''Corbicula fluminea'' is a
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of
freshwater
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...
clam
Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams have two she ...
native to eastern Asia which has become a successful invasive species throughout North America, South America, and Europe.
''Corbicula fluminea'' is commonly known in the west as the Asian clam or Asiatic clam. In Southeast Asia, ''C. fluminea'' is known as the golden clam, prosperity clam, pygmy clam, or good luck clam.
Overview
''Corbicula'' have had global success as an
aquatic invasive species, having been introduced to a novel range including
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
,
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...
and
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
. Human industrial activity, such as transport of larvae via ballast water in container ships, has been noted in the literature as a chief invasion vector.
A market exists for Asian clams for human consumption in Japan, China, and other countries in the region.
According to the
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), formerly simply known as the Geological Survey, is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its natural resources, ...
, ''C. fluminea'' is likely to continue to expand its North American range until it reaches the maximum extent of its low temperature tolerance. The
periostracum of the shell is normally yellow-green, with concentric growth rings of the
prismatic layer visible through the proteinous outer layer. The periostracum can flake, allowing the white prismatic layer to show through. The shells exhibit a light purple
nacre
Nacre ( , ), also known as mother of pearl, is an organicinorganic composite material produced by some molluscs as an inner shell layer; it is also the material of which pearls are composed. It is strong, resilient, and iridescent.
Nacre is f ...
on the inside.
Life Cycle
Right after reaching maturity, these clams produce eggs, followed by sperm. Throughout adult life, ''Corbicula'' is a self-fertile simultaneous
hermaphrodite which can broadcast spawn up to 570
mucoid larvae per day per individual, and more than 68,000 per year per individual.
[McMahon, R.F. (1999) Invasive Characteristics of the Freshwater Bivalve ''Corbicula fluminea''. In R. Claudi & J.H. Leach (Eds.), ''Nonindigenous Freshwater Organisms: Vectors, Biology, and Impacts'' (pp. 315-343).] Larvae are ~200 microns in length when discharged from an adult and dispersed through water until becoming
sessile
Sessility, or sessile, may refer to:
* Sessility (motility), organisms which are not able to move about
* Sessility (botany), flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem or peduncle of a plant
* Sessility (medicine), tumors and polyps that ...
adults.
Adults can reach a length of about 5 cm.
Feeding
''Corbicula fluminea'' is an active suspension feeder, and in the process of feeding by pumping water through its body (as well as feeding on interstitial sedimentary material via pedal feeding when suspended grazing items are limited).
They feed primarily on
phytoplankton
Phytoplankton () are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems. The name comes from the Greek words (), meaning 'plant', and (), meaning 'wanderer' or 'drifter'.
Ph ...
(
algae
Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...
), which they actively filter out the water, but may pedal feed on organic matter in the sandy or muddy bottoms of streams, lakes, or canals where the clam establishes a population.
Range
As a native species
This clam originally occurs in freshwater environments of Eastern Asia, including
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
,
Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
, the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
,
Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
,
Korea
Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...
, and
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
. ''C. fluminea'' also occurs naturally in freshwater environments of
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
.
[ (2001): Nonindigenous species information bulletin: Asian clam, ''Corbicula fluminea'' (Müller, 1774) (Mollusca: Corbiculidae)]
PDF fulltext
/ref>
As an invasive species
Many coastal rivers with a heavy industrial shipping presence in the invaded range of ''C. fluminea'' sustain Asian clam populations. Various non-indigenous populations of ''C. fluminea'' include:
*British Columbia
British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...
circa 1924, and now more widespread
*The Columbia River
The Columbia River (Upper Chinook: ' or '; Sahaptin: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; Sinixt dialect'' '') is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, C ...
in the northwest United States in 1938
* River Thames, UK in 2004
*Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
[Vázquez A. A. & Perera S. (2010). "Endemic Freshwater molluscs of Cuba and their conservation status". '']Tropical Conservation Science
Mongabay (mongabay.com) is a conservation news web portal that reports on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries ...
'' 3(2): 190-199
HTM
PDF
*Lake Tahoe
Lake Tahoe (; was, Dáʔaw, meaning "the lake") is a Fresh water, freshwater lake in the Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Sierra Nevada of the United States. Lying at , it straddles the state line between California and Nevada, west of Carson City, Nevad ...
, on the borders of California and Nevada, they were first found in 2002, and the numbers increased rapidly after 2008.
* Lake George, NY, USA
*South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the southe ...
