Arthur Coleman Danto (January 1, 1924 – October 25, 2013) was an American art critic, philosopher, and professor at
Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
. He was best known for having been a long-time art critic for ''
The Nation
''The Nation'' is an American liberal biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper tha ...
'' and for his work in philosophical
aesthetics
Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed thr ...
and
philosophy of history
Philosophy of history is the philosophical study of history and its discipline. The term was coined by French philosopher Voltaire.
In contemporary philosophy a distinction has developed between ''speculative'' philosophy of history and ''crit ...
, though he contributed significantly to a number of fields, including the
philosophy of action
Action theory (or theory of action) is an area in philosophy concerned with theories about the processes causing willful human bodily movements of a more or less complex kind. This area of thought involves epistemology, ethics, metaphysics, j ...
. His interests included thought, feeling,
philosophy of art
Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, often expressed thr ...
, theories of
representation,
philosophical psychology
''Philosophical Psychology'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the links between philosophy and psychology.
The journal publishes research in ethical and philosophical issues emerging from the cognitive sciences, social sciences, an ...
,
Hegel
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends a ...
's aesthetics, and the philosophers
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (; or ; 15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German philosopher, prose poet, cultural critic, philologist, and composer whose work has exerted a profound influence on contemporary philosophy. He began his ...
and
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...
.
Life and career
Danto was born in
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County, Michigan, Washtenaw County. The 2020 United States census, 2020 census recorded its population to be 123,851. It is the principal city of the Ann Arbor ...
, January 1, 1924, and grew up in
Detroit
Detroit ( , ; , ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is also the largest U.S. city on the United States–Canada border, and the seat of government of Wayne County. The City of Detroit had a population of 639,111 at th ...
.
He was raised in a
Reform Jewish
Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism, is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of Judaism, the superiority of its ethical aspects to its ceremonial ones, and belief in a continuous searc ...
home.
After spending two years in the Army, Danto studied art and history at Wayne University (now
Wayne State University
Wayne State University (WSU) is a public research university in Detroit, Michigan. It is Michigan's third-largest university. Founded in 1868, Wayne State consists of 13 schools and colleges offering approximately 350 programs to nearly 25,000 ...
). While an undergraduate he intended to become an artist, and began making prints in the Expressionist style in 1947 (these are now great rarities). He then pursued graduate study in philosophy at
Columbia University
Columbia University (also known as Columbia, and officially as Columbia University in the City of New York) is a private research university in New York City. Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhatt ...
.
From 1949 to 1950, Danto studied in Paris on a
Fulbright scholarship
The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States Cultural Exchange Programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of ...
under
Jean Wahl
Jean André Wahl (; 25 May 188819 June 1974) was a French philosopher.
Early career
Wahl was educated at the École Normale Supérieure. He was a professor at the University of Paris, Sorbonne from 1936 to 1967, broken by World War II. He was in ...
, and in 1951 returned to teach at Columbia.
In 1992 he was named Johnsonian Professor Emeritus of Philosophy.
He was twice awarded fellowships from the
Guggenheim Foundation and was a member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
.
Arthur Danto died on October 25, 2013, aged 89 in Manhattan, New York City.
Philosophical work
Arthur Danto argued that "a problem is not a philosophical problem unless it is possible to imagine that its solution will consist in showing how appearance has been taken for reality." While science deals with empirical problems, philosophy according to Danto examines indiscernible differences that lie outside of experience.
Danto "believe
that persons are essentially systems of representation."
"Artworld" and the definition of art
Danto laid the groundwork for an institutional definition of art that sought to answer the questions raised by the emerging phenomenon of twentieth-century art. The definition of the term “art” is a subject of constant contention and many books and journal articles have been published arguing over the answer to the question "
What is Art?
''What Is Art?'' (russian: Что такое искусство? ''Chto takoye iskusstvo?'') is a book by Leo Tolstoy. It was completed in Russian in 1897 but first published in English due to difficulties with the Russian censors.
Tolstoy cites ...
" In terms of
classificatory disputes about art
Art historians and philosophers of art have long had classificatory disputes about art regarding whether a particular cultural form or piece of work should be classified as art. Disputes about what does and does not count as art continue to occur ...
, Danto takes a conventional approach. Non-conventional definitions take a concept like the aesthetic as an intrinsic characteristic in order to account for the phenomena of art. Conventional definitions reject this connection to aesthetic, formal, or expressive properties as essential to defining art but rather, in either an institutional or historical sense, say that “art” is basically a sociological category. Danto's "institutional definition of art" defines art as whatever art schools, museums, and artists consider art, regardless of further formal definition. Danto wrote on this subject in several of his works and a detailed treatment is to be found in ''Transfiguration of the Commonplace''.
