''Amorphophallus titanum'', the titan arum, is a

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

in the family Araceae. It has the largest unbranched

inflorescence An inflorescence is a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem that is composed of a main branch or a complicated arrangement of branches. Morphologically, it is the modified part of the shoot of seed plants where flowers are formed o ...

in the world. The inflorescence of the talipot palm, ''

Corypha umbraculifera ''Corypha umbraculifera'', the talipot palm, is a species of palm native to eastern and southern India and Sri Lanka. It is also grown in Cambodia, Myanmar, China, Thailand and the Andaman Islands. It is a flowering plant with the largest inflor ...

'', is larger, but it is branched rather than unbranched. ''A. titanum'' is

endemic Endemism is the state of a species being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsew ...

rainforest Rainforests are characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire. Rainforest can be classified as tropical rainforest or temperate rainfores ...

s on the

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guine ...

n island of

Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is the largest island that is fully within Indonesian territory, as well as the sixth-largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 (182,812 mi.2), not including adjacent i ...

. Due to its odor, like that of a rotting corpse, the titan arum is characterized as a carrion flower, and is also known as the corpse flower or corpse plant ( id, bunga bangkai—''bunga'' means flower, while ''bangkai'' can be translated as corpse, cadaver, or carrion). The titan arum's berries arrange in a regular cylindrical form that resembles the packing of spheres inside a cylindrical confinement. Those structures are also called columnar structures or crystals.

Etymology

''A. titanum'' derives its name from

Ancient Greek Ancient Greek includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC. It is often roughly divided into the following periods: Mycenaean Greek (), Dark Ages (), the Archaic peri ...

( , "without form, misshapen" + , "

phallus A phallus is a penis (especially when erect), an object that resembles a penis, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. In art history a figure with an erect penis is described as ithyphallic. Any object that symbolically—or, more precisel ...

", and ''

Titan Titan most often refers to: * Titan (moon), the largest moon of Saturn * Titans, a race of deities in Greek mythology Titan or Titans may also refer to: Arts and entertainment Fictional entities Fictional locations * Titan in fiction, fictiona ...

'', "titan, giant").

Description

The titan arum's

can reach over in height. Like the related cuckoo pint and

calla lily Calla lily is a common name of several members of the family Araceae. It may refer to: * ''Calla palustris'' * ''Zantedeschia'' generally ** ''Zantedeschia aethiopica ''Zantedeschia aethiopica'', commonly known as calla lily and arum lily, is a ...

, it consists of a fragrant spadix of flowers wrapped by a

spathe In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...

, which looks like a large petal. In the case of the titan arum, the spathe is a deep green on the outside and dark burgundy red on the inside, with a deeply furrowed texture. The spadix is almost hollow and resembles a large baguette. Near the bottom of the spadix, hidden from view inside the sheath of the spathe, the spadix bears two rings of small flowers. The upper ring bears the male flowers, the lower ring is spangled with bright red-orange carpels. The odor ("fragrance") of the titan arum resembles rotting meat, attracting

carrion Carrion () is the decaying flesh of dead animals, including human flesh. Overview Carrion is an important food source for large carnivores and omnivores in most ecosystems. Examples of carrion-eaters (or scavengers) include crows, vultures, c ...

-eating

beetle Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera (), in the superorder Endopterygota. Their front pair of wings are hardened into wing-cases, elytra, distinguishing them from most other insects. The Coleoptera, with about 400,000 describ ...

s and flesh flies (family Sarcophagidae) that pollinate it. The inflorescence's deep red color and texture contribute to the illusion that the spathe is a piece of meat. During bloom, the tip of the spadix is roughly human body temperature, which helps the perfume volatilize; this heat is also believed to assist in the illusion that attracts carcass-eating insects. Both male and female flowers grow in the same inflorescence. The female flowers open first, then a day or two following, the male flowers open. This usually prevents the flower from

self-pollinating Self-pollination is a form of pollination in which pollen from the same plant arrives at the stigma of a flower (in flowering plants) or at the ovule (in gymnosperms). There are two types of self-pollination: in autogamy, pollen is transferred to ...

. After the flower dies back, a single leaf, which reaches the size of a small tree, grows from the underground

corm A corm, bulbo-tuber, or bulbotuber is a short, vertical, swollen underground plant stem that serves as a storage organ that some plants use to survive winter or other adverse conditions such as summer drought and heat (perennation). The word ' ...

. The leaf grows on a somewhat green stalk that branches into three sections at the top, each containing many leaflets. The leaf structure can reach up to tall and across. Each year, the old leaf dies and a new one grows in its place. When the corm has stored enough energy, it becomes dormant for about four months. Then the process repeats. Its corm is the largest known, typically weighing around . When a specimen at the Princess of Wales Conservatory,

Kew Gardens Kew Gardens is a botanical garden, botanic garden in southwest London that houses the "largest and most diverse botany, botanical and mycology, mycological collections in the world". Founded in 1840, from the exotic garden at Kew Park, its li ...