,[Darrigran, G. and Damborenea, C. La almeja de agua dulce ''Corbicula fluminea'' (Müller, 1t74). In: Penchaszadeh, P.E. (Ed.), ''Invasores. Invertebrados exóticos en el Río de La Plata y región marina aledaña,'' Eudeba, Buenos Aires, pp. 133-177.] including Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
, Uruguay
Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...
, Brasil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area an ...
(Río de La Plata basin
The Río de la Plata basin ( es, Cuenca del Plata, pt, Bacia do Prata), more often called the River Plate basin in scholarly writings, sometimes called the Platine basin or Platine region, is the hydrographical area in South America that drains ...
, Río Amazonas Basin, Patagonia
Patagonia () refers to a geographical region that encompasses the southern end of South America, governed by Argentina and Chile. The region comprises the southern section of the Andes Mountains with lakes, fjords, temperate rainforests, and gl ...
- Río Colorado, Río Negro- and is currently in expansion), Perú
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = National seal
, national_motto = "Firm and Happy fo ...
, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
and Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
(Guayas, Daule, Vinces, Quevedo, and Babahoyo River drainages).
*Germany's Rhine
), Surselva, Graubünden, Switzerland
, source1_coordinates=
, source1_elevation =
, source2 = Rein Posteriur/Hinterrhein
, source2_location = Paradies Glacier, Graubünden, Switzerland
, source2_coordinates=
, so ...
River in the late 1980s
*Danube
The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...
River through the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal
*It reached the Elbe
The Elbe (; cs, Labe ; nds, Ilv or ''Elv''; Upper and dsb, Łobjo) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Repu ...
in 1998 at the latest[ (2004): Die Molluskenfauna der Elbe in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern mit Erstnachweis der Grobgerippten Körbchenmuschel ''Corbicula fluminea'' (O. F. Müller 1756). ''Mitteilungen der NGM'' 4(1): 85-89. ]PDF_fulltext
*River_Nore_&_Barrow,_Republic_of_Ireland,_first_recorded_in_April_2010
*_List_of_molluscs_recorded_in_the_Czech_Republic.html" "title="n German
PDF fulltext
*River Nore & Barrow, Republic of Ireland, first recorded in April 2010
* List of molluscs recorded in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic
The Czech Republic, or simply Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Historically known as Bohemia, it is bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The ...
- in Elbe in Bohemia since 2000[ Horsák M., Juřičková L., Beran L., Čejka T. & Dvořák L. (2010). "Komentovaný seznam měkkýšů zjištěných ve volné přírodě České a Slovenské republiky. [Annotated list of mollusc species recorded outdoors in the Czech and Slovak Republics]". ''Malacologica Bohemoslovaca'', Suppl. 1: 1-37]
PDF
and it is spreading. It was found in Morava River in south Moravia in 2018.
* Slovakia
Slovakia (; sk, Slovensko ), officially the Slovak Republic ( sk, Slovenská republika, links=no ), is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east, Hungary to the south, Austria to the s ...
*Minho River
The Minho ( , ) or Miño ( , , ; cel-x-proto, Miniu) is the longest river in Galicia, sharing the border with Portugal, with a length of . By discharge, it is the fourth river of the Iberian peninsula, after the Douro, Ebro, and Tagus.
The Min ...
in Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of ...
* Between August 15–28, 2020 in Briggs Lake
Briggs Lake is a lake in Sherburne County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota.
Briggs Lake was named for Josiah Briggs, a pioneer who settled near the lake.
See also
*List of lakes in Minnesota
This is a list of lakes of Minnesota. Although promo ...
in Minnesota
Minnesota () is a state in the upper midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to ...
; however UMN Extension does not believe they are able to naturally survive in Minnesota, instead surviving only in the higher temperatures of power plant
A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.
Many pow ...
coolant water
* Shuswap Lake
Shuswap Lake (pronounced /ˈʃuːʃwɑːp/) is a lake located in the southern interior of British Columbia, Canada that drains via the Little Shuswap River into Little Shuswap Lake. Little Shuswap Lake is the source of the South Thompson River, ...
, British Columbia
British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...
, Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...
in 2020
* Found in the Pend d'Oreille River
The Pend Oreille River ( ) is a tributary of the Columbia River, approximately long, in northern Idaho and northeastern Washington (state), Washington in the United States, as well as southeastern British Columbia in Canada. In its passage throu ...
in British Columbia, a tributary of the Columbia, in the spring of 2021
Means of dispersal
Human vectors
Human activities are the chief reason for the wide dispersal of ''C. fluminea'' as an invasive aquatic organism. Its global invasion probably started with Asian immigration in North America during the 1920s, as it was used as food source by these communities. ''Corbicula fluminea'', along with other exotic bivalve larvae, may be accidentally transported via ballast water or recreational boaters. Furthermore, the species is common in the aquarium trade and can be intentionally or unintentionally released in the wild by aquarists.
