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Armée De Libération Nationale
The National Liberation Army or ALN ( ar, جيش التحرير الوطني الجزائري, translit=Jaīš al-taḥrīr al-waṭanī al-jazāʾirī; french: Armée de libération nationale) was the armed wing of the nationalist National Liberation Front of Algeria during the Algerian War. After Algeria won its independence from France in 1962, the ALN was converted into the regular Algerian People's National Armed Forces. History Algerian Revolution The (National Liberation Front) was established by the (Revolutionary Committee of Unity and Action) and organised in March 1954. Around two years later this group absorbed most but not all the Algerian nationalist organisations. It then re-organised itself and established a provisional government. This government included five members in executive and legislative bodies; all the members were district heads. During the ongoing war of independence in Algeria; Colonel Houari Boumedienne (the future President of Algeria) led the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flag Of Algeria (1958-1962)
The national flag of Algeria ( ar, علم الجزائر; ber, ⴰⵏⴰⵢ ⴰⴷⵣⴰⵢⵔⵉ, Anay azzayri) consists of two equal vertical bars, green and white, charged in the center with a red star and crescent, a symbol of Islam as the nation's prominent faith. The flag was adopted on 3 July 1962. A similar version was used by the Algerian government in exile from 1958 to 1962. The Western blazon is ''per pale vert and argent; a crescent and star gules''. History The Barbary pirates of Ottoman Algeria between the 15th and 17th century widely used flags that were emblazoned with one or more crescents. These could however vary greatly in color, with dark red, black, green and white being in use. Besides these, Algerian pirates also used various flags in plain color, such as plain black ones signalling death. Less often, Algerian flags of this time also carried other motifs, such as suns, stars and crossed swords. It is also known that city of Algiers used an orange ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Battle Of Bouzegza
The Battle of Bouzegza took place during the Algerian War in the Berber-speaking region of the Adrar Azegzaw massif (Djebel Bouzegza, which means "Bouzegza Mountain"), at the far eastern end of the Mitidja Plain. On August 4, 8, and 12, 1957, Ali Khodja of the National Liberation Army (ALN), reinforced with local units, faced French Army units commanded by several generals, including Jacques Massu.Yves Courrière, La guerre d'Algérie 'The War in Algeria'' p. 424 (in French) Before 4 August 1957 According to the French, the battle followed an ambush near Médéa in late July 1957 against a section of the 1st Foreign Parachute Regiment, in which 14 men were killed and eight wounded.Patrick de GmelineNouvelle histoire de la Légion étrangère 'New History of the Foreign Legion'' Perrin, 2016 (in French) According to the Algerians, a medic from the local unit in Palestro commanded by Si Boualem, captured in a guerrilla action, told the French his unit was in Bouzegza. He kne ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1962 Algerian Independence Referendum
An independence referendum was held in French Algeria on 1 July 1962. It followed French approval of the Évian Accords in an April referendum. Voters were asked whether Algeria should become an independent state, co-operating with France; 99.72% voted in favour with a voter turnout of 91.88%. Following the referendum, France declared Algeria to be independent on 3 July; the decision was published in the official journal the following day, and Algerian leaders declared 5 July (the 132nd anniversary of the French arrival in Algiers) to be Independence Day. When Algeria ceased to be part of France it also ceased being part of the European Communities. Background The Algerian War was started by members of the National Liberation Front (FLN) with the Toussaint Rouge attacks on 1 November 1954. Conflicts proliferated in France, including the May 1958 Algerian crisis that led to the fall of the Fourth Republic. French forces used brutal means of attempting to suppress Algeri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Évian-les-Bains
Évian-les-Bains (), or simply Évian ( frp, Èvian, , or ), is a commune in the northern part of the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, Southeastern France. In 2018, it had a population of 9,100. A high-market holiday resort and spa town on the shores of Lake Geneva (french: Lac Léman), it has been visited, over two centuries, by royalty such as Kings Edward VII and George V of the United Kingdom and King Farouk of Egypt, and celebrities such as countess Anna de Noailles and Marcel Proust. History Birth of an elite spa town The springs of Evian were still rather unknown at the time of the French Revolution. But the First Empire's interest for spa towns inspired a scientist to analyse the Evian springs in 1807 and 1808. A lakeside port and a new road (RN5) connecting the town to Milan and Paris were constructed in 1809. In 1823, Genevan entrepreneur M. Fauconnet launched the Évian mineral water company (''Société des Eaux Minérales d'Évian'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ceasefire
A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a temporary stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions. Ceasefires may be between state actors or involve non-state actors. Ceasefires may be declared as part of a formal treaty, but also as part of an informal understanding between opposing forces. They may occur via mediation or otherwise as part of a peace process or be imposed by United Nations Security Council resolutions via Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. The immediate goal of a ceasefire is to stop violence, but the underlying purposes of ceasefires vary. Ceasefires may be intended to meet short-term limited needs (such as providing humanitarian aid), manage a conflict to make it less devastating, or advance efforts to peacefully resolve a dispute. An actor may not always intend for a ceasefire to advance the peaceful resolution of a conflict, but instead gi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
President Of Algeria