, was repotted after its dormant period, the weight was recorded as . In 2006, a corm in the Botanical Garden of Bonn, Germany, was recorded at , and an ''A. titanum'' grown in Gilford, New Hampshire by Dr. Louis Ricciardiello in 2010 weighed . However, the current record is held by a corm grown at the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, weighing after 7 years' growth from an initial corm the size of an orange. The tallest documented inflorescence was recorded at the Botanical Gardens Bonn (Germany) in May 2013 and reached 3.20 m.

Distribution

''A. titanum'' is native solely to western Sumatra, where it grows in openings in rainforests on limestone hills. However, the plant is cultivated by

botanical garden A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...

s and a few private collectors around the world.

Cultivation

The titan arum grows in the wild only in the

equator The equator is a circle of latitude, about in circumference, that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, halfway between the North and South poles. The term can als ...

ial

s of Sumatra, Indonesia. It was first scientifically described in 1878 by Italian

botanist Botany, also called , plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term "botany" comes from the Ancient Greek wo ...

Odoardo Beccari Odoardo Beccari (16 November 1843 – 25 October 1920) was an Italian botanist famous for his discoveries in Indonesia, particularly New Guinea, and Australia. He has been called the greatest botanist to ever study Malesia. His author abbreviat ...

. The plant flowers only infrequently in the wild. It first flowered in cultivation at the

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew is a non-departmental public body in the United Kingdom sponsored by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. An internationally important botanical research and education institution, it employs 1,100 ...

, London, UK, in 1889, with over 100 cultivated blossoms since then. The first documented flowerings in the United States were at the New York Botanical Garden in 1937 and 1939. This flowering also inspired the designation of the titan arum as the official flower of the

Bronx The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New Y ...

in 1939, only to be replaced in 2000 by the

day lily A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long ...

. In the Botanical Gardens of Bonn, the titan arum was cultivated since 1932 and the largest collection was built up by Wilhelm Barthlott after 1988, about 30 flowers were recorded and researched since. The number of cultivated plants has increased in recent years, and not uncommonly five or more flowering events occur in gardens around the world in a single year, since today the cultivation requirements for gardens are known in detail. Advanced pollination techniques mean that this plant is rarely cultivated by amateur gardeners. However, in 2011,

Roseville High School (Roseville, California) Roseville High School is a public high school in Roseville, California, United States. It is a member of the Roseville Joint Union High School District. History Roseville High School was established in 1912. In the beginning of its history, RHS ...

became the first high school in the world to bring a titan arum to bloom. In May 2003, the tallest inflorescence in cultivation, some 3.20 m (10 ft 5 in) high (measured from its corm, 3.07 m from the soil surface), was grown at the Botanical Garden Bonn in Germany; this record was analyzed, photographed, and documented in detail. The event was acknowledged by

Guinness World Records ''Guinness World Records'', known from its inception in 1955 until 1999 as ''The Guinness Book of Records'' and in previous United States editions as ''The Guinness Book of World Records'', is a reference book published annually, listing world ...

. The largest flower in the USA by Louis Ricciardiello, measured tall in 2010, when it was on display at Winnipesaukee Orchids in Gilford, New Hampshire, US. This event, too, was acknowledged by Guinness World Records.

Blooming

In cultivation, the titan arum generally requires 5 through 10 years of vegetative growth before blooming for the first time. After a plant's initial blooming, there can be considerable variation in its blooming frequency. The cultivation conditions are known in detail. Some plants may not bloom again for another 7 through 10 years while others may bloom every two or three years. At the botanical gardens Bonn, it was observed under optimal cultivation conditions that the plants flowered alternatively every second year. A plant has also been flowering every second year (2012 to 2022) in the

Copenhagen Botanical Garden The University of Copenhagen Botanical Garden ( da, Botanisk have), usually referred to simply as Copenhagen Botanical Garden, is a botanical garden located in the centre of Copenhagen, Denmark. It covers an area of 10 hectares and is particularly ...

. Back-to-back blooms occurring within a year have been documented and corms simultaneously sending up both a leaf (or two) and an inflorescence. There has also been an occasion when a 117 kg corm produced three simultaneous blooms in Bonn, Germany. There was also a triplet bloom at the Chicago Botanic Gardens in May 2020 named "The Velvet Queen," but viewing was closed to the public due to COVID-19. Amorphophallus at Fairchild

The

generally begins to open between midafternoon and late evening and remains open all night. At this time, the female flowers are receptive to pollination. Although most spathes begin to wilt within 12 hours, some have been known to remain open for 24 to 48 hours. As the spathe wilts, the female flowers lose receptivity to pollination. Self-pollination was once considered impossible, but in 1992, botanists in Bonn hand-pollinated their plant with its own pollen from ground-up male flowers. The procedure was successful, resulting in fruit and hundreds of seeds from which numerous seedlings were eventually produced and distributed. Additionally, a titan arum at

Gustavus Adolphus College Gustavus Adolphus College ( ) is a private liberal arts college in St. Peter, Minnesota. It was founded in 1862 by Swedish Americans led by Eric Norelius and is affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Gustavus gets its nam ...

, in Minnesota, unexpectedly produced viable seed through self-pollination in 2011.

