''Anacamptis'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s in the orchid

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

(

Orchidaceae Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...

); it is often abbreviated as Ant in

horticulture Horticulture is the branch of agriculture that deals with the art, science, technology, and business of plant cultivation. It includes the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, sprouts, mushrooms, algae, flowers, seaweeds and no ...

. This genus was established by

Louis Claude Richard Louis Claude Marie Richard (19 September 1754 – 6 June 1821) was a French botanist and botanical illustrator. Richard was born at Versailles. Between 1781 and 1789 he collected botanical specimens in Central America and the West Indies. On his r ...

in 1817; the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

is the

pyramidal orchid ''Anacamptis pyramidalis'', the pyramidal orchid, is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the genus ''Anacamptis'' of the family Orchidaceae. The scientific name ''Anacamptis'' derives from Greek ανακάμτειν 'anakamptein' meaning 'b ...

(''A. pyramidalis'') and it nowadays contains about one-third of the

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

placed in the "

wastebin genus Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically define ...

" ''

Orchis ''Orchis'' is a genus in the orchid family (Orchidaceae), occurring mainly in Europe and Northwest Africa, and ranging as far as Tibet, Mongolia, and Xinjiang. The name is from the Ancient Greek ὄρχις ''orchis'', meaning "testicle", from t ...

'' before this was split up at the end of the 20th century,Bateman & Hollingsworth (2004) among them many that are of

hybrid Hybrid may refer to: Science * Hybrid (biology), an offspring resulting from cross-breeding ** Hybrid grape, grape varieties produced by cross-breeding two ''Vitis'' species ** Hybridity, the property of a hybrid plant which is a union of two dif ...

origin. The genus'

scientific name In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called nomenclature ("two-name naming system") or binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, bot ...

is derived from the Greek word ''anakamptein'', meaning "to bend backwards". These terrestrial orchids occur on

grassland A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae). However, sedge (Cyperaceae) and rush (Juncaceae) can also be found along with variable proportions of legumes, like clover, and other herbs. Grasslands occur natur ...

limestone Limestone ( calcium carbonate ) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of . Limestone forms whe ...

chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock. It is a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite and originally formed deep under the sea by the compression of microscopic plankton that had settled to the sea floor. Chalk ...

deposits, or on

dune A dune is a landform composed of wind- or water-driven sand. It typically takes the form of a mound, ridge, or hill. An area with dunes is called a dune system or a dune complex. A large dune complex is called a dune field, while broad, f ...

s in

Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...

, from the

Mediterranean The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the e ...

region to

Central Asia Central Asia, also known as Middle Asia, is a subregion, region of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the west to western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north. It includes t ...

Systematics

Except the

(''A. pyramidalis''), all species of ''Anacamptis'' seem to form a

clade A clade (), also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a group of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree. Rather than the English term, ...

around the

green-veined orchid ''Anacamptis morio'', the green-winged orchid or green-veined orchid ( synonym ''Orchis morio''), is a flowering plant of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in Europe and the Middle East. Description It f ...

(''A. morio''). They have a

diploid Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...

chromosome A chromosome is a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism. In most chromosomes the very long thin DNA fibers are coated with packaging proteins; in eukaryotic cells the most important of these proteins are ...

number of 32 or 36. A useful character for distinguishing ''Anacamptis'' from ''

'' – where the green-veined orchid clade was formerly included – is the basal fusion of the three

sepal A sepal () is a part of the flower of angiosperms (flowering plants). Usually green, sepals typically function as protection for the flower in bud, and often as support for the petals when in bloom., p. 106 The term ''sepalum'' was coined b ...

s in ''Anacamptis''.Bateman ''et al.'' (2003), Bateman & Hollingsworth (2004) The few bigeneric

s are typically between closely related genera, in particular ''

Serapias ''Serapias'' is a genus of terrestrial orchids that can be found all over southern Europe to Asia Minor. The genus was named after Serapis, a syncretic Hellenistic-Egyptian god in Antiquity. ''Serapias'' have spurless flowers and usually go dorma ...

''. Hybrids between the pyramidal orchid and the

early purple orchid ''Orchis mascula'', the early-purple orchid, early spring orchis, is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae. Description ''Orchis mascula'' is a perennial herbaceous plant with stems up to high, green at the base and ...

(''Orchis mascula''), found in

Cumbria Cumbria ( ) is a ceremonial and non-metropolitan county in North West England, bordering Scotland. The county and Cumbria County Council, its local government, came into existence in 1974 after the passage of the Local Government Act 1972. Cumb ...

( UK) in 1997, proved short-lived because of the highly divergent

genomic Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes as well as its hierarchical, three-dim ...

lineages of the parents.

Species

, the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plan ...

accepts 11 species, two with subspecies: *''

Anacamptis boryi ''Anacamptis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae); it is often abbreviated as Ant in horticulture. This genus was established by Louis Claude Richard in 1817; the type species is the pyramidal orchid (''A. pyramid ...

'' (Rchb.f.) R.M.Bateman (S Greece, Crete) *'' Anacamptis collina'' (Banks & Sol. ex Russell) R.M.Bateman (Mediterranean to S Turkmenistan) *''

Anacamptis coriophora ''Anacamptis coriophora'', the bug orchid, is a species of orchid Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Along with ...

'' (L.) R.M.Bateman (Europe, Mediterranean to W Asia) *''

Anacamptis cyrenaica ''Anacamptis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family (Orchidaceae); it is often abbreviated as Ant in horticulture. This genus was established by Louis Claude Richard in 1817; the type species is the pyramidal orchid (''A. pyramid ...

