Arcaicam Esperantom

( en, Archaic Esperanto; eo, arĥaika Esperanto, ), is an auxiliary sociolect for translating literature into Esperanto created to act as a fictional 'Old Esperanto', in the vein of languages such as Middle English or the use of Latin citations in modern texts.

It was created by Manuel Halvelik as part of a range of stylistic variants including ''Gavaro'' (slang) and '' Popido'' (patois), forming .

Halvelik also compiled a scientific vocabulary closer to Greco-Latin roots and proposed its application to fields such as taxonomy and linguistics. He gave this register of Esperanto the name (, , 'Universal Esperanto').

The idea of an "old Esperanto" was proposed by the Hungarian poet Kalman Kalocsay
Elektronika Bulteno de EASL
' includes the short story from , 2nd cheap edition, Kalman Kalocsay, Budapest, , 1931. who in 1931 included a translation of the Funeral Sermon and Prayer, the first Hungarian text (12th century), with hypothetic forms as if Esperanto were a Romance language deriving from Vulgar Latin.

(the sociolect triple) does not create new Esperantidos (e.g. Esperanto II), but its sole purpose—including Arcaicam Esperantom—is to reflect styles in literature translated into Esperanto, like the Berlin Middle-German dialect spoken by characters in Carl Zuckmayer's ''Captain of Köpenick'' (Popido), or ancient styles in Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (Arcaicam Esperantom)."Arkaika Esperanto", p.12 ''et seq.''

thus constitutes not three new constructed languages, but constructed auxiliary sociolects for Esperanto, understandable by every reader of Esperanto but still providing the stylistic differences between dialects (Popido), slang (Gavaro), and ancient forms contrasting with , standard Esperanto, e.g. in works of Mark Twain (slang and southern dialect) or The Lord of the Rings (Arcaicam Esperantom for the elves, Popido for the Hobbits).

Differences from Esperanto

Spelling

The three following rules are also added:

* becomes (before ) or (before other letters)
* becomes (before ) or (before other letters)
* becomes (but see below regarding adverbs)

diphthongs

* becomes (but see below regarding adverbs)
* becomes

consonant clusters

* becomes
* becomes
* becomes

Pronouns

Pronouns are changed as:

*herself/himself/itself/themselves

* There is an old pronoun which is a personal, sex-neutral pronoun ( utrum). Its intended use is for referring to deities, angels, animals etc.

Verbs

* The infinitive ends in , rather than in the of modern Esperanto. Ex.: becomes .
* The verb endings change according to the subject. So it is not necessary to write the subject pronoun, where there is no ambiguity.

Ex: The modern Esperanto verb (to be), present tense:
*

The Arcaicam Esperantom verb (to be), present tense:
*
*
*
*
*
*

The other verb tenses behave the same way, as does the conditional mood:
* The future-tense conjugation becomes , etc.
* The past-tense conjugation becomes , etc.
* The conditional-mood conjugation becomes , etc.

The imperative mood behaves differently from that pattern:
* The imperative form stays for singular subjects, but becomes for plural subjects.

Nominals

* becomes (sg. noun, nominative)
* becomes (pl. noun, nominative)
* stays (sg. noun, accusative). Where Esperanto has a direction accusative, the dative is used. E.g.: becomes .
* becomes (pl. noun, accusative)
* x becomes x (sg. noun, dative – ex.: becomes )
* x becomes x (pl. noun, dative – ex.: becomes )
* x becomes x (sg. noun, genitive – ex.: becomes )
* x becomes x (pl. noun, genitive – ex.: becomes )
* becomes (adverb) (This is a new phoneme, not present in modern Esperanto. It is pronounced like the German .)
* becomes (-adverb such as , etc.)
* becomes (sg. adjective, nominative)
* becomes (pl. adjective, nominative)
* A noun is always written with a capital letter. Ex: = .
* The verb infinitive can function as a noun, having the meaning that is carried in modern Esperanto by the root with the suffix . The infinitive functioning as a noun takes, as does any other noun, both a capital letter and a case ending. Ex: = .
*The declension of personal pronouns below, however, differs significantly from declensions of nouns or adjectives. These personal pronouns have their own adjectival forms.

Correlatives

* becomes
* becomes
* becomes
* becomes
* becomes
* becomes

(Note: , which in modern Esperanto is not a correlative despite its use in that fashion by some, becomes in Arcaicam Esperantom as a full-fledged correlative.)

* becomes
* becomes
* becomes
* becomes
* becomes
* ( stays )
* ( stays )
* the particle becomes ''is-'' ( = )

Articles

* The definite article does not exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. If necessary, a specific person or object can be indicated by means of (in modern Esperanto ).
* The indefinite article, which modern Esperanto does not have, does exist in Arcaicam Esperantom. The indefinite article is (which is the same word for the number 1).

Examples

The Lord's Prayer

Romeo and Juliet

Phrases

* ''–Hello everyone, how are you?'
* ''.'' – 'He comes from Białystok.'
* ? – 'What is your name?'
* . – 'My name is Peter.'
* ''.'' – 'I understand that well.'
* ''.'' – 'One hand washes the other (hand).'
* . – '' (Ovid)
* ''.'' – '' (Thomas à Kempis)
* ''.'' – '' (Julius Caesar)
* ''.'' – '' (Plautus)

See also

* Proto-Esperanto
* Esperantido

References

* ''Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom''. Brugge: Sonorilo, 1969. 122 pages.
*
Arkaika Esperanto : Arcaicam Esperantom
'. 2010 edition. 258 pages. Downloadable as a 9MB PDF file.

External links

Arcaicam Esperantom
at the Conlang Atlas of Language Structures.

{{Constructed languages

Esperantido
Esperanto
1969 books
Constructed languages
Archaic words and phrases