Anticipation is one of the fundamental

12 basic principles of animation Disney's twelve basic principles of animation were introduced by the Disney animators Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas in their 1981 book '' The Illusion of Life: Disney Animation''. The principles are based on the work of Disney animators fro ...

, as set out by Frank Thomas and

Ollie Johnston Oliver Martin Johnston Jr. (October 31, 1912 – April 14, 2008) was an American motion picture animator. He was one of Disney's Nine Old Men, and the last surviving at the time of his death from natural causes. He was recognized by The Walt ...

in their authoritative 1981 book on the Disney Studio titled ''The Illusion of Life''. An anticipation pose or drawing is a preparation for the main action of an animated scene, as distinct from the action and the reaction.

Definition

"Early on at the Disney Studio the animators learned that audiences" could not easily follow the animation unless there was a "planned series of events" leading the eye.Johnston & Thomas, p.51 Therefore, in order to prepare the audience for an action, the animators would add a so-called anticipation drawing, allowing the audience to anticipate the main action in the scene. This would also help to make the action appear more realistic. For example, a man preparing to run fast would crouch down, "gathering like a spring" for the main action. This is called the anticipation for the main action. Equally, a golfer making a swing has to anticipate the swing by swinging the club back first, just as a baseball pitcher must "wind up" before throwing the ball.Johnston & Thomas, p.52 This technique was borrowed from the theatre, and was important in holding the audience's attention. The audience might not know exactly ''why'' a character was doing something, but they would at least know ''what'' he was doing (or what he was about to do). The technique can also be used for less physical actions, such as a character looking off-screen to anticipate someone's arrival, or attention focusing on an object that a character is about to pick up. At the Disney studio, Walt Disney pushed his animators to improve their work, and he was especially insistent that visual gags should be clear, wishing to make sure that the audience could always see everything clearly so they could anticipate what was going to happen. He called this technique "aiming," and would act out actions himself, exaggerating them so that the animators could clearly capture the effect.Johnston & Thomas, p.53

Les Clark Leslie James "Les" Clark (November 17, 1907 - September 12, 1979) was an American animator and the first of Disney's Nine Old Men. Joining Disney in 1927, he was the only one to work on the origins of Mickey Mouse with Ub Iwerks. Early life L ...

, one of Disney's most talented animators, and later one of Disney's ''

Nine Old Men Disney's Nine Old Men were Walt Disney Productions' core animators, some of whom later became directors, who created some of Disney's most famous animated cartoons, from '' Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' (1937) onward to ''The Rescuers'' (197 ...

'' later said of this discovery, "Today it may look simple to us; at the time it wasn't. It was something that hadn't been tried before or proved." By contrast, the anticipation pose can also be omitted in cases where it might be expected. The resulting sense of anticlimax will produce a feeling of surprise in the viewer, and can often add comedy to a scene. This is often referred to as a 'surprise gag'.Johnston & Thomas (1981), p. 52.

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