Aukh ( Chechen: Ӏовх, Ӏовха, 'Ovkha, Ӏовхойн мохк;

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

: Ау́х) is a historical region in the current republic of

Dagestan Dagestan ( ; rus, Дагеста́н, , dəɡʲɪˈstan, links=yes), officially the Republic of Dagestan (russian: Респу́блика Дагеста́н, Respúblika Dagestán, links=no), is a republic of Russia situated in the North C ...

, populated by Chechens. Aukh encompasses parts of the

Novolak Novolaks (sometimes: novolacs) are low molecular weight polymers derived from phenols and formaldehyde. They are related to Bakelite, which is more highly crosslinked. The term comes from Swedish "lack" for lacquer and Latin "novo" for new, sin ...

, Khasavyurtovsky Babayurtovsky and Kazbekovsky districts. The Chechens of Dagestan call themselves

Aukhs Aukhs ( ce, Ӏовхой) - ethnographic (subroettic) group of Chechens. Aukhs are currently living in the territories of Novolaksky (former Aukh District), Khasavyurtovsky, Babayurtovsky and Kazbekovsky (Western part of the Aukh) areas of ...

, and speak a sub dialect of the Galanchozh dialect.

Historical Inhabitants of Aukh

Aukh has historically been inhabited by Chechen tribes and were mentioned by several sources of the time as Okoki, Kachkalyki, Gueni, Michkizi and others. Aukh was given to Dagestan late 1890's. Aukh was very mixed with a lot of different Chechen Teips from all areas of

Chechnya Chechnya ( rus, Чечня́, Chechnyá, p=tɕɪtɕˈnʲa; ce, Нохчийчоь, Noxçiyçö), officially the Chechen Republic,; ce, Нохчийн Республика, Noxçiyn Respublika is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the ...

and

Ingushetia Ingushetia (; russian: Ингуше́тия; inh, ГӀалгӏайче, Ghalghayče), officially the Republic of Ingushetia,; inh, Гӏалгӏай Мохк, Ghalghay Moxk is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. ...

, due to this the tribes living there had several different names in Russian sources. All of them recognized themselves as Nakhchoy (Chechens) as can be attested by a letter from 1756 by the Sala-Uzden prince Adzhi who in his letter calls the Chechen clans living in

"Nation of Nakhshai".

History

Okotsk Lands

(Russian: Окоцкая земля) is an Old Russian term used by the

Russian Tsardom The Tsardom of Russia or Tsardom of Rus' also externally referenced as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the centralized Russian state from the assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter I in ...

to denote a Chechen feudal entity, which they encountered in the 16th century. Okotsk was one of the important allies of Russia in the North Caucasus, and had a rivalry with the other polities of Dagestan, particularly the Kumyk controlled Shamkalate of Tarki. It distinguished itself by being in opposition to

Persian Persian may refer to: * People and things from Iran, historically called ''Persia'' in the English language ** Persians, the majority ethnic group in Iran, not to be conflated with the Iranic peoples ** Persian language, an Iranian language of the ...

, Ottoman and

Crimean Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a pop ...

hegemony over the North Caucasus, allying itself with the Russian Tsardom instead. The Prince Shikh Okotsky commanded at some point a host of 500

Cossacks The Cossacks , es, cosaco , et, Kasakad, cazacii , fi, Kasakat, cazacii , french: cosaques , hu, kozákok, cazacii , it, cosacchi , orv, коза́ки, pl, Kozacy , pt, cossacos , ro, cazaci , russian: казаки́ or ...

and 500

Chechens The Chechens (; ce, Нохчий, , Old Chechen: Нахчой, ''Naxçoy''), historically also known as ''Kisti'' and ''Durdzuks'', are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group of the Nakh peoples native to the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe. "Europ ...

(

), although the 500

were part of a larger immobilized Chechen force of 1000 infantry and 100 mounted cavalry. In the year 1583 Shikh Murza's joint Chechen-Cossack force would attack an Ottoman force traveling from Derbent to the Sea of Azov to the aid of the Crimean Khanate, the Ottoman force took significant damage which hampered their transit from Derbent to the Sea of Azov.

