The Asclepiadoideae are a

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

of plants in the family

Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, because some taxa were used as dog poison Members of the ...

. Formerly, they were treated as a separate family under the name Asclepiadaceae, e.g. by

APG II The APG II system (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II system) of plant classification is the second, now obsolete, version of a modern, mostly molecular-based, system of plant taxonomy that was published in April 2003 by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Gr ...

, and known as the milkweed family. They form a group of perennial

herb In general use, herbs are a widely distributed and widespread group of plants, excluding vegetables and other plants consumed for macronutrients, with savory or aromatic properties that are used for flavoring and garnishing food, for medicinal ...

s, twining

shrub A shrub (often also called a bush) is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant. Unlike herbaceous plants, shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees ...

liana A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...

s or rarely

tree In botany, a tree is a perennial plant with an elongated stem, or trunk, usually supporting branches and leaves. In some usages, the definition of a tree may be narrower, including only woody plants with secondary growth, plants that are ...

s but notably also contain a significant number of leafless

stem succulent Stem succulents are fleshy succulent columnar shaped plants which conduct photosynthesis mainly through their stems rather than their leaves.Frerea indica, a Stem Succulent CAM Plant with Deciduous C₃ Leaves, Otto L. Lange and Margit Zuber, Oeco ...

s. The name comes from the

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...

Asclepias ''Asclepias'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants known as milkweeds, named for their latex, a milky substance containing cardiac glycosides termed cardenolides, exuded where cells are damaged. Most species are toxic to humans ...

'' (milkweeds). There are 348 genera, with about 2,900

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

. They are mainly located in the tropics to subtropics, especially in Africa and South America. The florally advanced tribe

Stapelieae The genera of plants within the tribe Stapelieae are all to varying degrees stem succulents. Many of the species resemble cacti, though are not closely related, as an example of convergent evolution. The stems are often angular, mostly four-ang ...

within this family contains the relatively familiar stem succulent genera such as ''

Huernia The genus ''Huernia'' (family Apocynaceae, subfamily Asclepiadoideae) consists of perennial, stem succulents from Eastern and Southern Africa and Arabia, first described as a genus in 1810.Brown, Robert. 1810. On the Asclepiadeae 11 The flowers ...

Stapelia ''Stapelia'' is a genus of low-growing, spineless, stem succulent plants, predominantly from South Africa with a few from other parts of Africa. Several Asian and Latin American species were formerly included but they have all now been transfe ...

'' and ''

Hoodia ''Hoodia'' (; known locally as "ghaap" or "bobbejaanghaap") is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, native to Southern Africa. One species of ''Hoodia'' in particular, ''Hoodia gordonii'', ...

''. They are remarkable for the complex mechanisms they have developed for

pollination Pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. Pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds ...

, which independently parallel the unrelated

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

, especially in the grouping of their pollen into

pollinia A pollinium (plural pollinia) is a coherent mass of pollen grains in a plant that are the product of only one anther, but are transferred, during pollination, as a single unit. This is regularly seen in plants such as orchids and many species of mil ...

. The fragrance from the flowers, often called "carrion", attracts flies. The flies pollinate the flowers. Many new hybrids have been formed due to the unique fertilization method of the flowers.

Tribes and genera

The following five tribes are recognised:

Asclepiadeae

*''

Adelostemma ''Adelostemma'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1883. It contains only one known species, ''Adelostemma gracillimum'', native to Myanmar and China ( Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan Yunnan , () is a ...

'' *''

Aidomene ''Asclepias'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial plant, perennial, flowering plants known as milkweeds, named for their latex, a milky substance containing cardiac glycosides termed cardenolides, exuded where cells are damaged. Most species ar ...

'' *''

Araujia ''Araujia'' is a small genus of perennial vines in the dogbane family first described as a genus in 1817. The group is native to South America.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Va ...

'' *''

Aspidoglossum ''Aspidoglossum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1838. It is native to Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30 ...

'' *''

Aspidonepsis ''Aspidonepsis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commo ...

'' *''

Astephanus ''Astephanus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. ;Species The Plant List maintained by the Kew Gardens in London currently (September 2014) lists 53 species names that have been placed ...

'' *''

Barjonia ''Barjonia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. They are native to South America.Wood, J. R. I., F. Mamani M., P. Pozo, J. D. Soto & D. Villarroel Segarra. (eds.) 2011. Guía Darwin de la ...