The president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian People's National Armed Forces. History of the office The Tripoli Program, which served as Algeria's constitution when it won its war for independence from France in 1962, established the president as the head of state with a prime minister assisting in the operation of government. Internal political maneuvering resulted in a new constitution in 1963 that abolished the prime minister position and devolved all executive power upon the office of the president. For the first four decades of independence government was controlled as a one-party state by the National Liberation Front. The presidency was held by a succession of FLN members; Ahmed Ben Bella, Houari Boumédienne and Chadli Bendjedid. The constitution written in 1976 maintained the executive power of the Presidency, but the modifications of 1979 stripped t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Houari Boumedienne
Houari is a given name and surname. It may refer to: Persons Given name *Houari Boumédiène, also transcribed Boumediene, Boumedienne etc. (1932–1978), served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second President of Algeria until his death on 27 December 1978 *Houari Benchenet (born 1961), Algerian raï singer *Houari Djemili (born 1987), Algerian footballer *Houari Ferhani (born 1993), Algerian footballer *Houari Manar (1981–2019), Algerian raï singer Surname *Sidi El Houari (1350–1439), Algerian imam *Blaoui Houari (1926-2017), Algerian singer-songwriter, composer and conductor *Kamel Jdayni Houari (born 1980), better known as Kamelancien later shortened into Kamelanc', French rapper of Moroccan origin *Mohammed Houari (born 1977), Moroccan player *Muriel Hurtis-Houairi or Hurtis-Houari (born 1979), French track and field athlete See also *Méchraâ Houari Boumédienne, a town and commune in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian War Of Independence
The Algerian War, also known as the Algerian Revolution or the Algerian War of Independence,( ar, الثورة الجزائرية '; '' ber, Tagrawla Tadzayrit''; french: Guerre d'Algérie or ') and sometimes in Algeria as the War of 1 November, was fought between France and the Algerian National Liberation Front (french: Front de Libération Nationale – FLN) from 1954 to 1962, which led to Algeria winning its independence from France. An important decolonization war, it was a complex conflict characterized by guerrilla warfare and war crimes. The conflict also became a civil war between the different communities and within the communities. The war took place mainly on the territory of Algeria, with repercussions in metropolitan France. Effectively started by members of the National Liberation Front (FLN) on 1 November 1954, during the ("Red All Saints' Day"), the conflict led to serious political crises in France, causing the fall of the Fourth Republic (1946–58), to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Comité Révolutionnaire D'Unité Et D'Action
Revolutionary Committee for Unity and Action (in French: ''Comité Révolutionnaire d'Unité et d'Action'') was a militant group in Algeria formed in order to fight French rule. CRUA regrouped former elements of the OS and radical members of the MTLD. The CRUA was founded by 33 persons. CRUA would later evolve into the FLN and produce the Declaration of 1 November 1954 written by the journalist Mohamed Aïchaoui. Group of 22 *Mohamed Belouizdad * Mostefa Ben Boulaïd * Mohamed Larbi Ben M'Hidi * Benmostefa Benaouda * Lakhdar Bentobal * Rabah Bitat * Zoubir Bouadjadj * Said Bouali * Ahmed Bouchaïb *Mohamed Boudiaf *Abdelhafid Boussouf *Lyès Deriche * Mourad Didouche * Abdessalam Habachi *Abdelkader Lamoudi *Mohamed Mechati *Slimane Mellah * Mohamed Merzoughi * Badji Mokhtar * Abdelmalek Ramdane * Boudjemaa Souidani *Youcef Zighoud Youcef Zighoud ( ar, يوسف زيغود February 18, 1921 – September 25, 1956), also known as Colonel Si Ahmed, was an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian People's National Armed Forces
french: Armée nationale populaire , image = ANP.png , alt = , caption = People's National Army emblem , image2 = , alt2 = , caption2 = , motto = , founded = 1954 (as National Liberation Army) , current_form = 1962 , disbanded = , branches = Algerian Land Forces Algerian National Navy Algerian Air Force Territorial Air Defence Forces Republican Guard , headquarters = Algiers , flying_hours = , website = , commander-in-chief = Abdelmadjid Tebboune , commander-in-chief_title = President , minister = Abdelmadjid Tebboune , minister_title = Minister of National Defence , chief_of_staff = , chief_of_staff_title = , commander = Army general Saïd Chengriha , commander_title = Chief of Staff , age = , conscription = 19–30 years of age12-month t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Independence
Independence is a condition of a person, nation, country, or state in which residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory. The opposite of independence is the status of a dependent territory. The commemoration of the independence day of a country or nation celebrates when a country is free from all forms of foreign colonialism; free to build a country or nation without any interference from other nations. Definition of independence Whether the attainment of independence is different from revolution has long been contested, and has often been debated over the question of violence as legitimate means to achieving sovereignty. In general, revolutions aim only to redistribute power with or without an element of emancipation,such as in democratization ''within'' a state, which as such may remain unaltered. For example, the Mexican Revolution (1910) chiefly refers to a multi-factional conflict that even ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Algerian People's National Army
french: Armée nationale populaire , image = ANP.png , alt = , caption = People's National Army emblem , image2 = , alt2 = , caption2 = , motto = , founded = 1954 (as National Liberation Army) , current_form = 1962 , disbanded = , branches = Algerian Land Forces Algerian National Navy Algerian Air Force Territorial Air Defence Forces Republican Guard , headquarters = Algiers , flying_hours = , website = , commander-in-chief = Abdelmadjid Tebboune , commander-in-chief_title = President , minister = Abdelmadjid Tebboune , minister_title = Minister of National Defence , chief_of_staff = , chief_of_staff_title = , commander = Army general Saïd Chengriha , commander_title = Chief of Staff , age = , conscription = 19–30 years of age12-month term , ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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