Arawan (also Arahuan, Arauan, Arawán, Arawa, Arauán) is a family of languages spoken in western

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

( Amazonas,

Acre The acre is a unit of land area used in the imperial Imperial is that which relates to an empire, emperor, or imperialism. Imperial or The Imperial may also refer to: Places United States * Imperial, California * Imperial, Missouri * Imp ...

) and

Peru , image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg , image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg , other_symbol = Great Seal of the State , other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal , national_motto = "Fi ...

(

Ucayali The Ucayali River ( es, Río Ucayali, ) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city o ...

Language contact

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Chapakura-Wañam, Jivaro, Kwaza, Maku, Mura-Matanawi, Taruma,

Yanomami The Yanomami, also spelled Yąnomamö or Yanomama, are a group of approximately 35,000 indigenous people who live in some 200–250 villages in the Amazon rainforest on the border between Venezuela and Brazil. Etymology The ethnonym ''Yanomami ...

Arawak The Arawak are a group of indigenous peoples of northern South America and of the Caribbean. Specifically, the term "Arawak" has been applied at various times to the Lokono of South America and the Taíno, who historically lived in the Greater ...

, Nadahup, Puinave-Kak, and

Tupi Tupi may refer to: * Tupi people of Brazil * Tupi or Tupian languages, spoken in South America ** Tupi language, an extinct Tupian language spoken by the Tupi people * Tupi oil field off the coast of Brazil * Tupi Paulista, a Brazilian municipalit ...

language families due to contact.

Family division

Arauan consists of half a dozen languages: * Arawá † * Kulina * Deni *

Jamamadi The Jamamadí, also called the Yamamadi, Kanamanti, Jeoromitxi, Kapaná, and Kapinamari, are an indigenous people who live in Acre and Amazonas, Brazil. They speak the Jamamadi language, part of the Arawá language family. Their territory is bet ...

* Paumari * Suruwahá

Jolkesky (2016)

Internal classification by Jolkesky (2016):Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016.
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Ph.D. dissertation,

University of Brasília The University of Brasília ( pt, Universidade de Brasília, UnB) is a federal public university in Brasília, the capital of Brazil. It was founded in 1960 and has since consistently been named among the top five Brazilian universities and the ...

. († = extinct) ;Arawa *'' Suruwaha'' *Madi-Deni-Paumari **'' Paumari'' **'' Deni'', '' Kulina'' **Madi-Arawa ***'' Arawa'' † ***Madi: '' Banawa''; ''

''; '' Jarawara''

Dienst (2010)

Internal classification by Dienst (2010): ;Arawan *'' Arawa'' † *'' Paumari'' *'' Suruwahá'' *Madi-Madihá **Madi ***''Eastern

'' ***'' Banawá'' ***'' Jarawara'' **Madihá ***'' Kulina'' ***''Western Jamamadi'' ***'' Deni''

Mason (1950)

Arauá internal classification by

Mason Mason may refer to: Occupations * Mason, brick mason, or bricklayer, a craftsman who lays bricks to construct brickwork, or who lays any combination of stones, bricks, cinder blocks, or similar pieces * Stone mason, a craftsman in the stone-cut ...

(1950): *Arauá *Culino **Culina **Curia **Curiana **Culiña *Pama **Pama **Pamana *Yamamadí **Yamamadí: Capaná, Capinamari, Colo **Purupurú: Paumarí (Pammarí) **Yuberi *Madihá *Sewacu *Sipó

Other varieties

* Himarimã - presumed language spoken by the Himarimã people along the

Piranha River A piranha or piraña (, , or ; or , ) is one of a number of freshwater fish in the family Serrasalmidae, or the subfamily Serrasalminae within the tetra family, Characidae in order Characiformes. These fish inhabit South American rivers, fl ...

between the

Juruá River The Juruá River (Portuguese ''Rio Juruá''; Spanish ''Río Yuruá'') is a southern affluent river of the Amazon River west of the Purus River, sharing with this the bottom of the immense inland Amazon depression, and having all the characteristic ...

and

Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in South America. Its drainage basin is , and the mean annual discharge is . The river shares its name with the Alto Purús National Park and ...