'' *''

Blepharodon ''Blepharodon'' is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. They are native primarily to South America, with one species extending into Central America and Mexico.Steyermark, J. A. 1995. Flora of the Venezue ...

'' *''

Calciphila ''Calciphila'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly k ...

'' *''

Calotropis ''Calotropis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to southern Asia and North Africa. They are commonly known as milkweeds because of the latex they produce. ''Calotropis'' ...

'' *''

Cordylogyne ''Cordylogyne'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1838. It contains only one accepted species, '' Cordylogyne globosa'', native to South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of South Af ...

'' *''

Cynanchum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is ...

'' *'' Diplolepis'' *''

Ditassa ''Ditassa'' is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to South America. ;Species ;formerly included transferred to other genera ''(Blepharodon, Cynanchum, Macroditassa, Metastelma, Minari ...

'' *'' Fanninia'' *'' Fischeria'' *''

Funastrum ''Funastrum'' is a genus of flowering plant now in the family Apocynaceae. The name is derived from the Latin word ''funis'', meaning "rope", and ''astrum'', alluding to the twining stems. Members of the genus are commonly known as twinevines. S ...

'' *''

Glossonema Glossonema is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, ...

'' *''

Glossostelma Glossostelma is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family ...

'' *''

Gomphocarpus ''Gomphocarpus'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the ...

'' *''

Gonolobus ''Gonolobus'' is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae, first described in 1803. It is native to South America, Central America, Mexico, the West Indies, and the southern United States. ;Species * ''Gonolobus absalonensis'' - Martinique * ''G ...

'' *''

Graphistemma ''Graphistemma'' is a species of plants in the Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1876. It contains only one known species, ''Graphistemma pictum'', native to Vietnam and S China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan Hainan (, ; ) is the sma ...

'' *'' Gyrostelma'' *'' Hemipogon'' *'' Holostemma'' *''

Hypolobus ''Hypolobus'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1885. It contains only one known species, ''Hypolobus infractus'', endemic to the State of Bahia in Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the ...

'' *''

Ibatia ''Ibatia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Its native range is Panama to Tropical America. Species: *''Ibatia aristeguietae'' *''Ibatia boliviensis'' *''Ibatia ciliata'' *''Ibatia cordata'' *''Ibatia cu ...

'' *''

Jobinia ''Jobinia'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae first described in 1885. It is native to South America and Central America. ;Species ;formerly included transferred to ''Cynanchum ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 sp ...

'' *''

Kanahia ''Kanahia'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula, (; ar, شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَةِ الْعَر ...

'' *''

Lachnostoma ''Lachnostoma'' is an extinct genus from a well-known class of fossil marine arthropods, the trilobites. It lived during the early part of the Arenig stage of the Ordovician Period, a faunal stage In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a successio ...

'' *''

Macroscepis ''Macroscepis '' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1819. It is native to Latin America and the West Indies.Jørgensen, P. M. & S. León-Yánez. (eds.) 1999. Catalog of the Vascular Plants of Ecuador. M ...

'' *''

Mahawoa ''Mahawoa'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The only species is ''Mahawoa montana''. Its native range is Central Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Equator and the bound ...

'' *'' Margaretta'' *''

Matelea ''Matelea'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. It contains about 200 species, which are commonly known as milkvines. Some people consider '' Chthamalia'' to be a synonym to or a subgenus of ''Matelea''. Selected species ...

'' *''

Merrillanthus ''Vincetoxicum hainanense'' is a species of plants in the Apocynaceae. It was first described in 1941 as ''Merrillanthus hainanensis'', which was the only species in the genus ''Merrillanthus''. It is native to Guangdong, Hainan, and Cambodia ...

'' *''

Metaplexis ''Metaplexis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. As presently conceived, it contains two known species, both native to east Asia. Description ''Metaplexis'' plants are vines that reach ...

'' *''

Metastelma ''Metastelma'' is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane f ...

'' *''

Microloma ''Microloma'' is a small genus of ''Ceropegia''-like twiners and twiggy bushes occurring in mainly arid or fynbos regions in South Africa. They are generally nondescript when not in bloom, but the flowers of most species are incongruously decorat ...

'' *''

Minaria ''Minaria'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 2006. They are native to Brazil and Bolivia in South America.Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil . Jardim Botânico do Rio de J ...

'' *'' Miraglossum'' *''

Monsanima ''Monsanima'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly kn ...