Aukh Naibstvo

In the 19th century, Aukh was incorporated into the

Caucasian Imamate The Caucasian Imamate, also known as the Caucasus Imamate ( ar, إمامة القوقاز, translit=Imamat Al-Qawqaz), was a state established by the imams in Dagestan and Chechnya during the early-to-mid 19th century in the North Caucasus ...

as one of many Chechen Naibstvos (Administrive unit of the Caucasian Imamate). In 1843 the Aukh Naib district was one of the most important Naibstva, it had up to 1500 families and could equally supply 1500 soldiers to the

. In another report from 1857 Aukh under Naib Hatu had in total 530 warriors or which 200 were cavalry and 330 infantry. Another famous Naib of Aukh was Bashir-Sheikh from

Endirey Endirey (russian: Эндирей; OKATO: 82254815001) is a village (''selo'') in the Khasavyurt District of the Republic of Dagestan in Russia. It is the center of the Endireyskoe Rural Settlement and has a population of 7,863 (2015). Endirey - ...

who belonged to the famous Chechen-Kumyk nobility called Sala-Uzden.

Administrative Dispute

In 1921, Aukh was included in the

Dagestan ASSR The Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic av, Дагъистаналъул Автономияб Советияб Социалистияб Жумгьурият az, Дағыстан Мухтар Совет Сосиалист Республи ...

, despite the desire of

to join the

Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic The Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic; inh, Нохч-ГӀалгӀай Автономе Советий Социализма Республика, Noxç-Ġalġay Avtonome Sovetiy Socializma Respublika; russian: Чече́но-И ...

. According to another explanation, the reason was the entering Aukhovites fear of losing their winter pastures in the territory of the

Khasavyurtovsky District Khasavyurtovsky District (russian: Хасавю́ртовский райо́н; av, Хасавхъала мухъ; kum, Хасавюрт якъ, ''Xasavürt yaq''; ce, Хаси-Эвлан кӀошт, ''Xasi-Evlan khioşt'') is an administrativ ...

. In 1943, the territory was incorporated into the Aukh district, which only lasted til February 1944, when Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush,

Chechens were ethnically cleansed from their homeland along with the rest of the Chechen nation. Part of Aukh was incorporated into the new Novolaksky District, Novolaksy district and the property and houses of the ethnically cleansed Chechens, were given to Laks free of charge. The villages Shircha-Aukh (Kalininaul) and Aukh-Aktash (Leninaul) were transferred to the

Kazbekovski District Kazbekovsky District (russian: Казбе́ковский райо́н) is an administrativeLaw #16 and municipalLaw #6 district (raion), one of the forty-one in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia. It is located in the west of the republic. The are ...

and the property there was given to Avars. In 1956, Chechens began to return to their historical homeland, widespread ethnic conflict ensued.

Ethnic cleansing

With the permission of the authorities of the Soviet Dagestan, on October 5, 1943, the Aukhs formed their national

district (the territory of the modern Novolaksky and part of the Kazbekovsky regions) with the center in Yaryksu-Aukh (modern Novokuli). But at the end of February 1944, the Aukhs, sharing a similar fate with other

Vainakhs The Nakh peoples, also known as ''Vainakh peoples'' (Chechen/Ingush: , apparently derived from Chechen , Ingush "our people"; also Chechen-Ingush), are a group of Caucasian peoples identified by their use of the Nakh languages and other cult ...

, were ethnically cleansed from their homeland. The authorities disbanded the Aukh district, giving the land of Aukhs to other ethnic groups of Dagestan. In the period from 1957 to 1960, the majority of Aukhs returned to the Soviet Dagestan, however, the leadership of the republic forbade them to resettle the land of their ancestors, especially in the Novolaksky and Kazbekovsky districts (only a few successfully repatriated). Due to restrictions, Aukhs began to settle in other settlements of the republic, which the authorities indicated to them (legislatively, this ban was enacted by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the DASSR on July 16, 1958). Until 1961,

fought for their return to their native places of residence after which under the threat of a new ethnic cleansing, they had to temporarily abandon their claims. Aukhs never abandoned attempts to return their former dwellings occupied by Avars and Laks. The resulting interethnic tension led to clashes, sometimes with tragic consequences. In 1964, Aukhs made another attempt to return to their native homeland, acting in an organized manner and emphasizing the peaceful nature of their action. The leadership of the Soviet Dagestan was confused and declared these actions “riots”, although no repressive measures were taken against the participants in the events then. Once again, Aukhs tried to return to their homes in 1976 and 1985 in the village of Chapaevo (

