Ariophantidae is a

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

of air-breathing

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

s and semi-

slug Slug, or land slug, is a common name for any apparently shell-less terrestrial gastropod mollusc. The word ''slug'' is also often used as part of the common name of any gastropod mollusc that has no shell, a very reduced shell, or only a smal ...

terrestrial Terrestrial refers to things related to land or the planet Earth. Terrestrial may also refer to: * Terrestrial animal, an animal that lives on land opposed to living in water, or sometimes an animal that lives on or near the ground, as opposed to ...

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000 extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...

s in the superfamily

Helicarionoidea Helicarionoidea is a superfamily of air-breathing land snails and semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the infraorder Limacoidei. Families There are three families within the superfamily Helicarionoidea: * Helicarionidae ...

(according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005).

Distribution

The distribution of the family Ariophantidae includes

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

and south-eastern Asia.

Anatomy

Snails within this family make and use

love darts A love dart (also known as a gypsobelum, shooting darts, or just as darts) is a sharp, calcareous or chitinous dart which some hermaphroditic land snails and slugs create. Love darts are both formed and stored internally in a dart sac. The ...

made of

chitin Chitin ( C8 H13 O5 N)n ( ) is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose. Chitin is probably the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature (behind only cellulose); an estimated 1 billion tons of chit ...

. In this family, the number of

haploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

s lies between 21 and 25 and also lies between 31 and 35, but other values are also possible (according to the values in this table).Barker G. M. (2001). ''Gastropods on Land: Phylogeny, Diversity and Adaptive Morphology''. in Barker G. M. (ed.):
The biology of terrestrial molluscs
'. CABI Publishing, Oxon, UK, 2001, . 1-146, cited pages: 139 and 142.

Taxonomy

Subfamilies

The family Ariophantidae consists of 3 subfamilies: * Ariophantinae Godwin-Austen, 1888 - synonyms: Naninidae Pfeffer, 1878 (inv.); Hemiplectinae Gude & B. B. Woodward, 1921 * Macrochlamydinae Godwin-Austen, 1888 - synonyms: Tanychlamydinae H. B. Baker, 1928; Vitrinulini Schileyko, 2003 * Ostracolethinae Simroth, 1901 - synonyms: Parmarioninae Godwin-Austen, 1908; Laocaiini Schileyko, 2002; Microparmarionini Schileyko, 2003; Myotestidae Collinge, 1902

Genera

The following genera are recognised in the family Ariophantidae: ;Ariophantinae * ''

Ariophanta ''Ariophanta'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the subfamily Ariophantinae of the family Ariophantidae. MolluscaBase eds. (2021). MolluscaBase. Ariophanta Des Moulins, 1829. Accessed throug ...

'' Des Moulins, 1829 -

type genus In biological taxonomy, the type genus is the genus which defines a biological family and the root of the family name. Zoological nomenclature According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, "The name-bearing type of a nominal f ...

of the family Ariophantidae * '' Bapuia'' Godwin-Austen, 1918 * '' Cryptogirasia'' Cockerell, 1891 * ''

Cryptozona ''Cryptozona'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Ariophantidae. These snails are restricted to South India South India, also known as Dakshina Bharata or Peninsular India, co ...

'' Mörch, 1872 * '' Dalingia'' Godwin-Austen, 1907 * '' Dihangia'' Godwin-Austen, 1916 * ''

Euplecta ''Euplecta'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the family Ariophantidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). MolluscaBase. Euplecta C. Semper, 1870. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at ...

'' C. Semper, 1870 * '' Galongia'' Godwin-Austen, 1916 * '' Hemiplecta'' Albers, 1850 * '' Indrella'' Godwin-Austen, 1901 * '' Khasiella'' Godwin-Austen, 1899 * ''

Mariaella ''Mariaella'' is a genus of air-breathing land slugs, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Ariophantidae. Species from genus ''Mariaella'' are also pests on vanilla.Mavinkurve R. G., Shanbhag S. P. & Madhyastha N. A. 2004Chec ...

'' Gray, 1855 * '' Megaustenia'' Cockerell, 1912 * ''

Ratnadvipia ''Ratnadvipia'' is a genus of air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Ariophantidae. These snails are endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic locati ...