'' *'' Morrenia'' *''

Nautonia ''Nautonia'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. It contains only one known species, ''Nautonia nummularia'', native to Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Bra ...

'' *'' Nephradenia'' *'' Odontanthera'' *''

Odontostelma ''Asclepias'' is a genus of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants known as milkweeds, named for their latex, a milky substance containing cardiac glycosides termed cardenolides, exuded where cells are damaged. Most species are toxic to huma ...

'' *''

Oncinema ''Oncinema'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1834. It contains only one known species, ''Oncinema lineare '', native to South Africa.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. ...

'' *''

Orthosia ''Orthosia'' is a genus of moths of the family Noctuidae The Noctuidae, commonly known as owlet moths, cutworms or armyworms, are a family of moths. They are considered the most controversial family in the superfamily Noctuoidea because man ...

'' *''

Oxypetalum ''Oxypetalum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described with this name in 1810. The genus is native to South America.Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the ...

'' *''

Oxystelma ''Oxystelma'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Africa and Asia. Species ''The Plant List'' includes: # '' Oxystelma bornouense'' R.Br. - tropical Africa # '' Oxystelma ...

'' *''

Pachycarpus ''Pachycarpus'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1838. It is native to Africa. ;Species ;formerly included moved to other genera ''(Asclepias, Gomphocarpus, Xysmalobium ''Xysmalobium'' is a genus of plants ...

'' *''

Parapodium In invertebrates, the term parapodium ( Gr. ''para'', beyond or beside + ''podia'', feet; plural: parapodia) refers to lateral outgrowths or protrusions from the body. Parapodia are predominantly found in annelids, where they are paired, unjointed ...

'' *''

Pentacyphus ''Pentacyphus'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1906. It is native to South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, w ...

'' *''

Pentarrhinum ''Pentarrhinum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1838. It is native to Africa.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nichola ...

'' *''

Pentastelma ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *''

Pentatropis ''Pentatropis'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1834. It is native to Africa and southern Asia. ;Species ;formerly included moved to other genera ''(Cynanchum, Daemia, Rhyncharrhena, Vincetoxicu ...

'' *''

Peplonia ''Peplonia'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. The entire genus is endemic to Brazil.Forzza, R. C. 2010. Lista de espécies Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010 . Jardim Botânico ...

'' *''

Pergularia ''Pergularia'' is a genus of the botanical family Apocynaceae. ''Pergularia daemia'' is a perennial twinning herb that grows along the roadsides of India and tropical and subtropical regions in South Asia, Africa, and Australia. Pharmacological ...

'' *'' Petalostelma'' *''

Phaeostemma ''Phaeostemma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Its native range is Northern South America, Southeastern and Southern Brazil to Northeastern Argentina. Species: *''Phaeostemma brasiliensis'' *''Phaeostemma ...

'' *'' Pherotrichis'' *'' Philibertia'' *'' Pseudolachnostoma'' *''

Raphistemma ''Raphistemma'' was a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1831, It is native to China and Southeast Asia. but now synonymous and subsumed into the genus ''Cynanchum''. ;Species # ''Raphistemma hoope ...

'' *'' Rhyssostelma'' *''

Rhytidostemma ''Rhytidostemma'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonl ...

'' *''

Rojasia ''Rojasia'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1905. , Plants of the World Online Plants of the World Online (POWO) is an online database published by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. It was launched i ...

'' *''

Schizoglossum ''Schizoglossum'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonl ...

'' *'' Schizostephanus'' *''

Schubertia ''Schubertia '' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to South America. The name ''Schubertia'' has been used three times in botany, with this genus in the Apocynaceae the only ...

'' *'' Scyphostelma'' *'' Seshagiria'' *''

Sichuania ''Cynanchum'' is a genus of about 300 species including some swallowworts, belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The taxon name comes from Greek ''kynos'' (meaning "dog") and ''anchein'' ("to choke"), hence the common name for several species is d ...

'' *''

Solenostemma ''Solenostemma'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, It was established as a genus in 1825. It contains only one known species, ''Solenostemma arghel'', native to North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. The leaves are used in herbal ...

'' *'' Stathmostelma'' *''

Stelmagonum ''Stelmagonum hahnianum'' is a species of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vine ...

'' *''

Stenomeria ''Stenomeria'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1852. It is native to northwestern South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern He ...

