''Anaplasma'' is a genus of
bacteria
Bacteria (; singular: bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell. They constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria were among ...
of the alphaproteobacterial order
Rickettsiales
The Rickettsiales, informally called rickettsias, are an order of small Alphaproteobacteria. They are obligate intracellular parasites, and some are notable pathogens, including ''Rickettsia'', which causes a variety of diseases in humans, and ' ...
, family Anaplasmataceae.
''Anaplasma'' species reside in host
blood cells
A blood cell, also called a hematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), a ...
and lead to the disease
anaplasmosis
Anaplasmosis is a tick-borne disease affecting ruminants, dogs, and horses, and is caused by ''Anaplasma'' bacteria. Anaplasmosis is an infectious but not contagious disease. Anaplasmosis can be transmitted through mechanical and biological vector ...
. The disease most commonly occurs in areas where competent tick vectors are indigenous, including tropical and semitropical areas of the world for intraerythrocytic ''Anaplasma'' spp.
[Anaplasmas](_blank)
reviewed and published by WikiVet
WikiVet is a wiki of veterinary content based on the MediaWiki platform. The website is a collaborative initiative between various veterinary schools, and its content covers the entire veterinary curriculum. WikiVet is part of the WikiVet Educatio ...
, accessed 10 October 2011.
''Anaplasma'' species are biologically transmitted by Ixodes
deer-tick vectors, and the prototypical species, ''A. marginale,'' can be mechanically transmitted by biting flies and iatrogenically with blood-contaminated instruments.
One of the major consequences of infection by bovine red blood cells by ''A. marginale'' is the development of
nonhaemolytic anaemia, thus the absence of hemoglobinuria, which allows clinical differentiation from another major tick-borne disease, bovine babesiosis, caused by ''Babesia bigemina''.
Species of veterinary interest include:
*''Anaplasma marginale'' and ''Anaplasma centrale'' in cattle
*''Anaplasma ovis'' and ''Anaplasma mesaeterum'' in sheep and goats
* ''
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'' (formerly ''Ehrlichia phagocytophilum'') is a Gram-negative bacterium that is unusual in its tropism to neutrophils. It causes anaplasmosis in sheep and cattle, also known as tick-borne fever and pasture fever, and ...
'' in dogs, cats, and horses (see
human granulocytic anaplasmosis
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis (HGA) is a tick-borne, infectious disease caused by ''Anaplasma phagocytophilum'', an obligate intracellular bacterium that is typically transmitted to humans by ticks of the ''Ixodes ricinus'' species complex, inc ...
)
* ''
Anaplasma platys
''Anaplasma platys'' (formerly ''Ehrlichia platys'') is a Gram-negative bacterium.
References
Rickettsiales
Bacteria described in 2001
{{alphaproteobacteria-stub ...
'' in dogs
The ''Anaplasma sparouinense'' species is responsible for a rare zoonosis, the Sparouine anaplasmosis, detected only in French Guiana, South America.
This disease was described from a clandestine gold miner working deep in rainforest. Infection of his red blood cells led to a severe deterioration of his health and required his hospitalization. Molecular typing showed that ''Anaplasma sparouinense'' is distinct to all known species and more genetically related to recently described ''Anaplasma'' species causing infections in rainforest wild fauna of Brazil.
Genomes
The genomes from at least three different ''Anaplasma'' species have been sequenced.
Anaplasma genomes in the JGI genome browser
/ref> These genomes are about 1.1 to 1.2 MB in size and encode 925 to 1,335 proteins.
References
External links
*
Anaplasma Genome Projects
(fro
Genomes OnLine Database
Comparative Analysis of Anaplasma Genomes
(at DOE's IMG system)
Rickettsiales
Bacteria genera
{{Alphaproteobacteria-stub