'' (E.A.Durand & Barratte) H.Kretzschmar *'' Anacamptis israelitica'' (H.Baumann & Dafni) R.M.Bateman (N. Israel, Palestine) *'' Anacamptis laxiflora'' (Lam.) R.M.Bateman – loose-flowered orchid, lax-flowered orchid, Jersey orchid (WC Europe, Mediterranean to C Asia) *''

Anacamptis morio ''Anacamptis morio'', the green-winged orchid or green-veined orchid (synonym ''Orchis morio''), is a flowering plant of the orchid family, Orchidaceae. It usually has purple flowers, and is found in Europe and the Middle East. Description It fl ...

'' (L.) R.M.Bateman – green-winged orchid, green-veined orchid **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (K.Koch) H.Kretzschmar **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''champagneuxii'' (Barnéoud) H.Kretzschmar (W Mediterranean) ** ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'' (Poir.) H.Kretzschmar (W & C Mediterranean) **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''morio'' **''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''picta'' (Loisel.) Jacquet & Scappat. ** ''Anacamptis morio'' subsp. ''syriaca'' (E.G.Camus) H.Kretzschmar *'' Anacamptis palustris'' (Jacq.) R.M.Bateman(Europe, Mediterranean to C Asia) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''elegans'' (Heuff.) R.M.Bateman (Europe to C Asia) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''palustris'' (WC Europe, Mediterranean to Iran) **''Anacamptis palustris'' subsp. ''robusta'' (T.Stephenson) R.M.Bateman (W Morocco) *''

Anacamptis papilionacea ''Anacamptis papilionacea'' (formerly ''Orchis papilionacea'') is a species of flowering plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae. It is commonly known as the pink butterfly orchid. Distribution and habitat The species is found in Southern Euro ...

'' (L.) R.M.Bateman – butterfly orchid (Mediterranean to Iran) *'' Anacamptis pyramidalis'' (L.) Rich. – pyramidal orchid *''

Anacamptis sancta ''Anacamptis sancta,'' also called the Holy orchid, is a species of orchid closely related to '' Anacamptis coriophora'' that is found in the eastern Mediterranean. Description The species flowers look similar to ''A. coriophora'' but are big ...

'' (L.) R.M.Bateman (E Mediterranean to Caucasus)

Selected nothospecies

* ''Anacamptis'' × ''timbali'' nothosubsp. ''albuferensis'' (''A. coriophora'' × ''A. palustris'' subsp. ''robusta'') (Mallorca) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''gennarii'' nothosubsp. ''bornemanniae'' (''A. morio'' subsp. ''longicornu'' × ''A. papilionacea'') (N Africa, Sardinia) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''duquesnei'' (''A. palustris'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''feinbruniae'' (''A. israelitica'' × ''A. papilionacea'') * ''Anacamptis'' × ''gennarii'' (''A. morio'' × ''A. papilionacea'') (W Mediterranean) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''laniccae'' (''A. morio'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (Switzerland, France, Italy) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''lesbiensis'' (''A. pyramidalis'' × ''A. sancta'') (E Aegean Islands) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''simorrensis'' (''A. coriophora'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France, Italy, Greece) * ''Anacamptis'' × ''van-lookenii'' (''A. papilionacea'' × ''A. pyramidalis'') (France)

Intergeneric hybrids

* '' × Anacamptiplatanthera'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

Platanthera The genus ''Platanthera'' belongs to the subfamily Orchidoideae of the family Orchidaceae, and comprises about 150 species of orchids. The members of this genus, known as the butterfly orchids or fringed orchids, were previously included in the ...

'') – accepted name * ''× Anacamptorchis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

'') – unplaced name * '' × Dactylocamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

Dactylorhiza ''Dactylorhiza'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family Orchidaceae. Its species are commonly called marsh orchids or spotted orchids. ''Dactylorhiza'' were previously classified under ''Orchis'', which has two round tubers. Descrip ...

'') – accepted name * '' × Gymnanacamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

Gymnadenia ''Gymnadenia'' is a genus of flowering plants in the orchid family ( Orchidaceae) containing 22 terrestrial species. The former genus ''Nigritella'' is now included in ''Gymnadenia''. They can be found in damp meadows, fens and marshes, and on ...

'') – accepted name * ''× Ophramptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

Ophrys The genus ''Ophrys'' is a large group of orchids from the alliance Orchis in the subtribe Orchidinae. They are widespread across much of Europe, North Africa, Caucasus, the Canary Islands, and the Middle East as far east as Turkmenistan. These p ...

'') – unplaced name * '' × Serapicamptis'' (''Anacamptis'' × ''

'') – accepted name

References

Notes

* (2004): Morphological and molecular investigation of the parentage and maternity of ''A. × albuferensis'' (''A. robusta'' × ''A. fragrans''), a new hybrid from Mallorca, Spain. ''

Taxon In biology, a taxon (back-formation from ''taxonomy''; plural taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit. Although neither is required, a taxon is usually known by a particular nam ...

'' 53(1): 43-54
HTML abstract
* (2003): Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of Orchidinae and selected Habenariinae (Orchidaceae). '' Bot. J. Linn. Soc.'' 142(1): 1–40. PDF fulltext

External links

*
Kew Scientist, issue 12, October 1997
{{Taxonbar, from=Q28107 Orchideae genera Flora of Central Asia