'' *''

Stenostelma ''Stenostelma'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1894.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species o ...

'' *''

Tassadia ''Tassadia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. It is native primarily to South America, with one species extending north into Central America, S Mexico, and Trinidad Trinidad is the larger ...

'' *'' Trachycalymma'' *'' Tweedia'' *'' Tylodontia'' *''

Vincetoxicum ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *'' Widgrenia'' *''

Woodia ''Woodia'' is a genus in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, becaus ...

'' *''

Xysmalobium ''Xysmalobium'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Africa.Brown, Robert. 1810. On the Asclepiadeae 27 ;Species ;formerly included moved to other genera ''(Asclepias, Glossostel ...

Ceropegieae

'' Ceropegia candelabrum'' '' Stapelia gigantea'' *'' Anisotoma'' *''

Anomalluma ''Pseudolithos'' is a genus of succulent flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, indigenous to arid areas of Somalia, Yemen and Oman. Description and naming The plants were first described as a genus in 1965; the name ''"Pseudo-lithos"'' me ...

'' *''

Apteranthes ''Apteranthes'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Its native range is Canary Islands, Mediterranean to Indian subcontinent The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, phys ...

'' *''

Australluma ''Australluma'' is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. Species include: * ''Australluma peschii'', (Nel) Plowes Australluma, Taxonomy articles created by Polbot Apocynaceae genera {{Apocynaceae-stub ...

'' *'' Baynesia'' *''

Boucerosia ''Boucerosia'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Its native range is Indian Subcontinent to Myanmar. Species: *''Boucerosia crenulata'' *''Boucerosia diffusa'' *''Boucerosia frerei'' *''Boucerosia indica'' ...

'' *''

Brachystelma The genus ''Brachystelma'' is represented by over a hundred species in the world, chiefly distributed in South Africa, South-East Asia and Australasia. In India, 17 species are known to occur, of which nine are endemic. Species The genus contain ...

'' *''

Caralluma ''Caralluma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, consisting of about 120 species. In 1795 William Roxburgh published the name '' Stapelia adscendens'' for a plant found in India. He commented that the name for the plant ...

'' *''

Caudanthera ''Caudanthera'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly ...

'' *''

Ceropegia ''Ceropegia'' is a genus of plants within the family Apocynaceae, native to Africa, southern Asia, and Australia. It was named by Carl Linnaeus, who first described this genus in his ''Genera plantarum'', which appeared in 1737. Linnaeus referre ...

'' *'' Conomitra'' *''

Desmidorchis ''Desmidorchis'' is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. Its native range is Sahara and Sahel to Eastern Tropical Africa Although tropical Africa is mostly familiar to the West for its rainforests, this biogeog ...

'' *''

Duvalia ''Duvalia'' is a succulent plant genus in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, in the family Apocynaceae (dogbane). The genus was first described in 1812, named after the French physician and botanist Henri-Auguste Duval (1777-1814). Description ...

'' *''

Duvaliandra ''Duvaliandra'' is a species of plants in the Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1980. It contains only one known species, ''Duvaliandra dioscoridis'', native to the Socotra Islands in the Indian Ocean The Indian Ocean is the third-la ...

'' *''

Echidnopsis ''Echidnopsis'' is a genus of succulent, cactus-like plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1871. They are native to eastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. ;Accepted species ;Species formerly included ''Echidnopsi ...

'' *''

Edithcolea ''Edithcolea'' is a monotypic genus with a single species ''Edithcolea grandis'' (Persian carpet flower). Once classified in the family Asclepiadaceae, it is now in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae of the dogbane family Apocynaceae. It is native to ...

'' *'' Emplectranthus'' *'' Heterostemma'' *''

'' *''

Larryleachia ''Larryleachia'' is a genus of stapeliad succulent flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae. ;Species * '' Larryleachia cactiformis'' (Hooker) Plowes * '' Larryleachia marlothii'' (N.E. Brown) Plowes * '' Larryleachia perlata'' (Dinter) Pl ...

'' *''

Lavrania ''Lavrania'' is a monospecific genus of plant in family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1986. It is native to Namibia. ;Species # '' Lavrania haagnerae'' Plowes - Namibia ;Taxonomy Phylogenetic studies have shown the genus to be mo ...

'' *'' Leptadenia'' *''

Monolluma ''Monolluma'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogban ...