. Per Suruwahá and Banawá testimonies, it is believed to be Arawan. Unattested varieties listed by Loukotka (1968): *Purupurú - extinct language spoken in the same region on the lower course of the

. (Unattested) *Uainamari / Wainamarí - extinct language spoken on the

Inauini River Inauini River ( pt, Rio Inauini) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil, a tributary of the Purus River. The Inauini River forms the boundary between the Mapiá-Inauini National Forest and the Purus National Forest The Purus Natio ...

, a tributary of the upper

. (Unattested) *Uatanari / Watanarí - once spoken on the

Ituxi River Ituxi River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a tributary of the Purus River. Course The Ituxi River is in length. It originates near Acrelândia in the state of Acre. It is a blackwater river that flows through the I ...

and

Sepatini River Sepatini River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 ...

in the same region; now perhaps extinct. (Unattested) *Sewacu - once spoken on the Pauini River, now on the left bank of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the

. (Unattested) *Pamana - once spoken on the

and Mucuim River near Lake Agaam, the same region; now probably extinct. (Unattested) *Amamati - extinct language once spoken on the Mucuim River north of the Pamana tribe. (Unattested) *Yuberí / Xubiri - once spoken on the middle course of the

on the opposite side of the mouth of the

Mamoriá River Mamoriá River is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 ...

and around Lake Abunini, now on the lower course of the

Tapauá River The Tapauá River ( pt, Rio Tapauá) is a river of Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. It is a left tributary of the Purus River The Purus River (Portuguese: ''Rio Purus''; Spanish: ''Río Purús'') is a tributary of the Amazon River in Sout ...

, the same region. (Unattested) *Sipó / Cipo - extinct language once spoken north of the Yuberi tribe on the Tapaua River. (Unattested) * Curina / Kurina / Kólö - language spoken in two regions; first, on the right bank of the

, along the

Marari River Marari River is a river of Amazonas (Brazilian state), Amazonas state in north-western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state), List of rivers of Amazonas ReferencesBrazilian Ministry of Transport
Rivers of Amazonas (B ...

and on the upper course of the

; second, on the

Eiru River Eiru River is a river of Amazonas state in northwestern Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 mill ...

and Gregório River and on the left bank of the Muru River, territory of Acre, Brazil. *Madiha - spoken on the

near Bom Jardim, Amazonas. *Catiana - extinct language once spoken on the

Iaco River Iaco River is a river of Acre and Amazonas states in western Brazil. See also *List of rivers of Acre *List of rivers of Amazonas (Brazilian state) List of rivers in Amazonas (Brazilian State). The list is arranged by drainage basin, with re ...

, Acre. (Unattested)

Vocabulary

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items. :

Proto-language

Below are selected Proto-Arawá (Proto-Arawan) reconstructions of flora and fauna names by Dixon (2004):Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. Proto-Arawá Phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'' 46: 1-83.

Flora

Fauna

Mammals

Birds

Fish

Other animals

Bibliography

* Buller, Barbara; Buller, Ernest; & Everett, Daniel L. (1993). Stress placement, syllable structure, and minimality in Banawá. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''59'' (1), 280-293. * Campbell, Lyle. (1997). ''American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America''. New York: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2001). Internal reconstruction of tense-modal suffixes in Jarawara. ''Diachronica'', ''18'', 3-30. * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004a). ''The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia''. Oxford: Oxford University Press. . * Dixon, R. M. W. (2004b). Proto-Arawá phonology. ''Anthropological Linguistics'', ''46'', 1–83. * Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), ''Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages'' (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. . * Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), ''Atlas of the world's languages'' (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge. ;Lexicons *Chapman, Sh.; Salzer, M. (1998). Dicionário bilíngue nas línguas paumarí e portuguesa. Porto Velho: Sociedade Internacional de Lingüística. *Koop, G.; Koop, L. (1985). Dicionário Dení Português (com introdução gramatical). Porto Velho: Summer Institute of Linguistics. *Ssila, A. O.; Monserrat, R. M. F. (1984). Dicionário kulina-português e português-kulina (dialeto do Igarapé do Anjo). Acre: Conselho Indigenista Missionário. *Suzuki, M. (2002). Dicionário suruwahá-português and vocabulário português- suruwahá. Hawaii: University of the Nations. *Vogel, A. R. (2005). Dicionário Jarawara - Português. Cuiabá: SIL.

References

External links

Sub-tronco Arawán
{{authority control Language families Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia Languages of Brazil Languages of Peru Macro-Arawakan languages