''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of

freshwater fish Freshwater fish are those that spend some or all of their lives in fresh water, such as rivers and lakes, with a salinity of less than 1.05%. These environments differ from marine conditions in many ways, especially the difference in levels of s ...

in the family

Cichlidae Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Cichliformes. Cichlids were traditionally classed in a suborder, the Labroidei, along with the wrasses ( Labridae), in the order Perciformes, but molecular studies have contradicted thi ...

found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are

dwarf cichlid Dwarf cichlid is a term used by fishkeeping hobbyists to describe an arbitrary assemblage of small-sized fish from the family Cichlidae. Although the grouping is widely used in the aquarium industry and hobby, the grouping has no taxonomic or eco ...

s that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending on the exact species.

Range, conservation status and habitat

''Apistogramma'' are exclusively found in tropical and subtropical South America in the lowlands east of the Andes. The highest richness is in the western

Amazon Basin The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries. The Amazon drainage basin covers an area of about , or about 35.5 percent of the South American continent. It is located in the countries of Bolivi ...

and Orinoco Basin, but there are also species in the

Guianan Shield The Guiana Shield (french: Plateau des Guyanes, Bouclier guyanais; nl, Hoogland van Guyana, Guianaschild; pt, Planalto das Guianas, Escudo das Guianas; es, Escudo guayanés) is one of the three cratons of the South American Plate. It is a ...

, eastern Amazon Basin, rivers flowing into the Atlantic in northern Brazil ( Tocantins– Araguaia to

Parnaíba Parnaíba () is a city in the Brazilian state of Piauí. Having a population of over 150,000 inhabitants according to IBGE's 2020 report, it is the second most populous city in the state, after the capital Teresina. It is one of the four coastal ...

) and the Río de la Plata Basin.Kullander, S.O., and E.J.G. Ferreira (2005). Two new species of Apistogramma Regan (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the rio Trombetas, Pará State, Brazil. Neotrop. ichthyol. 3(3). Although a few species are widespread, most members of this genus have small ranges.Tougard, C., C.R.G. Dávila, U. Römer, F. Duponchelle, F. Cerqueira, E. Paradis, B. Guinand, C.A. Chávez, V. Salas, S. Quérouil, S. Sirvas, and J.-F. Renno (2017). Tempo and rates of diversification in the South American cichlid genus Apistogramma (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae). PLoS ONE 12(9): e0182618. Few members of the genus have been evaluated by the

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

, mostly either ranking as least concern (not threatened) or

data deficient A data deficient (DD) species is one which has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as offering insufficient information for a proper assessment of conservation status to be made. This does not necessaril ...

(limited available data prevents an evaluation), but some of the highly localized ''Apistogramma'' species likely are threatened.Römer, U., Duponchelle, F., Vela Diaz, A., Garcia Davilla, C., Sirvas, S., Diaz Catchay, C. & Renno, J.-F. (2011)
''Apistogramma cinilabra'' sp. n.: Description of a potentially endangered endemic cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Cichlidae) from the Departamento Loreto, Peru.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 61 (1): 3-23.''Römer, U., Soares, D.P., García Dávila, C.R., Duponchelle, F., Renno, J.-F. & Hahn, I. (2015)
Re-description of ''Apistogramma payaminonis'' Kullander, 1986, with descriptions of two new cichlid species of the genus ''Apistogramma'' (Teleostei, Perciformes, Geophaginae) from northern Peru.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 65 (3): 305–332.'' Primary threats to their survival are deforestation (causing changes in their microhabitat) and pollution (for example by oil drilling or mining). ''Apistogramma'' generally inhabit streams, or edges of rivers or lakes. Most prefer sheltered habitats with leaf litter on the bottom in water with little movement and a shallow depth, up to about , although a few species occur deeper, in fast-flowing water, in more open habitats or at the surface among floating plants.Staeck, W., and I. Schindler (2019). Apistogramma psammophila – a new geophagine dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the Rio Atabapo drainage in Colombia and Venezuela. Vertebrate Zoology 69(1): 103-110.