Chech Chech ( bg, Чеч, el, Τσέτσι) or Chechko ( bg, Чечко) is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe in modern-day Bulgaria and Greece. It consists of about 60 settlements and was traditionall ...

. Keshen-Evla), and in 1989 in many native Aukh villages. In response to these actions, the local party leadership began to turn the Avars and Laks against the Aukhs. On July 3, 1989, a rally was organized demanding the renewed cleansing of Aukhs from Dagestan.

Chechen villages in Aukh

* Kalininaul (

. Ширча-Ӏовх) * Leninaul (

. Акташ-Аух or Пхьарчхошка) * Altimirza-yurt (

. Алтимирзи-Юрт) * Barchkhoy (

. Барчха, ''Barҫxa'') * Bursun (

. Буьрсана, ''Bursana'') * Boni-Aul (

. Бони-Эвла) * Boni-yurt (

. Бони-Юрт) * Bilt-Aul (

. Билтой-Эвла, ''Biltoy-evl'') * Gachalki (

. ГӀачалкхие, ''Ġaҫalkxie'') * Keshen Aukh (

. Кешен-Ӏовх) * Mazhgara (

. МажгӀара, ''Maƶġara'') * Minai-Atagi (

. Минай-АтагӀа, ''Minay-ataġa'') * Pkharchkhoski (

. Пхьарчхошка, ''Pharҫxoşka'') * Sala-yurt (

. Салой-Юрт, ''Saloy-yurt'') * Yamansu (

. ЙамантӀи, ''Yamant'i'') * Aukh (village) (

. Ӏовх) * Zori-kuotor (

. Зори-КӀуотор)

Notable Chechens from Aukh

* Baybulatov, Irbaykhan — senior lieutenant and battalion commander of the Soviet Union during WW2, awarded the title

Hero of the Soviet Union The title Hero of the Soviet Union (russian: Герой Советского Союза, translit=Geroy Sovietskogo Soyuza) was the highest distinction in the Soviet Union, awarded together with the Order of Lenin personally or collectively for ...

posthumously * Beterbiev, Artur — current unified light-heavyweight boxing champion. * Nuradilov, Khanpasha — Soviet machine gunner,

recipient * Otarsultanov, Dzhamal — Olympic wrestler, won the gold medal in men's freestyle 55 kg at the

2012 London Olympics The 2012 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad and also known as London 2012) was an international multi-sport event held from 27 July to 12 August 2012 in London, England, United Kingdom. The first event, the ...

* Saitiev, Adam — freestyle wrestler, multiple World and European champion and winner for gold at the

2000 Summer Olympics The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXVII Olympiad and also known as Sydney 2000 (Dharug: ''Gadigal 2000''), the Millennium Olympic Games or the Games of the New Millennium, was an international multi-sport event held from 1 ...

at 85 kg cat. * Saitiev, Buvaisar — widely considered the greatest freestyle wrestler of all time, currently a deputy in the

State Duma The State Duma (russian: Госуда́рственная ду́ма, r=Gosudárstvennaja dúma), commonly abbreviated in Russian as Gosduma ( rus, Госду́ма), is the lower house of the Federal Assembly of Russia, while the upper house ...

representing Dagestan. * Saritov, Albert — Olympic wrestler,

2016 Olympics ) , nations = 207 (including IOA and EOR teams) , athletes = 11,238 , events = 306 in 28 sports (41 disciplines) , opening = 5 August 2016 , closing = 21 August 2016 , opened_by = Vice President Michel Temer , cauldron = Vanderlei Cordeiro ...