'' *''

Neoschumannia ''Neoschumannia'' is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1905. It is native to Africa. ;Species # '' Neoschumannia cardinea'' (S. Moore) Meve - Zimbabwe # '' Neoschumannia kamerunensis'' Schltr. - Cameroon ...

'' *''

Notechidnopsis ''Notechidnopsis'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1985. It contains only one recognized species, ''Notechidnopsis tessellata'', native to Cape Province in South Africa. ;formerly included moved to '' ...

'' *''

Ophionella ''Ophionella '' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1981. It contains only one accepted species, ''Ophionella arcuata'', native to Eastern Cape Province of South Africa South Africa, officially the ...

'' *''

Orbea Orbea is a bicycle manufacturer based in Mallabia, Spain. It is part of the Mondragón Cooperative Corporation and Spain's largest bicycle manufacturer. Orbea manufactures and assembles bikes at their own factory in Mallabia, the other models ...

'' *'' Orbeanthus'' *''

Orthanthera ''Orthanthera'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1834. It is native to India and Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At a ...

'' *'' Pectinaria'' *'' Pentasachme'' *''

Piaranthus ''Piaranthus'' is a succulent plant genus in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae, in the family Apocynaceae. It was first described in 1810. Its name comes from Greek and is descriptive of the fleshy, succulent flowers typical of the genus (''"piar-" ...

'' *''

Pseudolithos ''Pseudolithos'' is a genus of succulent flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae, indigenous to arid areas of Somalia, Yemen and Oman. Description and naming The plants were first described as a genus in 1965; the name ''"Pseudo-lithos"'' me ...

'' *''

Quaqua The genus ''Quaqua'' falls within the tribe of plants known collectively as stapeliads. All stapeliads, including ''Quaqua'', are Old World stem succulents. Species of the genus ''Quaqua'' are exceptionally varied and endemic to southwestern ...

'' *''

Rhytidocaulon Rhytidocaulon is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1962. It is native to northeastern Africa and the Arabian Peninsula ;Species # '' Rhytidocaulon paradoxum'' P.R.O.Bally - Ethiopia # '' Rhytidocaulon piliferum'' Lavra ...

'' *'' Richtersveldia'' *''

Riocreuxia ''Riocreuxia'' is a plant genus in the family ''Apocynaceae'', and named in honour of the botanical illustrator Alfred Riocreux (1820-1912). It was first described as a genus in 1844 and is native to Africa.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, ...

'' *''

Sisyranthus ''Sisyranthus'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1838. It is native to southern Africa. ;Species References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q6130038 Apocynaceae genera Asclepiadoideae Flora of Southern Afric ...

'' *''

Socotrella ''Socotrella'' is a monotypic genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. It contains the single species ''Socotrella dolichocnema'', which is endemic to Socotra Socotra or Soqotra (; ar, سُقُطْرَىٰ ; so, Suqadara) is an island of the ...

'' *''

Stapelianthus ''Stapelianthus'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1933. The entire genus is endemic to Madagascar and is concentrated in the far south of the island. The genus is defined by the unique coro ...

'' *''

Stapeliopsis ''Stapeliopsis'' is a genus of succulent plants in the family Apocynaceae, native to southern Africa. Description ''Stapeliopsis'' was described as a genus in 1928. The name refers to its superficial resemblance to some species of the genus ''St ...

'' *''

Tavaresia ''Tavaresia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1902. It is native to southern Africa. ;Species # ''Tavaresia angolensis'' Welw. - Angola # ''Tavaresia barklyi'' (Dyer) N.E.Br. - South Africa # ''Tav ...

'' *''

Tridentea ''Tridentea'' is a genus of succulent plant in the family Apocynaceae, endemic to southern Africa. Name and history ''Tridentea'' was first described as a genus in 1812, and its name refers to the three "teeth" on each interstaminal segment of ...

'' *''

Tromotriche ''Tromotriche'' is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae. It is native to southern Africa.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987. List of species of southe ...

'' *''

Whitesloanea ''Whitesloanea'' (also ''White-sloanea'') is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It has only one known species; ''White-sloanea crassa'' (N.E.Br.) Chiov. It has an unusual odour, in that many believe it to s ...

Eustegieae

*''

Eustegia ''Eustegia'' is a genus of vines in the family Apocynaceae Apocynaceae (from '' Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogba ...

'' *''

Emicocarpus ''Emicocarpus'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classi ...