Appearance

''Apistogramma'' are

s with adults reaching between in

standard length Fish measurement is the measuring of individual fish and various parts of their anatomies. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. Overall length * Standard length (SL) is the length of a fish m ...

depending on exact species. Most species are strongly sexually dimorphic, with males generally larger than females and possessing different color patterns than the females (which at least when breeding are most frequently yellow with blackish markings); in a few species this pattern is reversed or the sexes are rather similar.Rodrigues, R.R., J. Zuanon, K. Del-Claro, and L.N. Carvalho (2012). Reproductive behavior of the Amazonian dwarf cichlid Apistogramma hippolytae Kullander, 1982: offsetting costs and benefits. Acta Ethologica 15(1): 1-7. . Additionally, they often change color depending on behavior, for example when looking for food, breeding or during aggressive encounters.Rodrigues, R.R., L.N. Carvalho, J. Zuanon, and K. Del-Claro (2009). Color changing and behavioral context in the Amazonian Dwarf Cichlid Apistogramma hippolytae (Perciformes). Neotrop. ichthyol. 7(4). A few species, including '' A. agassizii'', '' A. cacatuoides'', '' A hongsloi'' and '' A. macmasteri'', have been

selectively bred Selective breeding (also called artificial selection) is the process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular phenotypic traits (characteristics) by choosing which typically animal or plant mal ...

by aquarists to achieve brighter colors than the natural, wild forms.

Behavior

''Apistogramma'' are

omnivore An omnivore () is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter. Obtaining energy and nutrients from plant and animal matter, omnivores digest carbohydrates, protein, fat, and fiber, and metabolize the nutr ...

s, but tending towards micropredatory. Their main food items consist of aquatic insect

larvae A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

and other small invertebrates, fish fry,

algae Algae (; singular alga ) is an informal term for a large and diverse group of photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms. It is a polyphyletic grouping that includes species from multiple distinct clades. Included organisms range from unicellular mic ...

and plant debris. Brood care is highly developed, as in most cichlids. Nearly all ''Apistogramma'' species spawn in crevices (small caves), typically in holes in sunken logs or branches, or in leaf litter aggregations. A number of breeding strategies exist in the genus. Some species breed in polygamous harems, while other species form

monogamous Monogamy ( ) is a form of Dyad (sociology), dyadic Intimate relationship, relationship in which an individual has only one Significant other, partner during their lifetime. Alternately, only one partner at any one time (Monogamy#Serial monogamy, ...

pairs. Three of the described species, '' A. barlowi'', '' A. megastoma'' and '' A. pantalone'', practice

mouthbrooding Mouthbrooding, also known as oral incubation and buccal incubation, is the care given by some groups of animals to their offspring by holding them in the mouth of the parent for extended periods of time. Although mouthbrooding is performed by a va ...

, either by both parents or only by the female. In most cases, regardless of the breeding strategy, the female is more highly involved with care of the eggs and fry, whilst the male defends a territory from predators. The sex of the fry is affected by the water conditions: In all species where it has been studied warmer water results in more males and in some species more acidic water (lower pH) also results in more males.Römer, U., and W. Beisenherz (1996). Environmental determination of sex in Apistogramma (Cichlidae) and two other freshwater fishes (Teleostei). Journal of Fish Biology 48(4): 714-725. Ospina-Álvarez, N., and F. Piferrer (2008). Temperature-dependent sex determination in fish revisited: Prevalence, a single sex ratio response pattern, and possible effects of climate change. PLoS One 3(7): e2837.

Taxonomy and species

Apistogramma allpahuayo Schwarzkinn-Zwergbuntbarsch

''Apistogramma'' is part of

Geophagini Geophagini is a tribe of cichlids from the subfamily Cichlinae, the American cichlids. It is the sister taxon to the clade which includes the Cichlasomatini and Heroini. Fishes in the Geophagini are distributed from Panama south to Argentina, it ...

and its closest relatives are ''

Apistogrammoides ''Apistogrammoides pucallpaensis'' is a South American dwarf cichlid that reaches up to in standard length. This fish is found in the western Amazon basin, including the systems of the lower Ucayali, lower Japurá and upper Amazon River, in ...

'' and '' Taeniacara''.López-Fernández, H., R.L. Honeycutt, M.L.J. Stiassny, and K.O. Winemiller (2005). Morphology, molecules, and character congruence in the phylogeny of South American geophagine cichlids (Perciformes, Labroidei). Zoologica Scripta 34(6): 627–651. There are currently 93 recognized ''Apistogramma'' species, making it the most species-rich genus of cichlid in the Americas, together with '' Crenicichla''. New species of ''Apistogramma'' are regularly described, and undescribed species—sometimes

cryptic Cryptic may refer to: In science: * Cryptic species complex, a group of species that are very difficult to distinguish from one another * Crypsis, the ability of animals to blend in to avoid observation * Cryptic era, earliest period of the Earth ...