Danto stated, “A work of art is a meaning given embodiment.” Danto further stated, also in ''Veery'' journal, “Criticism, other than of content, is really of the mode of embodiment.”
The 1964 essay "The Artworld" in which Danto coined the term “artworld” (as opposed to the existing "
art world
The art world comprises everyone involved in producing, commissioning, presenting, preserving, promoting, chronicling, criticizing, buying and selling fine art. It is recognized that there are many art worlds, defined either by location or alt ...
", though they mean the same), by which he meant cultural context or “an atmosphere of
art theory
Aesthetics, or esthetics, is a branch of philosophy that deals with the nature of beauty and taste (sociology), taste, as well as the philosophy of art (its own area of philosophy that comes out of aesthetics). It examines aesthetic values, ...
”,
[Adajian, Thomas]
"The Definition of Art"
''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', London, Oct 23, 2007. first appeared in ''
The Journal of Philosophy
''The Journal of Philosophy'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy, founded in 1904 at Columbia University. Its stated purpose is "To publish philosophical articles of current interest and encourage the interchange of ideas, es ...
'' and has since been widely reprinted. It has had considerable influence on aesthetic philosophy and, according to professor of philosophy
Stephen David Ross, "especially upon
George Dickie's institutional theory of art
A theory of art is intended to contrast with a definition of art. Traditionally, ''definitions'' are composed of necessary and sufficient conditions and a single counterexample overthrows such a definition. ''Theorizing'' about art, on the othe ...
. Dickie defined an art work as an artifact 'which has had conferred upon it the status of candidate for appreciation by some person or persons acting in behalf of a certain social institution (the artworld)' (p. 43.)"
According to the ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'', "Danto's definition has been glossed as follows: something is a work of art if and only if (i) it has a subject (ii) about which it projects some attitude or point of view (has a style) (iii) by means of rhetorical ellipsis (usually metaphorical) which ellipsis engages audience participation in filling in what is missing, and (iv) where the work in question and the interpretations thereof require an art historical context. (Danto, Carroll) Clause (iv) is what makes the definition institutionalist. The view has been criticized for entailing that art criticism written in a highly rhetorical style is art, lacking but requiring an independent account of what makes a context art historical, and for not applying to music."
After about 2005, Danto attempted to streamline his definition of art down to two principles: (i) art must have content or meaning and (ii) the art must embody that meaning in some appropriate manner.
The end of art
The basic meaning of the term "art" has changed several times over the centuries and continued to evolve during the 20th century as well. Danto describes the history of Art in his own contemporary version of
Hegel's dialectical history of art. "Danto is not claiming that no-one is making art anymore; nor is he claiming that no good art is being made any more. But he thinks that a certain history of western art has come to an end, in about the way that Hegel suggested it would." The "end of art" refers to the beginning of our modern era of art in which art no longer adheres to the constraints of
imitation theory but serves a new purpose. Art began with an "era of imitation, followed by an era of ideology, followed by our post-historical era in which, with qualification, anything goes... In our narrative, at first only mimesis
mitationwas art, then several things were art but each tried to extinguish its competitors, and then, finally, it became apparent that there were no stylistic or philosophical constraints. There is no special way works of art have to be. And that is the present and, I should say, the final moment in the master narrative. It is the end of the story."
Art criticism
Arthur Danto was an art critic for ''
The Nation
''The Nation'' is an American liberal biweekly magazine that covers political and cultural news, opinion, and analysis. It was founded on July 6, 1865, as a successor to William Lloyd Garrison's '' The Liberator'', an abolitionist newspaper tha ...
'' from 1984 to 2009, and also published numerous articles in other journals. In addition, he was an editor of ''
The Journal of Philosophy
''The Journal of Philosophy'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal on philosophy, founded in 1904 at Columbia University. Its stated purpose is "To publish philosophical articles of current interest and encourage the interchange of ideas, es ...
'' and a contributing editor of the ''
Naked Punch Review'' and ''
Artforum
''Artforum'' is an international monthly magazine specializing in contemporary art. The magazine is distinguished from other magazines by its unique 10½ x 10½ inch square format, with each cover often devoted to the work of an artist. Notabl ...
''. In
art criticism
Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of visual art. Art critics usually criticize art in the context of aesthetics or the theory of beauty. A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a rational basis for art appreciation but it is quest ...