Life history advantages
''Corbicula fluminea'' enjoys several physiological capabilities which are advantageous in promoting its invasion of novel lentic
A lake ecosystem or lacustrine ecosystem includes biotic (living) plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (non-living) physical and chemical interactions. Lake ecosystems are a prime example of lentic ecosystems (''lentic'' re ...
/lotic
River ecosystems are flowing waters that drain the landscape, and include the Biotic component, biotic (living) interactions amongst plants, animals and micro-organisms, as well as abiotic (nonliving) physical and chemical interactions of its man ...
environments including:
* Rapid individual growth rate
* Short time to reach sexual maturity
* Short lifespan paired with high fecundity
Fecundity is defined in two ways; in human demography, it is the potential for reproduction of a recorded population as opposed to a sole organism, while in population biology, it is considered similar to fertility, the natural capability to pr ...
* Fast rate of water filtration for suspension feeding
Filter feeders are a sub-group of suspension feeding animals that feed by straining suspended matter and food particles from water, typically by passing the water over a specialized filtering structure. Some animals that use this method of feedin ...
* Ability to broadcast gametes over a broad area by utilizing water flow (in rivers)
* Tolerance of a wide variety of substrate/habitat types[Gomes C, Sousa R, Mendes T, Borges R, Vilares P, Vasconcelos V, et al. (2016) Low Genetic Diversity and High Invasion Success of Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia, Corbiculidae) (Müller, 1774) in Portugal. PLoS ONE 11(7):e0158108. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0158108]
''Corbicula fluminea'' is a self-fertilizing, simultaneous hermaphrodite which can asexually produce internally-brooded, semi-buoyant planktonic larvae when spermiogenesis
Spermiogenesis is the final stage of spermatogenesis, during which the spermatids develop into mature spermatozoon, spermatozoa. At the beginning of the stage, the spermatid is a more or less circular cell containing a cell nucleus, nucleus, Golg ...
is induced at temperatures above 10 °C. This allows ''C. fluminea'' to colonize novel habitats at an advanced rate.
Habitat association
Studies on which abiotic habitat characteristics are most strongly associated with Asian clam population abundance
Abundance may refer to:
In science and technology
* Abundance (economics), the opposite of scarcities
* Abundance (ecology), the relative representation of a species in a community
* Abundance (programming language), a Forth-like computer prog ...
have produced varying results. Brazilian habitats have been found to have support the largest abundances of invasive ''Corbicula'' spp. in areas with coarser dominant sediment fractions, while negatively correlated with increasing levels of organic matter. Others studies have shown abiotic habitat characteristics such as water redox potential, inorganic nutrient content, hardness, and organic matter content in tandem with the amount of very coarse sand combine to explain 59.3% of ''Corbicula'' population habitat association via statistical tests. Asian clam invasions seem to be limited by elevation (88% of the invaded range is below 500m elevation), latitude (90% lies between latitudes 30°and 55°) as well as the minimum winter temperature (-10 °C) of the ecosystem.
Impacts on invaded ecosystems
''Corbicula fluminea'' reworks the sediments it resides on through the process of bioturbation
Bioturbation is defined as the reworking of soils and sediments by animals or plants. It includes burrowing, ingestion, and defecation of sediment grains. Bioturbating activities have a profound effect on the environment and are thought to be a pr ...
. Asian clams are considered biodiffusors similar to marine clam species due to their observed bioturbation activity which may negatively affect biogeochemical affect other members of the benthic
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "t ...
community in invaded areas.
''Corbicula'' has also been shown to profoundly influence community dynamics within the macrobenthos
Macrobenthos consists of the organisms that live at the bottom of a water columnJ.S. Link, C.A. Griswold, E.T. Methratta, J. Gunnard, Editors. 2006Documentation for the Energy Modeling and Analysis eXercise (EMAX). United States Department of C ...
of invaded systems. ''Corbicula'' has been shown to remove as much as 70% of phytoplankton biomass in reaches of invaded rivers with a robust clam population. The clam has also been reported as causing a decline of dissolved oxygen in the water of the same river system with wide ranging second-order effects.