Fockeeae

*''

Cibirhiza ''Cibirhiza'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1988. It is native to central and eastern Africa and to the Arabian Peninsula. Species # ''Cibirhiza albersiana'' Kunz, Meve & Liede - Tanzania, Zambia ...

'' *''

Fockea ''Fockea'' is a genus of succulent scrubs native to southern Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) ...

Marsdenieae

*''

Anatropanthus ''Anatropanthus'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1908. It contains only one known species, '' Anatropanthus borneensis '', endemic to the Island of Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the t ...

'' *'' Anisopus'' *'' Asterostemma'' *''

Campestigma ''Campestigma'' is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1912. It contains only one known species, ''Campestigma purpurea'', native to Laos and Vietnam Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), offici ...

'' *'' Cathetostemma'' *''

Cionura ''Cionura'' is a genus of perennial plants found through the Mediterranean regions, the South and Eastern parts of the Balkan peninsula and Asia Minor to Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, ام ...

'' *'' Cosmostigma'' *''

Dischidia ''Dischidia'' is a genus of plants in the “dog-bane” family Apocynaceae, collectively known as the “milkweeds” (true perennial milkweeds in the ''Apocynaceae'' are found in the genus ''Asclepias''). They are epiphytes, native to tropical ...

'' *'' Dolichopetalum'' *''

Gongronema ''Gongronema'' is a genus of plants first described as a genus in 1844. Some of the species are native to Africa, with others in South Asia, South and Southeast Asia. ;Species accepted ;formerly included References

Asclepiadoideae Ap ...

'' *'' Gunnessia'' *''

Gymnema ''Gymnema'' (Neo-Latin, from Greek γυμνὀς ''gymnos'', "naked" and νῆμα, ''nēma'', "thread") is a genus in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1810. One species, ''Gymnema sylvestre ''Gymnema sylvestre'' is a pere ...

'' *''

Heynella ''Heynella'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The only species is ''Heynella lactea''. It is native to Java. The genus name of ''Heynella'' is in honour of Karel Heyne (1877–1947), a Dutch botanist ...

'' *'' Hoya'' *''

Jasminanthes ''Jasminanthes'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1850. It is native to China, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam. ;Species # ''Jasminanthes chunii'' (Tsiang) W.D. Stevens & P.T. Li - Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan # ...

'' *''

Lygisma ''Lygisma'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1883. It is native to southern China, Indochina, Malaysia, and the Himalayas The Himalayas, or Himalaya (; ; ), is a mountain range in Asia, separating ...

'' *''

Marsdenia ''Marsdenia'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1810. It is named in honor of the plant collector and Secretary of the Admiralty, William Marsden. The plants are native to tropical regions in Asia, Afri ...

'' *''

Oreosparte ''Oreosparte'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The only species is ''Oreosparte celebica''. Its native range is Western and Central Malesia Malesia is a biogeographical region straddling the Eq ...

'' *''

Pycnorhachis ''Pycnorhachis'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. The only species is ''Pycnorhachis maingayi''. Its native range is Peninsula Malaysia Peninsular Malaysia ( ms, Semenanjung Malaysia; Jawi: س� ...

'' *''

Rhyssolobium ''Rhyssolobium'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae , first described as a genus in 1838. It contains only one known species, ''Rhyssolobium dumosum'', endemic to South Africa South Africa, officially the Republic of ...

'' *'' Ruehssia'' *''

Sarcolobus ''Sarcolobus'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and certain islands of the Western Pacific. ;Species # '' Sarcolobus brachystephanus'' (Schltr. ...

'' *''

Stephanotis ''Stephanotis'' is a genus of flowering plants first described in 1806. The name derives from the Greek stephanōtís (feminine adj.) fit for a crown, derivative of stéphanos (masculine) crown. It contains evergreen, woody-stemmed lianas with ...

'' *''

Stigmatorhynchus ''Stigmatorhynchus'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1913. It is native to Africa. ;Species # '' Stigmatorhynchus hereroensis'' Schltr. - Damaraland Damaraland was a name given to the north-central ...

'' *''

Telosma ''Telosma'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1905. It is native to Africa, and Asia.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. Nicholas. 1987 ...

'' *''

Treutlera ''Treutlera'' is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It only contains one known species, Treutlera insignis Hook.f. It is native to Nepal, the East Himalaya and Assam in India. The genus name of ''Treutlera ...

