Antidesma Acidum

''Antidesma acidum'' is a shrub or small tree that is native to an area from Jawa to south-central China and Pakistan. It is a long-lived, shade-tolerant species that is usually found under closed-canopy. The fruit is eaten in many places, the leaves in some locations. In Luang Prabang (Laos) open-air markets, the leaves are only sold alongside ''Russula'' mushrooms, to give a sour flavour to soup made from the fungi.

Description

The species grows as a shrub or small tree, usually up to 6m tall, rarely up to 10m. The young twigs have fine hairs. Obovate to elliptic-oblong papery leaves; upper surface smooth (though rarely surface is pilose), lower surface is pubescent (rarely smooth); dull colour, dries to a yellowish-green; acute to obtuse base (rarely attenuate); rounded to acute to acuminate apex (sometimes mucronate); size usually 5–10 cm, rarely down to 2 cm and up to 21 cm. Terminal to axillary inflorescences. Ellipsoid smooth drupes, 4-6 by 3-4mm, nearly terete to laterally compressed. Flowers in Zhōngguó/China from May to July, fruiting from June to November.

Distinguishing characteristics of this species are: the papery dull leaves and their size; domatia are present; the male flowers, at least, have a pubescent disc; usually 2 (rarely 1 or 3) stamens; an absent or small rudimentary ovary; size of the fruit; and female inflorescences and infructescences are usually 2–5 cm, rarely up to 9 cm.

In the southern part of the distribution range, pistillodes are always absent from the male flowers.

Wood anatomy

The wood of ''A. acidum'' is diffuse porous with occasional small vessels in solitary or radial multiple arrangements (up to 5 long). The rays are heterocellular, with simple and scaliform perforations, scalariform ray-vessel pits, silica bodies are present in some cells. Septate fibres are present.

Distribution

The species is native to an area of tropical and subtropical Asia from Jawa, Indonesia to south-central Zhōngguó/China to Pakistan and the Western Himalaya region. Countries and regions in which it grows are: Indonesia (Jawa); Thailand; Cambodia; Vietnam; Zhōngguó/China (Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan); Laos, Myanmar; India (including Nicobar Islands, Andaman Islands, Assam); Eastern Himalaya; Bangladesh; Nepal; Western Himalaya; Pakistan.

Habitat and ecology

There are a number of forest types in Doi Inthanon National Park, Chiang Mai Province, northern Thailand. This taxa grows in both dry dipterocarp forest (400-1000m elevation) and mixed deciduous forest (480-750m elevation) found there. The dry dipterocarp forest is dominated by ''Dipterocarpus tuberculatus'', ''Quercus ramsbottomii'', ''Shorea obtusa'' and ''Shorea siamensis''. In the mixed deciduous forest, the predominant species are ''Lagerstroemia calyculata'', ''Millettia leucantha'', ''Pterocarpus macrocarpus'' and ''Tectona grandis''.

In fire-influenced deciduous dipterocarp-oak forest in Thung Yai Naresuan Wildlife Sanctuary, western Thailand, the species is occasionally found under closed canopy.
There are fires through the region annually or semi-annually. In this region this species is deciduous.

In Southeast Asia generally, the shrub grows in secondary forests.

The shrub/tree grows in open forests between 100 and 1500m altitude in Zhōngguó/China. In the Himalayan foothills it grows up to an elevation of 600m.

The plant in India is a host to the whitefly (Aleyrodidae), Dialeuronomada ixorae.

Conservation

This plant has been assessed as of Least Concern for conservation by the IUCN. This is because it has an extensive distribution, and is not currently or in the foreseeable future facing major threats. However the population is severely fragmented, there is a continuing decline in the number of mature individuals, and the habitat is continually declining in area, extent and quality due to direct and indirect human actions. Least Concern is a low level of concern, but it is still a level of concern.

Vernacular names

*''mao soi'' (Thailand)
*''trâumë:ch'', ''trôm préi'', ''taè préi'' (''trôm''="indigo", ''préi''="wild", ''taè''="tea", Khmer language)
*西南五月茶, ''xi nan wu yue cha'' (Standard Chinese)
*''mak mao'' (Lao language, Luang Prabang, north Laos)
*''mau'' (Lao language, Champasak Province, south Laos)
*''saru heloch'', ''nekhon-tenga'', ''nekham-tenga'', ''abu-tenga'', ''nekhon tenga'', ''abutenga'', ''soru-heloch'' (Asamiya, Assam, India)
*''ing-sum-arong'' (Karbi language, Assam)
*', ' ( Boro language, northwest Assam)
*''heikum'' (Meitei language, Thoubal district, Manipur, NE India)
*' (Hindi, Thoubal district, Manipur)
*''chouding'', ''dieng-japue'' (Khasi language, Meghalaya, NE India)
*''aburok'' ( Garo/A-chikku, northeast India)
*''kantjer'' ( Róng language: Sikkim, West Bengal; Bhutan; Nepal)
*''mathagach'', ''mutta'', ''archal'', ''amtua-sag'' (Bengali language)
*''matha arak'' (Santali language, Cooch Behar district, West Bengal, NE India
*' (Telugu language, south India)
*', ''keathekkayyaa'' (Tamil language, south India)
*', ', ', ' (Malayalam), S India)
*', ', ' (Kannada, south India)
*', ', ', ', ' (Hindi language)
*', ', ' (Marathi, northwest India)
*''amlola'' ( Tharu, Uttar Pradesh, northwest India)
*''matha-arak'' (Sant Bhasha, northern India)
*''rohitaka'' (English, India)
*''archal'', अचरच (Nepali language)
*''himalcherry'' (English, Nepal)
*' (Koshur, Jammu and Kashmir, northwest India)
*' (Urdu