The primary economic and social impact of the invasion of ''C. fluminea'' has been billions of dollars in costs associated with clogged plumbing and, heat exchangers, or other human-created infrastructure. Ecologically, ''C. fluminea'' contributes to declines and replacement of highly vulnerable, already threatened native clams.
Global invasion pattern
The first recorded instance of ''Corbicula'' presence in the scientific literature in the Western Hemisphere was of its introduction into British Columbia circa 1924, followed by a spread throughout the Pacific Northwest and across the American south through South America. Invasions in Europe and Central America were more recent, first appearing in Caribbean countries in 1998.
Mitigation
They have been blamed for algal blooms and concerns exist they will outcompete and displace native species such as the montane pea clam (''Pisidium'' spp.) and the ramshorn snail (Planorbidae).Efforts are underway at Lake Tahoe to smother the clams on the bottom with rubber mats. In August 2020 routine inspections in Wyoming
Wyoming () is a U.S. state, state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It is bordered by Montana to the north and northwest, South Dakota and Nebraska to the east, Idaho to the west, Utah to the south ...
found several watercraft to be heavily infested including one with ''C. fluminea''. On October 16, 2020 the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (MFWP) is a government agency in the executive branch state of Montana in the United States with responsibility for protecting sustainable fish, wildlife, and state-owned park resources in Montan ...
recommended that Lake Elmo - in Billings
Billings is the largest city in the U.S. state of Montana, with a population of 117,116 as of the 2020 census. Located in the south-central portion of the state, it is the seat of Yellowstone County and the principal city of the Billings Met ...
- be drained to dry out and freeze to death the ''C. fluminea'' infestation there.
Taxonomy
''Corbicula fluminea'' is a species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of freshwater
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids. Although the term specifically excludes seawater and brackish water, it does include ...
clam
Clam is a common name for several kinds of bivalve molluscs. The word is often applied only to those that are edible and live as infauna, spending most of their lives halfway buried in the sand of the seafloor or riverbeds. Clams have two she ...
, an aquatic bivalve
Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bival ...
mollusk
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
in the family Cyrenidae.[Bouchet, P. (2015). Corbicula fluminea (O. F. Müller, 1774). In: MolluscaBase (2015). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=181580 on 2015-08-26] ''C. fluminea'' is often confused with ''Corbicula fluminalis
''Corbicula fluminalis'' is a species of freshwater clam, an aquatic bivalve mollusk in the family Cyrenidae. This species is distinct from, but often confused with, the rather similar species ''Corbicula fluminea''. Even though both species ...
'' due to the two species' similar color and texture. Two species may be present in some introduced populations: ''C. fluminea'' and ''C. fluminalis''. The names themselves are similar in the literature (e.g. by being called ''"Corbicula fluminata"'').
The ratio of width and height in ''C. fluminea'' is on average 1.1. In ''C. fluminalis'' it is smaller (0.97); still, there is much variation and considerable overlap in shape. Most easily, they can be distinguished by the number of ribs on the shell; ''C. fluminea'' has 7 to 14 ribs per cm, ''C. fluminalis'' 13 to 28.[Jueg & Zettler (2004), and see "External links"] This character is already clearly recognizable (albeit only by direct comparison) in very small (5 mm diameter) specimens. In addition, when viewed from the ventral side (looking at the opening between the shells), ''C. fluminalis'' is rounder, almost heart-shaped, while ''C. fluminea'' has a slightly flatter shape like a teardrop with a notched broad end. Small specimens of ''C. fluminalis'' are almost spherical, while those of ''C. fluminea'' are decidedly flattened. All these differences except the rib number are a consequence of ''C. fluminalis'' having a markedly more swollen, pointed and protruding umbo.
See also
* List of introduced molluscs species of Venezuela
References
* Weitere, M. et al. (2009) Linking environmental warming to the fitness of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea, Global Change Biology, Volume 15 Issue 12, Pages 2838 - 285
Further reading
*
External links
USGS (NAS)- Nonindigenous Aquatic Species
* ttp://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invertebrates/corbicula.html Anatomy of ''Corbicula fluminea'' Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine
GLANSIS Species Fact Sheet
United States Geological Survey
Species Profile - Asian Clam (''Corbicula fluminea'')
National Invasive Species Information Center, United States National Agricultural Library
The United States National Agricultural Library (NAL) is one of the world's largest agricultural research libraries, and serves as a national library of the United States and as the library of the United States Department of Agriculture. Located ...
. Lists general information and resources for Asian Clam.
{{DEFAULTSORT:Corbicula Fluminea
Cyrenidae
Molluscs described in 1774
Taxa named by Otto Friedrich Müller