'' *'' Wattakaka''

Genera now placed elsewhere

These genera are not accepted within Asclepiadoideae by Endress ''et al''. *''

Absolmsia ''Absolmsia'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae of two species, native to Southwest of China and Borneo. The genus commemorates Hermann zu Solms-Laubach Hermann zu Solms-Laubach, more precisely Hermann Maximilian Carl L ...

'' *''

Belostemma ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *'' Biondia'' *'' Blyttia'' *''

Clemensiella ''Clemensiella'' is a species of plants in the Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1915. It was initially named ''Clemensia,'' in honour of Mary Strong Clemens and her husband Joseph. However this turned out to be an illegitimate homonym ( ...

'' *''

Corollonema ''Oxypetalum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described with this name in 1810. The genus is native to South America.Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the ...

'' *'' Cyathostelma'' *''

Dactylostelma ''Oxypetalum'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described with this name in 1810. The genus is native to South America.Funk, V. A., P. E. Berry, S. Alexander, T. H. Hollowell & C. L. Kelloff. 2007. Checklist of the ...

'' *''

Dalzielia ''Dalzielia'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1922. It contains only one known species, ''Dalzielia oblanceolata'', native to tropical West Africa West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region ...

'' *''

Decanema ''Decanema'' is a small genus in the dogbane family Apocynaceae (from ''Apocynum'', Greek for "dog-away") is a family of flowering plants that includes trees, shrubs, herbs, stem succulents, and vines, commonly known as the dogbane family, be ...

'' *''Diplostigma'' (syn. of ''

'') *''

Dischidanthus ''Dischidanthus'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1936. It contains only one known species, ''Dischidanthus urceolatus'', native to Vietnam and southern China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hunan, Sichuan ...

'' *''

Dittoceras ''Heterostemma'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1834. It is native to India, China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, Australia, and certain islands in the Pacific. ;Species The Plant List The Plant List was a list ...

'' *''

Dregea ''Dregea'' is a genus of vines in the Apocynaceae, established by Ernst Meyer in 1838. It is native to southern Africa, Yemen and eastern Asia from China to Sulawesi. Description As given in Flora of British India, Vol. 4 (1883): :"Twining shrub ...

'' *''

Frerea ''Boucerosia frerei'' is a plant in the genus ''Boucerosia'' which contains several species many of which are native to the Indian subcontinent and one species, ''Boucerosia crenulata'', native to Myanmar. ''B. frerei'' (locally called shindel m ...

'' *''

Gymnanthera ''Gymnanthera'' is a genus of vines in the family Apocynaceae (previously Asclepiadaceae), first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to China, Southeast Asia, and Australia. ;Selected species #''Gymnanthera cunninghamii'' (Benth.) P.I.For ...

'' *''

Gymnemopsis Gymnemopsis is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1912. It is native to Indochina Mainland Southeast Asia, also known as the Indochinese Peninsula or Indochina, is the continental portion of Southeast As ...

'' *''

Hemidesmus ''Hemidesmus'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described in 1810. It is native to the Indian Subcontinent. ;Species # '' Hemidesmus cordatus'' (Poir.) Schult. - India # ''Hemidesmus indicus'' (L.) R. Br. ex Schult. - Pakist ...

'' *''

Huerniopsis ''Huerniopsis'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae family, first described in 1878. It is native to southern Africa. ;Species # ''Huerniopsis atrosanguinea'' (N.E. Br.) A.C. White & B. Sloane - N Botswana # ''Huerniopsis decipiens'' N.E.Br ...

'' *''

Ischnostemma ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *''

Kerbera ''Kerbera'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae first established in 1885. It contains only one known species, ''Kerbera eichleri'', endemic to Brazil (the states of Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro). Some sources treat ''Kerbera'' as ...

'' *''

Leichardtia ''Leichardtia'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1849. It is native to Australia, New Caledonia, and Fiji. ;Species # '' Leichardtia billardieri'' (Decne.) Bullock - New Caledonia # '' Leichardtia ericoi ...

'' *'' Lhotzkyella'' *''

Macroditassa ''Macroditassa'' is a genus of plant in family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1927. It is native to South America. ;Species ;formerly included transferred to ''Ditassa'' * ''Macroditassa violascens'' (Schltr.) Malme synonym of ''D ...

'' *'' Manothrix'' *''

Melinia ''Philibertia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1819. It is native to South America.Holm, R. W. 1950. The American species of ''Sarcostemma'' R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae). Annals of the Missouri ...