'' Godwin-Austen, 1899 - endemic to

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

Raheem D. & Naggs F. (2006). "The Sri Lankan endemic semi-slug Ratnadvipia (Limacoidea: Ariophantidae) and a new species from southwestern Sri Lanka". ''

Systematics and Biodiversity ''Systematics and Biodiversity'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of whole-organism biology. It is published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of The Natural History Museum. Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted ...

'' 4(1): 99-126. . * ''

Ravana Ravana (; , , ) is a rakshasa king of the island of Lanka, and the chief antagonist of the Hindu epic ''Ramayana'' and its adaptations. In the ''Ramayana'', Ravana is described to be the eldest son of sage Vishrava and rakshasi Kaikesi. He a ...

'' Godwin-Austen, 1901 * '' Schwammeria'' Schileyko, 2010 * '' Sitalinopsis'' Thiele, 1931 * '' Taphrospira'' W. T. Blanford, 1904 * '' Xesta'' Albers, 1850 ; Macrochlamydinae * '' Baiaplecta'' Laidlaw, 1956 * '' Himalodiscus'' Kuznetsov, 1996 * '' Macrochlamys'' Gray, 1847 - type genus of the subfamily Macrochlamydinae * '' Microcystina'' Mörch, 1872 * '' Oxytesta'' Zilch, 1956 * '' Parvatella'' W. T. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908 * '' Rahula'' Godwin-Austen, 1907 * '' Sakiella'' Godwin-Austen, 1908 * ''

Sarika Sarika Thakur is an Indian actress and costume designer. In 2005, she won the National Film Award for Best Actress for the English-language film ''Parzania''. She was also awarded the National Film Award for Best Costume Design for her work i ...

'' Godwin-Austen, 1907 * '' Sesara'' Albers, 1860 * ''

Syama Syama is a village development committee in Dolakha District in the Janakpur Zone of north-eastern Nepal. At the time of the 1991 Nepal census The 1991 Nepal census was a widespread national census conducted by the Nepal Central Bureau of Stat ...

'' W. T. Blanford & Godwin-Austen, 1908 * '' Tadunia'' Godwin-Austen, 1918 * '' Taphrenalla'' Pholyotha & Panha, 2021 * '' Varadia'' Bhosale & Raheem, 2021 * '' Vitrinula'' Gray, 1857 Semislug (Microparmarion simrothi) (6658487367)

Semislug (Microparmarion simrothi) (6658487367)

; Ostracolethinae * '' Apoparmarion'' Collinge, 1902 * '' Cambodiparmarion'' Kuznetsov & Kuzminykh, 1999 * '' Cryptosemelus'' Collinge, 1902 * '' Damayantia'' Issel, 1874 * '' Damayantiella'' Zilch, 1959 * '' Isselentia'' Collinge, 1901 * '' Microparmarion'' Simroth, 1893 * '' Minyongia'' Godwin-Austen, 1916 * '' Ostracolethe'' Simroth, 1901 - type genus of the subfamily Ostracolethinae * '' Paraparmarion'' Collinge, 1902 * ''

Parmarion ''Parmarion'' is a genus of air-breathing land semi-slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusks in the family Ariophantidae. ''Parmarion'' is the type genus of the Parmarioninae, which is a synonym of Ostracolethinae. Species of snails wit ...

'' P. Fischer, 1855 * '' Parmunculus'' Collinge, 1899 * '' Philippinella'' Möllendorff, 1899 * '' Wiegmannia'' Collinge, 1901 ;Subfamily not assigned * '' Falsiplecta'' Schileyko & Semenyuk, 2018

Cladogram

The following

cladogram A cladogram (from Greek ''clados'' "branch" and ''gramma'' "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms. A cladogram is not, however, an evolutionary tree because it does not show how ancestors are related to d ...

shows the

phylogenic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

relationships of this family with other families in the

limacoid clade The Limacoidei is a taxonomic infraorder of air-breathing land snails, semislugs and slugs, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs in the suborder Helicina Distribution The original ancestral area of limacoid families is thought to be the ...

:Hausdorf B. (2000). "Biogeography of the Limacoidea sensu lato (Gastropoda: Stylommatophora): Vicariance Events and Long-Distance Dispersal". ''

Journal of Biogeography The ''Journal of Biogeography'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in biogeography that was established in 1974. It covers aspects of spatial, ecological, and historical biogeography. The founding editor-in-chief was David Watts, followed by J ...

'' 27(2): 379-390.
JSTOR

References

External links

* {{Taxonbar, from=Q662705