Andriy Mykolaiovych Livytskyi ( uk, Андрій Миколайович Лівицький; April 9, 1879, in Lyplyavo, the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

(now

Cherkasy Oblast Cherkasy Oblast ( uk, Черка́ська о́бласть, Cherkaska oblast, ), also referred to as Cherkashchyna ( uk, Черка́щина, ) is an oblast (province) of central Ukraine located along the Dnieper River. The administrative center ...

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

) – January 17, 1954) was a Ukrainian politician, diplomat, statesman, and lawyer. He was

president President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile (1948–1954) and the Chairman of the Directory prior to reforming that office into the presidential.

Biography

Andriy Livytskyi was born on 9 April 1879 in Lyplyavo (at the time part of the

) into an old Cossack family. He finished the ''Gymnasium of Pavlo Halahana'' in

Kyiv Kyiv, also spelled Kiev, is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine. It is in north-central Ukraine along the Dnieper River. As of 1 January 2021, its population was 2,962,180, making Kyiv the seventh-most populous city in Europe. Kyi ...

, and later went on to study at the mathematical and juridical faculties of the St. Volodymyr Kyiv University in 1896. In 1897 and 1899 he was held in the Lukyanivska Prison in Kyiv for participation in protests. He was expelled from the university and exiled to Poltava Governorate ''under the secret surveillance of police'' for taking part in the student's strike of 1899. After obtaining his university diploma in 1903, he served in the

Lubny Lubny ( uk, Лубни́, ), is a city in Poltava Oblast (province) of central Ukraine. Serving as the administrative center of Lubny Raion (district), the city itself is administratively incorporated as a city of oblast significance and does no ...

Circuit Court, and then, since 1905, he was a barrister of the

Kharkiv Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Zolotonosha Zolotonosha ( uk, Золотоноша , yi, זאלאטאנאשא) is a city located in Cherkasy Oblast (region) in central Ukraine. Located at around , the city serves as the administrative center of Zolotonosha Raion (district). It hosts th ...

uyezd An uezd (also spelled uyezd; rus, уе́зд, p=ʊˈjest), or povit in a Ukrainian context ( uk, повіт), or Kreis in Baltic-German context, was a type of administrative subdivision of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, the Russian Empire, and the ea ...

in the

Poltava Governorate The Poltava Governorate (russian: Полтавская губерния, Poltavskaya guberniya; ua, Полтавська Губернія, translit=Poltavska huberniia) or Poltavshchyna was a gubernia (also called a province or government) in t ...

. In his studential years, he took part in the Ukrainian independence movement, heading one of the organization's bases in Kyiv. From 1901, he belonged to the

Revolutionary Ukrainian Party The Revolutionary Ukrainian Party ( uk, Революційна Партія України) was a Ukrainian political party in the Russian Empire founded on 11 February 1900 by the Kharkiv student secret society Hromada. History The rise of the ...

(RUP), heading its regional headquarters in

. He was jailed once again in connections to the revolutionary activities of 1906 and after escaping was imprisoned again in 1907. Since 1917, Livytskyi was a member of the

Central Rada The Central Council of Ukraine ( uk, Українська Центральна Рада, ) (also called the Tsentralna Rada or the Central Rada) was the All-Ukrainian council ( soviet) that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputi ...

and the ''Peasant Union'' (Ukraine). In the period of the '' Hetmanate'' (1918), he was a member of the Ukrainian National Union, in opposition to the government of

Pavlo Skoropadsky Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi ( uk, Павло Петрович Скоропадський, Pavlo Petrovych Skoropadskyi; – 26 April 1945) was a Ukrainian aristocrat, military and state leader, decorated Imperial Russian Army and Ukrainian Arm ...

. Later during the time of the

Directorate of Ukraine The Directorate, or Directory () was a provisional collegiate revolutionary state committee of the Ukrainian People's Republic, initially formed on November 13–14, 1918 during a session of the Ukrainian National Union in rebellion against Sk ...