—are known to exist in the genus.Carvalho, A.P.C., R.A. Collins, J.G. Martínez, I.P. Farias, and T. Hrbek (2019). From shallow to deep divergences: mixed messages from Amazon Basin cichlids. Hydrobiologia 832(1): 317–329. Several of the recognized species occur in more than one form, and some of these actually may represent separate species, as appears to be the case for the "Papagayo" and "Pebás" forms, both typically included in ''A. ortegai''. A comprehensive

taxonomic Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...

review of the genus is necessary. The genus is sometimes divided into subgroups based on the appearance and phylogenetic relationship of the various species. * ''

Apistogramma acrensis ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Staeck, 2003 * '' Apistogramma agassizii'' (

Steindachner Franz Steindachner (11 November 1834 in Vienna – 10 December 1919 in Vienna) was an Austrian zoologist, ichthyologist, and herpetologist. He published over 200 papers on fishes and over 50 papers on reptiles and amphibians. Steindachner describ ...

, 1875) * ''

Apistogramma aguarico ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

Römer The Römer (German surname, "Roman") is a medieval building in the Altstadt of Frankfurt am Main, Germany, and one of the city's most important landmarks. The Römer is located opposite the Old St. Nicholas church and has been the city hall ('' ...

& Hahn, 2013Römer, U. & Hahn, I. (2013)
''Apistogramma aguarico'' sp. n.: A new species of geophagine cichlid fish (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Ecuadorian and Peruvian río Napo system.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (2): 171-181.'' * '' Apistogramma alacrina'' S. O. Kullander, 2004 * '' Apistogramma allpahuayo''

, Beninde, Duponchelle, Vela Díaz, Ortega, Hahn,

Soares Soares is a common surname in the Portuguese language and Galician, namely in the Portuguese speaking world, as well as other places. It was originally a patronymic, meaning ''Son of Soeiro''. It is equivalent to the Spanish surname Suárez. Notabl ...

, Díaz Cachay, García-Dávila, Sirvas-Cornejo & Renno, 2012Römer, U., Beninde, J., Duponchelle, F., Vela Díaz, A., Ortega, H., Hahn, I., Soares, D.P., Díaz Cachay, C., García Dávila, C.R., Sirvas Cornejo, S. & Renno, J.-F. (2012)
Description of ''Apistogramma allpahuayo'' sp. n., a new dwarf cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Geophaginae) from in and around the Reserva Nacional Allpahuayo Mishana, Loreto, Peru.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 62 (2): 189–212.'' * '' Apistogramma amoena'' ( Cope, 1872) * '' Apistogramma angayuara'' S. O. Kullander & E. F. G. Ferreira, 2005 * '' Apistogramma arua''

& Warzel, 1998 * '' Apistogramma atahualpa''

, 1997 * '' Apistogramma baenschi''

, Hahn,

Wöhler Wöhler may refer to: ; People * August Wöhler (1819–1914), German engineer * Cordula Wöhler (1845–1916), German writer and hymnwriter * Friedrich Wöhler (1800–1882), German chemist * Otto Wöhler (1894 in Burgwedel – 1987 in Burgwe ...

, 2004 * '' Apistogramma barlowi''

& Hahn, 2008 * ''

Apistogramma bitaeniata ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending on ...

'' Pellegrin, 1936 * ''

Apistogramma borellii ''Apistogramma borellii'', common names umbrella cichlid, umbrella apisto and yellow dwarf cichlid, is a species of fish in the genus '' Apistogramma''. It is a South American dwarf cichlid, found in the Paraguay River and Paraná River. Th ...

'' (

Regan The family name Regan, along with its cognates O'Regan, O Regan, Reagan, and O'Reagan, is an Anglicized form of the Irish surname Ó Riagáin or Ó Ríogáin, from Ua Riagáin. The meaning is likely to have originated in ancient Gaelic ''ri'' ...

, 1906) * '' Apistogramma brevis'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * ''

Apistogramma cacatuoides ''Apistogramma cacatuoides'' or the cockatoo dwarf cichlid is a South American cichlid and the ''Apistogramma'' species most commonly bred in captivity. Characteristics The male cockatoo dwarf cichlid reaches a body length of 8 centimetres. The ...

'' Hoedeman, 1951 * '' Apistogramma caetei'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * ''

Apistogramma caudomaculata ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Mesa_Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * '' Apistogramma cinilabra''

, Duponchelle, Vela Díaz, García-Dávila, Sirvas-Cornejo, Díaz Cachay & Renno, 2011 * '' Apistogramma commbrae'' (

, 1906) * '' Apistogramma cruzi'' S. O. Kullander, 1986 * ''

Apistogramma diplotaenia ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1987 * '' Apistogramma eleutheria'' Varella & Britzke, 2016Varella, H.R. & Britzke, R. (2016)
''Apistogramma eleutheria'' and ''A. flavipedunculata'', two new species of dwarf cichlids from the rio Curuá on Serra do Cachimbo, Brazil (Teleostei: Cichlidae).
''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 27 (1): 81-95.'' * '' Apistogramma elizabethae'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * '' Apistogramma eremnopyge''

Ready Ready may refer to: Film and television * ''Ready'', a 2002 British short starring Imelda Staunton * ''Ready'' (2008 film), a Telugu film * ''Ready'' (2011 film), a Hindi remake of the Telugu film * "Ready" (''New Girl''), a television epis ...