'' *''

Microdactylon ''Polystemma cordatum'', synonym ''Microdactylon cordatum'', is a species of plants in the family Apocynaceae, native to the States of Puebla and Oaxaca in Mexico.García-Mendoza, A. J. & J A. Meave. 2011. Diversidad Florística de Oaxaca: de Mus ...

'' *''

Microstelma ''Microstelma'' is a genus of minute sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks or micromollusks in the family Zebinidae. Species Species within the genus ''Microstelma'' include: * † '' Microstelma arescum'' (Woodring, 1928) * '' Microstelma can ...

'' *'' Mitostigma'' *'' Oncostemma'' *'' Orbeopsis'' *''

Pachycymbium ''Pachycymbium'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described in 1978. It is native to Africa and the Arabian Peninsula.Gibbs Russell, G. E., W. G. M. Welman, E. Retief, K. L. Immelman, G. Germishuizen, B. J. Pienaar, M. Van Wyk & A. ...

'' *''

Papuastelma ''Sarcolobus'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to Southeast Asia, New Guinea, Australia, and certain islands of the Western Pacific. ;Species # ''Sarcolobus brachystephanus'' (Schltr.) ...

'' *''

Periglossum ''Periglossum '' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1844. It is native to southern Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both ...

'' *''

Petopentia ''Petopentia'', commonly known as propeller vine, is a genus of plant in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1954. It contains only one known species, ''Petopentia natalensis'', native to the Province of KwaZulu-Natal in eastern ...

'' *''

Pleurostelma ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *''

Podostelma ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *''

Polystemma ''Polystemma'' is a genus of flowering plants of the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1844. It is native to Mexico and Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boun ...

'' *'' Ptycanthera'' *'' Quisumbingia'' *''

Raphionacme ''Raphionacme'' is a plant genus in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1842. The genus is found primarily in Africa, with one species on the Arabian Peninsula.Miller, Anthony G. & Biagi, J. A. 1988. Notes from the Royal Botani ...

'' *'' Rhyncharrhena'' *''

Sarcostemma ''Sarcostemma'' is a genus of flowering plants in the Apocynum, dogbane family, Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1810. The name is derived from the Greek language, Greek words σαρκὸς (''sarkos''), meaning "flesh," and στέμ ...

'' *'' Schistogyne'' *''

Schistonema ''Schistonema'' is a group of plants in the family Apocynaceae first described as a genus in 1906. It contains only one known species, ''Schistonema weberbaueri'', native to the Cajamarca region of Peru.León, B., J. Roque, C. Ulloa Ulloa, N. C. ...

'' *''

Seutera ''Seutera'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1828. The name went unused until revived in 2006. It is native to Mexico, the West Indies, and the southeastern United States The United States of ...

'' *''

Sphaerocodon ''Vincetoxicum'' is a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae. Although the species in ''Vincetoxicum'' have sometimes been included in ''Cynanchum'', chemical and molecular evidence shows that ''Vincetoxicum'' is more closely related to ''Tylo ...

'' *''

Telminostelma ''Telminostelma'' is a genus of plants in the Apocynaceae, first described as a genus in 1885. It is native to Brazil and Bolivia in South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the So ...

'' *''

Tenaris Tenaris S.A. is a global manufacturer and supplier of steel pipes and related services, primarily for the energy industry with nearly 23,000 employees around the world. It is a majority-owned subsidiary company of the Techint Group, which ha ...

'' *'' Tetraphysa'' *'' Trichosacme'' *''

Tylophora ''Tylophora'' is a genus of climbing plant or vine, first described as a genus in 1810. It is native to tropical and subtropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. Most of the species are perennial lianas. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek '' ...

'' *''

Tylophoropsis ''Tylophoropsis'' is the scientific name of two genera of organisms and may refer to: * ''Tylophoropsis'' (plant) N.E.Br. (1894), a genus of plants in the family Apocynaceae * ''Tylophoropsis'' (lichen) Sambo (1938), a genus of fungi in ...

'' *'' Vailia''

References

External links

Stapeliads.info
* ttps://www.botanical-dermatology-database.info/BotDermFolder/ASCL-1.html Asclepiadaceaei
BoDD – Botanical Dermatology Database
{{Taxonbar, from1=Q8206302, from2=Q156689 Gentianales subfamilies