves around the world. A major part of the Algerian communist party believed that a revolution must take place in France first and then Algeria could have hers. Leon Trotsky, as well as many other notable internationalists called this a continuation of the slave mentality.


The PCA during the Algerian Independence war (1954–1962)

At the beginning of the Independence War, the PCA was damaged. The Muslim members wanted to join the nationalists, but not the Europeans. That ambiguity was due to the PCF's equivocal positions. In 1956 the Central Committee of the PCA voted to join the Revolution maintaining its independent internal administration. During the War, some members of the PCA distinguished themselves. Henri Maillot was killed while providing arms to the Nationalists and serving the '' Maquis Rouges''.
Henri Alleg Henri Alleg (20 July 1921 – 17 July 2013), born as Harry John Salem, was a French-Algerian journalist, director of the '' Alger républicain'' newspaper, and a member of the French Communist Party. After Editions de Minuit, a French publish ...
and many others were arrested and tortured. He was the editor of the '' Alger Republicain''. The PCA collaborated with the '' Front de Libération Nationale'' (FLN), and the communists accused them of discrimination and purposefully placing them in more dangerous situations.


The PCA after the Algerian Independence war (1962–1966)

The PCA did not adopt a position in the postwar conflict between the '' Gouvernement provisional de la République algérienne'' (GPRA) and the Political Bureau. By 1962 the PCA and its newspaper ''al-Hurriya'' were suppressed and banned. At the beginning of
Ben Bella Ahmed Ben Bella ( ar, أحمد بن بلّة '; 25 December 1916 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 ...
's government the Algerian communists still exercised influence through publications like the ''
Révolution africaine The French Revolution ( ) was a period of radical political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789 and ended with the formation of the French Consulate in coup of 18 Brumaire, November 1799. Many of its ...
''. During the military coup of Boumediene in 1965 the remnants of the PCA were eliminated. Communists later reorganized during 1966 as the ''
Parti de l´Avant-Garde Socialiste Parti may refer to: *Parti (surname), a Hungarian surname, and a list of people with the name * ''Parti'' (architecture), the organizing concepts behind an architect's design * *, a lake in Russia See also *Partie (disambiguation) *Party (disambi ...
'' (PAGS).


Relation with the FLN

During the liberation war, in 1955 the PCA created combatant units called ''
Combattants de la Libération Les Combattants de la Libération (CDL), also known as ''Le Maquis Rouge'', were a guerrilla group established by the Algerian Communist Party (PCA) after the outbreak of the Algerian War of Independence. The FLN did not welcome a rival on the s ...
''. In 1956 the PCA and the FLN made an agreement in which it integrated the PCA combatant force to the National Liberation Army (ALN), separating from the leadership of the party that remained in
Algiers Algiers ( ; ar, الجزائر, al-Jazāʾir; ber, Dzayer, script=Latn; french: Alger, ) is the capital and largest city of Algeria. The city's population at the 2008 Census was 2,988,145Census 14 April 2008: Office National des Statistiques ...
. By 1962, after the independence war was over, Communist were attracting members to the party and publishing '' Alger Républicain.'' The FLN feared this and banned the PCA but tolerated the communists themselves.
Ben Bella Ahmed Ben Bella ( ar, أحمد بن بلّة '; 25 December 1916 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian politician, soldier and socialist revolutionary who served as the head of government of Algeria from 27 September 1962 to 15 September 1963 ...
's constitution of 1963 put the FLN as the only legal party. A curious fact is that FLN took people from the PCA later to work on state, because they were prepared and educated. At 1965 some of the leaders of the PCA, with the left wing of the FLN created an Organization to combat the military coup of Boumediene, the '' Organization de la résistance populaire'' (OPR).


Relation with the PCF

PCA appeared at 1920 as an extension of the PCF. PCF was mainly French, European. PCA was against French domination, and it tried to be more Arab by his separation, at least in the wish. Comintern supported the anti-imperialist fights on that times. However, PCA followed the political leadership of the PCF, what it made turn back on the demands of independence. In 1939, when the Soviet Union had signed the pact with Nazi Germany and France found itself in war with Germany, both the PCA and the PCF were banned, damaging the space for communism. With the massacres of 1945 by the settlers, the PCA and PCF weren't quick to condemn the massacre. However, the fight against Fascism gave the PCF a good status. After the
Second World War World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
and the massacre, the PCA started a campaign against the state repression, because of nationalists in the party, sometimes radicalized. This made the PCA take politics more autonomous to the PCF. At the Cold War, the PCF put the focus on the North American imperialism while the PCA focused on the French imperialism. When the liberation war started, the PCA was banned again in 1955 and repressed.


Notable members of the PCA

*
Henri Alleg Henri Alleg (20 July 1921 – 17 July 2013), born as Harry John Salem, was a French-Algerian journalist, director of the '' Alger républicain'' newspaper, and a member of the French Communist Party. After Editions de Minuit, a French publish ...
*
Alice Sportisse Gomez-Nadal Alice Sportisse Gomez-Nadal (9 July 1909 - 3 June 1996) was a French-Algerian politician.Notice « Alice Sportisse née Cremadès », in Le Maitron Maghreb, volume Algérie : engagements sociaux et question nationale. De la colonisation à l'indé ...
* Baya Jurquet * Henri Maillot


References


Bibliography

* Chiviges Naylor, P., Andrew Heggoy, A. ''Historical Dictionary of Algeria''. Second Edition. 1994. The Scarecow Press Inc. Metuchen, N.J., & London. Consulted 15 March 2017. * Rahal, M. ''Impossible Opposition: The Magic of the One-Party Regime''. 2013. Jadaliyya. Consulted 17 March 2017. Available Online: http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/14890/impossible-opposition_the-magic-of-the-one-party-r * Drew, A. ''We are no longer in France. Communists in colonial Algeria.'' 2014. Manchester University Press. Consulted 17 March 2017. {{Authority control 1920 establishments in Algeria 1964 disestablishments in Algeria Algerian War Banned communist parties Banned political parties in Algeria Communist parties in Algeria Defunct political parties in Algeria Political parties established in 1920 Political parties disestablished in 1964 Rebel groups in Algeria