, he published several collected essays, including ''Encounters and Reflections: Art in the Historical Present'' (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1990), which won the
National Book Critics Circle
The National Book Critics Circle (NBCC) is an American nonprofit organization ( 501(c)(3)) with more than 700 members. It is the professional association of American book review editors and critics, known primarily for the National Book Critics C ...
Prize for Criticism in 1990; ''Beyond the Brillo Box: The Visual Arts in Post-Historical Perspective'' (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1992); ''Playing With the Edge: The Photographic Achievement of
Robert Mapplethorpe
Robert Michael Mapplethorpe (; November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-p ...
'' (University of California, 1995); ''The Madonna of the Future: Essays in a Pluralistic Art World'' (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2000); and ''Unnatural Wonders: Essays from the Gap Between Art and Life'' (Columbia University Press, 2007).
In 1996, he received the
Frank Jewett Mather
Frank Jewett Mather Jr. (6 July 1868 – 11 November 1953) was an American art critic and professor. He was the first "modernist" (i.e., post-classicist) professor at the Department of Art and Archaeology, Princeton University. He was a direct desc ...
Award for art criticism from the
College Art Association
The College Art Association of America (CAA) is the principal organization in the United States for professionals in the visual arts, from students to art historians to emeritus faculty. Founded in 1911, it "promotes these arts and their understa ...
.
He was one of the signers of the
Humanist Manifesto
''Humanist Manifesto'' is the title of three manifestos laying out a humanist worldview. They are the original ''Humanist Manifesto'' (1933, often referred to as Humanist Manifesto I), the ''Humanist Manifesto II'' (1973), and ''Humanism and It ...
.
Publications
Books
*''
Nietzsche as Philosopher'' (1965)
*''
Analytical Philosophy of History'' (1965)
*''What Philosophy Is'' (1968)
*''
Analytical Philosophy of Knowledge'' (1968), republished, within additional material, as ''Narration and Knowledge'' (1985)
*''
Mysticism and Morality: Oriental Thought and Moral Philosophy'' (1969)
*''Analytical Philosophy of Action'' (1973)
*''
Jean-Paul Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...
'' (1975), second edition ''
Sartre
Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (, ; ; 21 June 1905 – 15 April 1980) was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism (and phenomenology), a French playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and litera ...
'' (1991)
*''The Transfiguration of the Commonplace'' (1981)
*''The Philosophical Disenfranchisement of Art'' (1986)
*''
Connections to the World: The Basic Concepts of Philosophy'' (1989; with new preface, 1997)
*''
Encounters and Reflections: Art in the Historical Present'' (1990)
*''Beyond the Brillo Box: The Visual Arts in Post-Historical Perspective'' (1992)
*''
After the End of Art'' (1997)
*''The Abuse of Beauty'' (2003)
*''Andy Warhol'' (2009)
*''
What Art Is'' (2013)
*''
Remarks on Art and Philosophy'' (2014)
*''Art and Posthistory, Conversations on the End of Aesthetics'' written with
Demetrio Paparoni (2022)
Essay collections
* ''
The State of the Art
''The State of the Art'' is a short story collection by Scottish writer Iain M. Banks, first published in 1991. The collection includes some stories originally published under his other byline "Iain Banks", as well as the title novella and othe ...
'' (1987)
* ''
Encounters and Reflections: Art in the Historical Present'' (1990)
* ''Embodied Meanings: Critical Essays and Aesthetic Meditations'' (1994)
* ''
The Wake of Art: Criticism, Philosophy, and the Ends of Taste'' (1998)
* ''Philosophizing Art: Selected Essays'' (1999)
* ''
The Body/Body Problem: Selected Essays'' (1999)
*''The Madonna of the Future: Essays in a Pluralistic Art World'' (2000)
*''Unnatural Wonders: Essays from the Gap Between Art and Life'' (2007)
Articles, book chapters and other works
"The Artworld"(1964) ''Journal of Philosophy'' LXI, 571-584
*Introduction to: ''Playing With the Edge: The Photographic Achievement of
Robert Mapplethorpe
Robert Michael Mapplethorpe (; November 4, 1946 – March 9, 1989) was an American photographer, best known for his black-and-white photographs. His work featured an array of subjects, including celebrity portraits, male and female nudes, self-p ...
