In
abstract algebra
In mathematics, more specifically algebra, abstract algebra or modern algebra is the study of algebraic structures. Algebraic structures include groups, rings, fields, modules, vector spaces, lattices, and algebras over a field. The term ''a ...
, the term associator is used in different ways as a measure of the
non-associativity
In mathematics, the associative property is a property of some binary operations, which means that rearranging the parentheses in an expression will not change the result. In propositional logic, associativity is a valid rule of replacement ...
of an
algebraic structure
In mathematics, an algebraic structure consists of a nonempty set ''A'' (called the underlying set, carrier set or domain), a collection of operations on ''A'' (typically binary operations such as addition and multiplication), and a finite set of ...
. Associators are commonly studied as
triple system
In algebra, a triple system (or ternar) is a vector space ''V'' over a field F together with a F-trilinear map
: (\cdot,\cdot,\cdot) \colon V\times V \times V\to V.
The most important examples are Lie triple systems and Jordan triple systems. The ...
s.
Ring theory
For a
non-associative ring
A non-associative algebra (or distributive algebra) is an algebra over a field where the binary multiplication operation is not assumed to be associative. That is, an algebraic structure ''A'' is a non-associative algebra over a field ''K'' if ...
or
algebra
Algebra () is one of the broad areas of mathematics. Roughly speaking, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols in formulas; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics.
Elementary a ...
, the associator is the
multilinear map
In linear algebra, a multilinear map is a function of several variables that is linear separately in each variable. More precisely, a multilinear map is a function
:f\colon V_1 \times \cdots \times V_n \to W\text
where V_1,\ldots,V_n and W ar ...
given by
:
Just as the
commutator
In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of the extent to which a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. There are different definitions used in group theory and ring theory.
Group theory
The commutator of two elements, a ...
:
measures the degree of
non-commutativity
In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Most familiar as the name of ...
, the associator measures the degree of non-associativity of
.
For an
associative ring
In mathematics, rings are algebraic structures that generalize fields: multiplication need not be commutative and multiplicative inverses need not exist. In other words, a ''ring'' is a set equipped with two binary operations satisfying pro ...
or
algebra
Algebra () is one of the broad areas of mathematics. Roughly speaking, algebra is the study of mathematical symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols in formulas; it is a unifying thread of almost all of mathematics.
Elementary a ...
the associator is identically zero.
The associator in any ring obeys the identity
:
The associator is
alternating precisely when
is an
alternative ring In abstract algebra, an alternative algebra is an algebra in which multiplication need not be associative, only alternative. That is, one must have
*x(xy) = (xx)y
*(yx)x = y(xx)
for all ''x'' and ''y'' in the algebra.
Every associative algebra is o ...
.
The associator is symmetric in its two rightmost arguments when
is a
pre-Lie algebra In mathematics, a pre-Lie algebra is an algebraic structure on a vector space that describes some properties of objects such as Tree (graph theory), rooted trees and vector fields on affine space.
The notion of pre-Lie algebra has been introduced b ...
.
The nucleus is the
set
Set, The Set, SET or SETS may refer to:
Science, technology, and mathematics Mathematics
*Set (mathematics), a collection of elements
*Category of sets, the category whose objects and morphisms are sets and total functions, respectively
Electro ...
of elements that associate with all others: that is, the ''n'' in ''R'' such that
:
The nucleus is an associative subring of ''R''.
Quasigroup theory
A
quasigroup
In mathematics, especially in abstract algebra, a quasigroup is an algebraic structure resembling a group in the sense that " division" is always possible. Quasigroups differ from groups mainly in that they need not be associative and need not have ...
''Q'' is a set with a
binary operation
In mathematics, a binary operation or dyadic operation is a rule for combining two elements (called operands) to produce another element. More formally, a binary operation is an operation of arity two.
More specifically, an internal binary op ...
such that for each ''a'', ''b'' in ''Q'',
the equations
and
have unique solutions ''x'', ''y'' in ''Q''. In a quasigroup ''Q'', the
associator is the map
defined by the equation
:
for all ''a'',''b'',''c'' in ''Q''. As with its ring theory analog, the quasigroup associator is a measure of nonassociativity of ''Q''.
Higher-dimensional algebra
In
higher-dimensional algebra
In mathematics, especially ( higher) category theory, higher-dimensional algebra is the study of categorified structures. It has applications in nonabelian algebraic topology, and generalizes abstract algebra.
Higher-dimensional categories
A f ...
, where there may be non-identity
morphism
In mathematics, particularly in category theory, a morphism is a structure-preserving map from one mathematical structure to another one of the same type. The notion of morphism recurs in much of contemporary mathematics. In set theory, morphisms a ...
s between algebraic expressions, an associator is an
isomorphism
In mathematics, an isomorphism is a structure-preserving mapping between two structures of the same type that can be reversed by an inverse mapping. Two mathematical structures are isomorphic if an isomorphism exists between them. The word is ...
:
Category theory
In
category theory
Category theory is a general theory of mathematical structures and their relations that was introduced by Samuel Eilenberg and Saunders Mac Lane in the middle of the 20th century in their foundational work on algebraic topology. Nowadays, cate ...
, the associator expresses the associative properties of the internal product
functor
In mathematics, specifically category theory, a functor is a Map (mathematics), mapping between Category (mathematics), categories. Functors were first considered in algebraic topology, where algebraic objects (such as the fundamental group) ar ...
in
monoidal categories
In mathematics, a monoidal category (or tensor category) is a category \mathbf C equipped with a bifunctor
:\otimes : \mathbf \times \mathbf \to \mathbf
that is associative up to a natural isomorphism, and an object ''I'' that is both a left and r ...
.
See also
*
Commutator
In mathematics, the commutator gives an indication of the extent to which a certain binary operation fails to be commutative. There are different definitions used in group theory and ring theory.
Group theory
The commutator of two elements, a ...
*
Non-associative algebra
A non-associative algebra (or distributive algebra) is an algebra over a field where the binary multiplication operation is not assumed to be associative. That is, an algebraic structure ''A'' is a non-associative algebra over a field ''K'' if ...
*
Quasi-bialgebra
In mathematics, quasi-bialgebras are a generalization of bialgebras: they were first defined by the Ukrainian mathematician Vladimir Drinfeld in 1990. A quasi-bialgebra differs from a bialgebra by having coassociativity replaced by an invertible ...
– discusses the ''Drinfeld associator''
References
*
*
Non-associative algebra
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