, he was one of the founders of the ''Labour Council of Ukraine'' - the highest governing body of Ukraine. Livytskyi also held positions as the Minister of Justice and the deputy of the ''Rada of National Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR)'' in 1919, as well as the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the government of

Isaak Mazepa Isaak Prokhorovych Mazepa ( uk, Ісаак Прохорович Мазепа) (16 August 1884, Kostobobriv – 18 March 1952, Augsburg) was a Ukrainian politician. He was a Head of the Government of Ukrainian People’s Republic from August 1919 ...

in 1919. From October 14 to November 18, 1920, he served as the

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...

of the Ukrainian People's Republic. Since October 1919, he was in the Ukrainian delegation to

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is officia ...

, where he was working on the formation of the Ukrainian-

Polish Polish may refer to: * Anything from or related to Poland, a country in Europe * Polish language * Poles Poles,, ; singular masculine: ''Polak'', singular feminine: ''Polka'' or Polish people, are a West Slavic nation and ethnic group, w ...

agreement, which was signed in 1920. After the defeat of the Ukrainian national movement for independence, he was forced to emigrate. From 1920 to 1948, he served as the head of the government of the Ukrainian People's Republic (''UPR'') in exile. After

Symon Petliura Symon Vasylyovych Petliura ( uk, Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра; – May 25, 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist. He became the Supreme Commander of the Ukrainian Army and the President of the Ukrainian Peop ...

's assassination, he became the head of the Directorate of Ukraine and assumed the post of the ''Chief

Otaman Ataman (variants: ''otaman'', ''wataman'', ''vataman''; Russian: атаман, uk, отаман) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire, the term was the official title of the supreme military command ...

'' of the Ukrainian People's Republic Army in exile in 1926. Since that time to the time of his death, Livytskyi served as the head of state for the government of the UPR. He lived in Warsaw under constant watch of the Polish police. After the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...

, Livytskyi had goals of consolidating his political activities and reorganizing the government of the UPR in exile which its first session was opened on July 16, 1948, in

Augsburg Augsburg (; bar , Augschburg , links=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swabian_German , label=Swabian German, , ) is a city in Swabia, Bavaria, Germany, around west of Bavarian capital Munich. It is a university town and regional seat of the ...

, Germany. In cooperation with Isaak Mazepa, he created the ''Ukrainian National Rada'' in exile in 1948 and became the First President of the Ukrainian People's Republic in exile. He died on 17 January 1954 in

Karlsruhe Karlsruhe ( , , ; South Franconian: ''Kallsruh'') is the third-largest city of the German state (''Land'') of Baden-Württemberg after its capital of Stuttgart and Mannheim, and the 22nd-largest city in the nation, with 308,436 inhabitants. ...

, Germany, and was later buried in a cemetery in

Munich Munich ( ; german: München ; bar, Minga ) is the capital and most populous city of the German state of Bavaria. With a population of 1,558,395 inhabitants as of 31 July 2020, it is the third-largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Ha ...

and later his ashes were transferred to Ukrainian Memorial Cemetery in Bound Brook in the vicinity of

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...

, United States.

Notes

References

External links

nbuv.gov.ua
- Biography of ''Andrey Nikolaevich Livitsky''
kmu.gov.ua
- Another biography of ''Andriy Mykolaiovych Livytskyi''. Availabl
in Ukrainian

- Biograph about ''Andrey Nikolaevich Livitsky'' {{DEFAULTSORT:Livytskyi, Andriy 1879 births 1954 deaths People from Cherkasy Oblast People from Poltava Governorate Ukrainian people in the Russian Empire Revolutionary Ukrainian Party politicians Leaders of Ukraine Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv alumni Prime ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic Presidents of the Ukrainian People's Republic Justice ministers of Ukraine Foreign ministers of Ukraine Ukrainian diplomats Members of the Ukrainian government in exile Ukrainian emigrants to Germany