bronze medalist. * Şahin, Ramazan — Olympic wrestler,

2008 Olympics The 2008 Summer Olympics (), officially the Games of the XXIX Olympiad () and also known as Beijing 2008 (), were an international multisport event held from 8 to 24 August 2008, in Beijing, China. A total of 10,942 athletes from 204 Nati ...

gold medalist. * Zhabrailov, Elmadi Olympic wrestler,

1992 Olympics 1992 Olympics may refer to: *1992 Summer Olympics, which were held in Barcelona, Spain *1992 Winter Olympics ) , nations = 64 , athletes = 1,801 (1313 men, 488 women) , events = 57 in 6 sports (12 disciplines) , opening = 8 ...

silver medalist. * Zhabrailov, Alikhan Freestyle wrestler,

2021 European Wrestling Championships The 2021 European Wrestling Championships was held from 19 to 25 April 2021 in Warsaw, Poland. 428 athletes from 36 countries competed for continental gold at the European Championship. There were 168 Greco-Roman tournament entries, 155 freestyle ...

gold medalist.

Teips living in Aukh

Aukh is home to many

teip Teips (also taip, teyp; Nakh тайпа ''taypa'' : ''family, kin, clan, tribe''Нохчийн-Оьрсийн словарь (Chechen-Russian Dictionary, A.G. Matsiyev, Moscow, 1961), ''also available online:'Чеченско-Русский сл� ...

s, with some of them being native to the area, while others settled there later on. The following is a list of teips that live in Aukh today: # Akkoy (

. Iаккой, '''Akkoy'') # Alleroy (

. Iаларой, '''Alaroy'') # Barchkhoy (

. Барчхой, ''Barҫxoy'') # Benoy (

. Беной) # Biltoy (

. Билтой) # Bonoy (

. Боной) #Chentiy (

. ЧӀентий, ''Ҫ̇entiy'') #Chkharoy (

. Чхарой, ''Ҫxaroy'') #Chontoy (

. Чонтой, ''Ҫontoy'') # Gendargnoy (

. Гендаргной) #Gordaloy (

. ГӀордалой, ''Ġordaloy'') #Guloy (

. Гӏулой, ''Ghuloy'') #Kevoy (

. Кевой) #Khindakhoy (

. ХӀиндахой, ''Hindaxoy'') #Kurchaloy (

. Курчалой, ''Kurҫaloy'') #Merkxoy (

. Меркхой) #Merzhoy (

. Мержой) #Nokkoy (

. Ноккхой) #Ovrshoy (

. Овршой, ''Ovrşoy'') #Pkharchakhoy (

. Пхьарчахой, ''Pẋarchaxoy'') #Kovstoy (

. Къовстой, ''Q̇ovstoy'') # Karkhoy (

. Кхархой, ''Qarxoy'') #Sherbaloy (

. Шербалой, ''Şerbaloy'') #Shinroy (

. Шинрой, ''Şinroy'') #Shirdiy (

. Ширдий, ''Şirdiy'') #Tsechoy (

. Цӏечой, ''Ċeҫoy'') #Tsontaroy (

. ЦӀоьнтарой, ''Ċöntaroy)'' # Vyappiy (

. Ваьппий, ''Väppiy'') #

Zandkhoy Zandkhoy, Zandakhoy ( Chechen: Зандакъой, Зандкъой, Zandaq̇oy, Zandq̇oy) is a Chechen teip (clan) from the historic region of Ichkeria and belongs to the tukkhum Nokhchmakhkakhoy, also called ''Ichkerians''. The centre of the te ...

(

. Зандкъой, ''Zandq̇oy'') # Zhevoy (

. Жевой, ''Ƶevoy'') #Zogoy (

. ЗӀогой, ''Z'ogoy'')

Gallery

file:Gora Gebek-kala.jpg, file:Ярыксуаух Гачалка.jpg, file:Зориотар.jpg, file:Reka Aktash.jpg, file:Сала-су.jpg, file:Мечеть в Юртаухе.jpg, file:Старинная мечеть в Акташ-Аухе.jpg,

References

{{reflist, 30em History of Chechnya History of Dagestan