rowing Rowing is the act of propelling a human-powered watercraft using the sweeping motions of oars to displace water and generate reactional propulsion. Rowing is functionally similar to paddling, but rowing requires oars to be mechanically ...

, the stroke is the action of moving the oar through the water in order to propel the boat forward. The two fundamental reference points in the stroke are the ''catch'' where the

oar An oar is an implement used for water-borne propulsion. Oars have a flat blade at one end. Rowers grasp the oar at the other end. The difference between oars and paddles is that oars are used exclusively for rowing. In rowing the oar is connecte ...

blade is placed in the

water Water (chemical formula ) is an Inorganic compound, inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and Color of water, nearly colorless chemical substance, which is the main constituent of Earth's hydrosphere and the fluids of all known living ...

, and the ''extraction'' (also known as the 'finish', 'release' or 'tapping down') where the oar blade is removed from the water. After the blade is placed in the water at the ''catch'', the

rower Rowing, sometimes called crew in the United States, is the sport of racing boats using oars. It differs from paddling sports in that rowing oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks, while paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is ...

applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward which is called the ''drive'' phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the ''recovery'' phase begins, setting up the rower's body for the next stroke.; when the oars are out of the water, and the preparation for the catch occurs

Stages of a stroke

Drive

The drive is the phase from the catch to the extraction. *As soon as the oar blade is placed in the water at the catch, the rower begins to lever the boat past the blade by straightening the legs while the body remains leaned forward and the arms straight. This is called the ''leg drive''. *The rower continues pushing with the legs while beginning to apply additional power by opening up his or her back towards the bow of the boat. *After the rower completes the leg drive, the rower finishes opening up his or her back towards the bow while at the same time using his or her arms to pull the oar(s) to his chest. This is called ''the draw''. First, the shoulders heave, then the elbows bend. Often the shoulder heave is omitted, and power is wasted or lost *The rower pushes the oar handle down so the oar blade comes out of the water. *Just as the oar blade is being removed from the water, the rower rotates the oar handle 90 degrees so that the blade is again parallel to the water. This action is referred to as ''feathering''. *At this point the rower is in the same position as the beginning, torso leaning back, hands drawn in to the body, and legs extended.

Recovery

The recovery follows the drive and returns the oar and the rower from the point of extraction to the catch. *Just after the extraction (or finish) with the oar out of the water and the face of the blade parallel to the water (the blades are ''"feathered"''). The rower has legs straight, body leaning back, and arms pulled in so that the oar handle is a few inches from the

solar plexus The celiac plexus, also known as the solar plexus because of its radiating nerve fibers, is a complex network of nerves located in the abdomen, near where the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric artery, and renal arteries branch from the abdo ...

. This is the beginning of what is called the ''recovery'' or ''the slide.'' *The rower extends the arms fully forward (toward the stern) pushing the oar away from his or her body while, at the same time, keeping the oar at a constant height with his or her legs straight, and torso leaning back. *The rower leans the body forward to around 30 degrees past vertical, continuing to keep the oar level, not bending the knees and keeping the back straight. This stage of the recovery is sometimes referred to as "body prep". *The rower bends the legs, bringing the sliding seat forward (i.e. toward the stern) on its rollers, while the oar remains level. *While continuing to slide the seat forward, the rower rotates the oar handle(s), causing the face of the blade to be perpendicular to the water. This is called ''squaring'' or ''rolling up'' the blade. This, depending on the rower's technique, begins approximately when the oar handle(s) pass over the ankles. *When the rower reaches the sternmost point of the slide, the end of the recovery, and the shins are vertical, the blade is quickly and smoothly dropped into the water by a slight lifting of the hands. This is called the ''catch''.

Sweep vs sculling

Sweep rowers (one oar per person) and

sculler Sculling is the use of oars to propel a boat by moving them through the water on both sides of the craft, or moving one oar over the stern. A long, narrow boat with sliding seats, rigged with two oars per rower may be referred to as a scull, i ...

s (two oars, one in each hand) have similar stroke styles, with some differences to accommodate the number of oars held by the rower. The most notable difference is that the oar handles overlap in sculling at the midpoint of the drive, and again during the recovery. This requires the sculler to cross one hand over (left over right) and/or in front of the other hand to avoid the oar handles colliding. While sculling is a fully symmetrical movement (with exception of the handle overlap), sweep oar rowing is slightly asymmetrical and many rowers strongly prefer one side to the other. Also, sweep oar rowers usually feather and square the oar with the inside hand (the one closer to the

rowlock A rowlock , sometimes spur (due to the similarity in shape and size), oarlock (USA) or gate, is a brace that attaches an oar to a boat. When a boat is rowed, the rowlock acts as a fulcrum for the oar. On ordinary rowing craft, the rowlocks are ...

), allowing the handle to turn within the outside hand, whose wrist remains flat throughout. This is obviously not possible in sculling, and scullers tend to feather and square by holding the oar handle in the extended fingers when feathered, and rolling it into the palm of the hand to square it, the wrist remaining flat throughout. The average speed of a boat increases with the crew size and sculling boats are slightly faster than the equivalent sweep boats.

Local differences

The rowing stroke differs slightly depending on location and coaching technique and especially the coach. Differences (especially between experienced rowers) are only marginal and can often only be seen by detailed video-analysis. For example, sometimes the Canadian eight team used a style where the body was swung more during the drive.

References