& S. O. Kullander, 2004 * ''

Apistogramma erythrura ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Staeck & I. Schindler, 2008 * ''

Apistogramma eunotus ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family (biology), family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1981 * ''

Apistogramma feconat ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

, García-Dávila, Duponchelle, Renno & Hahn, 2015 * ''

Apistogramma flabellicauda ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Mesa-Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * '' Apistogramma flavipedunculata'' Varella & Britzke, 2016 * '' Apistogramma geisleri'' Meinken, 1971 * '' Apistogramma gephyra'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * '' Apistogramma gibbiceps'' Meinken, 1969 * '' Apistogramma gossei'' S. O. Kullander, 1982 * ''

Apistogramma guttata ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Antonio C., S. O. Kullander & Lasso A., 1989 * ''

Apistogramma helkeri ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

Schindler Schindler is a German surname that is derived from the German word "schindel", which means " shingle". This suggests that the original bearers of the name were in the roofing business. Variations and alternate spellings of the name include: Shindl ...

& Staeck, 2013Schindler, I. & Staeck, W. (2013)
Description of ''Apistogramma helkeri'' sp. n., a new geophagine dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the lower río Cuao (Orinoco drainage) in Venezuela.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (3): 301-306.'' * '' Apistogramma hippolytae'' S. O. Kullander, 1982 * '' Apistogramma hoignei'' Meinken, 1965 * ''

Apistogramma hongsloi ''Apistogramma hongsloi'' is a species of dwarf cichlid fish, native to the Orinoco basin in South America. They are often kept in the aquariums and prefer to have soft, acidic water. Characteristics It is one of the more colorful ''Apistogramma ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1979 * '' Apistogramma huascar''

Pretor Praetor ( , ), also pretor, was the title granted by the government of Ancient Rome to a man acting in one of two official capacities: (i) the commander of an army, and (ii) as an elected '' magistratus'' (magistrate), assigned to discharge vario ...

& Hahn, 2006 * '' Apistogramma inconspicua'' S. O. Kullander, 1983 * ''

Apistogramma iniridae ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1979 * '' Apistogramma inornata'' Staeck, 2003 * '' Apistogramma intermedia'' Mesa-Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * '' Apistogramma juruensis'' S. O. Kullander, 1986 * ''

Apistogramma kullanderi ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family (biology), family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that ...

'' Varella & Sabaj Pérez, 2014Varella, H.R. & Sabaj Pérez, M.H. (2014)
A titan among dwarfs: ''Apistogramma kullanderi'', new species (Teleostei: Cichlidae).
''Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters, 25 (3): 243-258.'' * ''

Apistogramma lineata ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Mesa-Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * '' Apistogramma linkei'' Koslowski, 1985 * ''

Apistogramma luelingi ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1976 * ''

Apistogramma macmasteri ''Apistogramma macmasteri'' is a dwarf cichlid in the tribe Geophagini, one of the tribes of the subfamily of American cichlids, the Cichlinae. It is a freshwater fish that lives in the rivers Guaytiquía and Metica in the Meta River system. The ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1979 * '' Apistogramma martini''

, Hahn,

, 2003 * ''

Apistogramma megaptera ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Mesa Salazar & Lasso, 2011Mesa Salazar, L.M. & Lasso, C.A. (2011)
''Apistogramma megaptera'' (Perciformes: Cichlidae), una nueva especie para la cuenca del Orinoco.
''Biota Colombiana, 12 (1): 19-30.'' * '' Apistogramma megastoma''

Estivals Estivals is a commune in the Corrèze department in central France. Population See also *Communes of the Corrèze department The following is a list of the 279 communes of the Corrèze department of France France (), offici ...