'' (1995)
*
Hegel's End-of-Art Thesis' (1999)
preprint
In academic publishing, a preprint is a version of a scholarly or scientific paper that precedes formal peer review and publication in a peer-reviewed scholarly or scientific journal. The preprint may be available, often as a non-typeset versio ...
of article in:
Wellbery, David E. (ed.) ''A New History of German Literature'' (2004)
*"The world as ruckus:
Red Grooms
Red Grooms (born Charles Rogers Grooms on June 7, 1937) is an American multimedia artist best known for his colorful pop art, pop-art constructions depicting frenetic scenes of modern urban life. Grooms was given the nickname "Red" by Dominic ...
and the spirit of Comedy" in ''
Red Grooms
Red Grooms (born Charles Rogers Grooms on June 7, 1937) is an American multimedia artist best known for his colorful pop art, pop-art constructions depicting frenetic scenes of modern urban life. Grooms was given the nickname "Red" by Dominic ...
'' (2004)
"The Poetry of Meaning and Loss: The Glass Dresses of Karen LaMonte"(2005)
[from: Danto, Arthur, Juli Cho Bailer "]Karen LaMonte
Karen LaMonte (born December 14, 1967) is an American artist known for her life-size sculptures in ceramic, bronze, marble, and cast glass.
Background
LaMonte was born and grew up in Manhattan, New York. In 1990, after she graduated from the Rhod ...
: Absence Adorned." Tacoma, WA: Museum of Glass, International Center for Contemporary Art, (2005)
*(with Robert Fleck and Beate Söntgen) ''
Peter Fischli
Peter may refer to:
People
* List of people named Peter, a list of people and fictional characters with the given name
* Peter (given name)
** Saint Peter (died 60s), apostle of Jesus, leader of the early Christian Church
* Peter (surname), a su ...
David Weiss'' (a survey of their oeuvre) (2005)
*"Weaving as Metaphor" in ''Sheila Hicks: Weaving as Metaphor'' (2006)
*"Architectural Principles in the Art of
Sean Scully
Sean Scully (born 30 June 1945) is an Irish-born American-based artist working as a painter, printmaker, sculptor and photographer. His work is held in museum collections worldwide and he has twice been named a Turner Prize nominee. Moving fro ...
," ''
Border Crossings
''Border Crossings'' is a live, all-request, music-oriented radio show that is broadcast worldwide by the US government-operated Voice of America
Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is the State media, state-owned news network and International br ...
,'' August 2007 #103 (2007)
Notes
Further reading
* ''A Companion to Arthur Danto'',
Lydia Goehr
Lydia Goehr is a professor of philosophy at Columbia University. Her research specialties include the philosophy of music, aesthetics, critical theory, the philosophy of history, and 19th- and 20th-century philosophy.
Early life and education
...
, Jonathan Gilmore (eds.) Wiley, 2022
* ''Arthur Danto's Philosophy of Art'', by Noël Carroll, Brill, 2021
*
Arthur Danto and the End of Art', by Raquel Cascales, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2019
* ''The Philosophy of Arthur C. Danto'', Randall E. Auxier, Lewis Edwin Hahn (eds.) Open Court Publishing, 2011
*''Action, Art, History: Engagements with Arthur C. Danto'': A collection of essays edited by Daniel Herwitz and Michael Kelly, including contributions by
Frank Ankersmit
Franklin Rudolf Ankersmit (born 20 March 1945, Deventer, Netherlands) is professor of intellectual history and historical theory at the University of Groningen.
Ankersmit, member of the family of textile manufacturers Ankersmit, initially studied ...
,
Hans Belting
Hans Belting (born 7 July 1935 in Andernach, Rhine Province) is a German art historian and theorist of medieval and Renaissance art, as well as contemporary art and image theory. He was born in Andernach, Germany, and studied at the universities ...
,
Stanley Cavell
Stanley Louis Cavell (; September 1, 1926 – June 19, 2018) was an American philosopher. He was the Walter M. Cabot Professor of Aesthetics and the General Theory of Value at Harvard University. He worked in the fields of ethics, aesthetics, an ...
,
Donald Davidson, Lydia Goehr, Gregg Horowitz,
Philip Kitcher
Philip Stuart Kitcher (born 20 February 1947) is a British philosopher who is John Dewey Professor Emeritus of philosophy at Columbia University. He specialises in the philosophy of science, the philosophy of biology, the philosophy of mathema ...
, Daniel Immerwahr, Daniel Herwitz and Michael Kelly and replies by Danto himself.
*''
Danto and his Critics'' (1993). A collection of essays including contributions by
David Carrier
David Carrier (; born 1944) is an American philosopher of art and cultural critic.