, Vela Díaz García-Dávila, Duponchelle, Hahn & Renno, 2017 * '' Apistogramma meinkeni'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * '' Apistogramma mendezi'' U. Römer, 1994 * ''

Apistogramma minima ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Mesa S. & Lasso A., 2011 * ''

Apistogramma moae ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * ''

Apistogramma nijsseni ''Apistogramma nijsseni'' is a species of cichlid fish, Endemism, endemic to highly restricted local Blackwater river, black water habitats in the Quebrada Carahuayte, a small stream in the Ucayali River drainage, southern Peru. The male reaches ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1979 * '' Apistogramma norberti'' Staeck, 1991 * '' Apistogramma nororientalis'' Mesa-Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * '' Apistogramma ortegai'' Britzke, C. de Oliveira & S. O. Kullander, 2014Britzke, R., Oliveira, C. & Kullander, S.O. (2014)
''Apistogramma ortegai'' (Teleostei: Cichlidae), a new species of cichlid fish from the Ampyiacu River in the Peruvian Amazon basin.
''Zootaxa, 3869 (4): 409–419.'' * ''

Apistogramma ortmanni ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' ( C. H. Eigenmann, 1912) * '' Apistogramma panduro'' U. Römer, 1997 * '' Apistogramma pantalone''

& Hahn, 2006 * ''

Apistogramma paucisquamis ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending o ...

'' S. O. Kullander & Staeck, 1988 * ''

Apistogramma paulmuelleri ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

, Beninde, Duponchelle, García-Dávila, Vela Díaz & Renno, 2013Römer, U., Beninde, J., Duponchelle, F., García Dávila, C.R., Vela Díaz, A. & Renno, J.-F. (2013)
Description of ''Apistogramma paulmuelleri'' sp. n., a new geophagine cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes) from the Amazon river basin in Loreto, Peru.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 63 (1): 15-34.'' * ''

Apistogramma payaminonis ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1986 * '' Apistogramma pedunculata'' Mesa-Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * ''

Apistogramma personata ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * ''

Apistogramma pertensis ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' ( Haseman, 1911) * '' Apistogramma piaroa'' Mesa-Salazar & Lasso, 2011 * '' Apistogramma piauiensis'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * '' Apistogramma playayacu''

, Beninde & Hahn, 2011Römer, U., Beninde, J. & Hahn, I. (2011)
''Apistogramma playayacu'' sp. n.: Description of a new cichlid species (Teleostei: Perciformes: Geophaginae) from the Rio Napo system, Ecuador.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 61 (3): 321-333.'' * ''

Apistogramma pleurotaenia ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' (

, 1909) * '' Apistogramma psammophila'' Staeck & Schindler, 2019 * ''

Apistogramma pulchra ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * '' Apistogramma regani'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * ''

Apistogramma resticulosa ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * '' Apistogramma rositae''

& Hahn, 2006 * '' Apistogramma rubrolineata'' Hein, Zarske & Zapata, 2002 * '' Apistogramma rupununi'' Fowler, 1914 * '' Apistogramma salpinction'' S. O. Kullander & E. F. G. Ferreira, 2005 * '' Apistogramma similis'' Staeck, 2003 * ''

Apistogramma sororcula ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Staeck &

, 2016Staeck, W. & Schindler, I. (2016)
''Apistogramma sororcula'', a new dwarf cichlid (Teleostei: Cichlidae) from the drainage of the rio Guaporé in Bolivia and Brazil.
''Vertebrate Zoology, 66 (2): 141-150.'' * ''

Apistogramma staecki ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' Koslowski, 1985 * '' Apistogramma steindachneri'' (

, 1908) * '' Apistogramma taeniata'' ( Günther, 1862) * '' Apistogramma trifasciata'' ( C. H. Eigenmann & C. H. Kennedy, 1903) * '' Apistogramma tucurui'' Staeck, 2003 * '' Apistogramma uaupesi'' S. O. Kullander, 1980 * ''

Apistogramma urteagai ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1986 * '' Apistogramma velifera'' Staeck, 2003 * ''

Apistogramma viejita ''Apistogramma viejita'' is a dwarf cichlid in the subfamily Cichlinae, in the tribe Geophagini. It is a benthopelagic freshwater fish that lives in the Meta River and the Orinoco River in Colombia. They grow up to 4.6 cm in standard leng ...

'' S. O. Kullander, 1979 * ''

Apistogramma wapisana ''Apistogramma'' is a large genus of freshwater fish in the family Cichlidae found in South America, but also commonly kept in aquariums. They are dwarf cichlids that mostly feed on tiny animals and have breeding behaviors that vary depending ...

'' U. Römer, Hahn &

Conrad Conrad may refer to: People * Conrad (name) Places United States * Conrad, Illinois, an unincorporated community * Conrad, Indiana, an unincorporated community * Conrad, Iowa, a city * Conrad, Montana, a city * Conrad Glacier, Washington ...

, 2006 * '' Apistogramma wolli''

, García-Dávila, Duponchelle, Renno & Hahn, 2015

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q131118 Geophagini Fish of South America Freshwater fish genera Taxa named by Charles Tate Regan