Education
Carrier received a Ph.D. in philosophy from Columbia University, where he was a student of Arthur Danto, in 1972. He was a Getty Scholar (1999–2000), ...
,
Richard Wollheim
Richard Arthur Wollheim (5 May 1923 − 4 November 2003) was a British philosopher noted for original work on mind and emotions, especially as related to the visual arts, specifically, painting. Wollheim served as the president of the British So ...
,
Jerry Fodor
Jerry Alan Fodor (; April 22, 1935 – November 29, 2017) was an American philosopher and the author of many crucial works in the fields of philosophy of mind and cognitive science. His writings in these fields laid the groundwork for the modu ...
, and
George Dickie.
*''Danto and His Critics: Art History, Historiography and After the End of Art''. An issue o
History and TheoryJournal where philosophers David Carrier,
Frank Ankersmit
Franklin Rudolf Ankersmit (born 20 March 1945, Deventer, Netherlands) is professor of intellectual history and historical theory at the University of Groningen.
Ankersmit, member of the family of textile manufacturers Ankersmit, initially studied ...
,
Noël Carroll
Noël Carroll (born 1947) is an American philosopher considered to be one of the leading figures in contemporary philosophy of art. Although Carroll is best known for his work in the philosophy of film (he is a proponent of cognitive film theory) ...
, Michael Kelly, Brigitte Hilmer, Robert Kudielka, Martin Seeland and Jacob Steinbrenner address his work; includes a final reply by the author.
*
Tiziana Andina, ''Arthur Danto: Philosopher of Pop,'' Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011
*D. Seiple
"Arthur C. Danto,"in Philip B. Dematteis, ed., ''
Dictionary of Literary Biography
The ''Dictionary of Literary Biography'' is a specialist biographical dictionary dedicated to literature. Published by Gale, the 375-volume setRogers, 106. covers a wide variety of literary topics, periods, and genres, with a focus on American an ...
'' 273 (2003), 39-48
uthor_postprint.html"_;"title="postprint.html"_;"title="uthor_postprint">uthor_postprint">postprint.html"_;"title="uthor_postprint">uthor_postprint*D._Seiple
"Creativity_and_Spirit_in_the_Work_of_Arthur_Danto"
(at_academia.edu)
*D._Seiple
"The_Spirit_of_Arthur_Danto,"
in_Randall_E._Auxier_and_Lewis_Edwin_Hahn,_ed.,_''The_Philosophy_of_Arthur_C._Danto,''_''Library_of_Living_Philosophers.html" ;"title="postprint">uthor_ uthor_postprint">postprint.html"_;"title="uthor_postprint">uthor_postprint*D._Seiple
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(at_academia.edu)
*D._Seiple
"The_Spirit_of_Arthur_Danto,"
in_Randall_E._Auxier_and_Lewis_Edwin_Hahn,_ed.,_''The_Philosophy_of_Arthur_C._Danto,''_''Library_of_Living_Philosophers">The_Library_of_Living_Philosophers_XXXIII'',_671-700_(2013)___uthor_postprint.html"_;"title="postprint.html"_;"title="uthor_postprint">uthor_postprint">postprint.html"_;"title="uthor_postprint">uthor_postprint
_External_links
"Is_it_art?"
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(at academia.edu)
*D. Seiple
"The Spirit of Arthur Danto,"
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External links
"Is it art?"
- an interview with Alan Saunders (broadcaster)">Alan Saunders of ABC Radio National (03/2006)
Biography
Arthur C. Danto's Biography on Columbia University Website. (Archived by Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit based in San Francisco, California. Created in 1996 and launched to the public in 2001, it allows the user to go "back in time" and see ...
).
Arthur Danto - obituary
''The Daily Telegraph
''The Daily Telegraph'', known online and elsewhere as ''The Telegraph'', is a national British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed across the United Kingdom and internationally.
It was fo ...
'' (Archived by Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive, a nonprofit based in San Francisco, California. Created in 1996 and launched to the public in 2001, it allows the user to go "back in time" and see ...
).
Obituary
in November/December 2013 edition of ''Philosophy Now
''Philosophy Now'' is a bimonthly philosophy magazine sold from news-stands and book stores in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada; it is also available on digital devices, and online. It aims to appeal to the wider public, ...
'' magazine
"Danto on Art"
The Partially Examined Life - Episode 16 (podcast by interpreters without Danto participating)
{{DEFAULTSORT:Danto, Arthur
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