Odour

As the spathe gradually opens, the spadix heats up to , and rhythmically releases powerful odors to attract pollinators, insects which feed on dead animals or lay their eggs in rotting meat. The potency of the odour gradually increases from late evening until the middle of the night, when carrion beetles and flesh flies are active as pollinators, then tapers off towards morning. Analyses of chemicals released by the spadix show the stench includes

dimethyl trisulfide Dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS) is an organic chemical compound and the simplest organic trisulfide, with the chemical formula CH3SSSCH3. It is a flammable liquid with a foul odor, which is detectable at levels as low as 1 part per trillion. Occurren ...

(like limburger cheese), dimethyl disulfide (garlic),

trimethylamine Trimethylamine (TMA) is an organic compound with the formula N(CH3)3. It is a colorless, hygroscopic, and flammable tertiary amine. It is a gas at room temperature but is usually sold as a 40% solution in water. (It is also sold in pressurized ...

(rotting fish), isovaleric acid ( sweaty socks), benzyl alcohol (sweet floral scent),

phenol Phenol (also called carbolic acid) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula . It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group () bonded to a hydroxy group (). Mildly acidic, it req ...

(like

Chloraseptic Chloraseptic is an American brand of oral analgesic that is produced by Tarrytown, New York-based Prestige Consumer Healthcare, used for the relief of sore throat and mouth pain. Its active ingredient is phenol (just in Sore Throat Spray, not in ...

), and indole (like feces).

Gallery

File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Indonesische mannen poseren bij twee verschillende soorten Amorphophallus planten waaronder een in bloei staande Amorphophallus Titanum TMnr 60042790.jpg, Two titan arum in Sumatra, Indonesia (ca. 1900–40); one in leaf, which can reach up to tall, and one in bloom File:Amorphophallus Corm 0136a.jpg, Small corm of ''A. titanum'', Muttart Conservatory, Edmonton, Canada File:Amorphophallus Titanum Inside.jpg, The pollen area as seen from the inside (UC Davis, California) File:Corpseflower.jpg, Plant finishing blooming, showing the male and female flowers at the base of the spadix File:Titan Arum at Bayreuth University - Second Day 1.JPG, ''A. titanum'' close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 7, 2015 File:Titan Arum at Bayreuth University 14.JPG, ''A. titanum'' close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 6, 2015 File:Titan Arum at Bayreuth University 28.JPG, ''A. titanum'' close up, Bayreuth University, Germany, June 6, 2015 File:Amorphophallus titanum foliage.jpg, ''A. titanum'' leaflets, Muttart Conservatory, Edmonton, Canada File:A photo of the Titan with fruits. .jpg, ''A. titanum'' with fruits, Liberec, Czech Republic File:Amorphophallus titanum (Araceae) Titan Arum, Foto © W. Barthlott, Bot.Gard. Bonn.jpg, ''A. titanum'' view into the spathe with flowers on the basis of the spadix. Botanical Gardens Univ. Bonn 28. March 1997 File:Amorphophallus titanum (Araceae) fruiting, Foto © W. Barthlott, Bot.Gard. Bonn.jpg, ''A. titanum'' fruiting at the Botanical Gardens Univ, Bonn in September 2009 File:Amorphophallus titanum, young leaf, Bonn. Foto © W. Barthlott, Bot.Gard. Bonn.jpg, ''A. titanum'' young, just expanding single leaf in the Botanical Gardens Univ. Bonn, July 2009

References

Bibliography

*Barthlott, W. & W. Lobin (Eds.) (1998): Amorphophallus titanum – A Monograph. 226 pp, F. Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart (''= Trop. subtrop. Pflanzenwelt 99, Akad. Science. Mainz).'
Download:
http://www.lotus-salvinia.de/pdf/180.%20BARTHLOTT,%20W.%20und%20LOBIN,%20W.%20(1998),%20Amorphophallus%20titanum.pdf (19,2 MB) *Barthlott, W., Szarzynski, J., Vlek, P., Lobin, W., & N. Korotkova (2009): A torch in the rainforest: thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Biol. 11 (4): 499–505 *Bown, Deni (2000). ''Aroids: Plants of the Arum Family''. Timber Press. *Korotkova, N. & W. Barthlott (2009): On the thermogenesis of the Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum). Plant Signaling & Behavior 4 (11): 1096–1098 *Lobin, W., Neumann, M., Radscheit, M. & W. Barthlott (2007): The cultivation of Titan Arum (Amorphophallus titanum) – A flagship species for Botanic Gardens, Sibbaldia 5: 69–86 *Association of Education and Research Greenhouse Newsletter, volume 15 number 1.

External links

Three Webcams of Titan plus time-lapse videos
at

in Saint Peter, Minnesota
3D Photo of 2004 bloom at Walt Disney World
(Requires red/cyan 3D Glasses)
How to grow a Titan Arum
* ttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lk8kEMaRN3g Amorphophallus titanum

YouTube YouTube is a global online video platform, online video sharing and social media, social media platform headquartered in San Bruno, California. It was launched on February 14, 2005, by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley, and Jawed Karim. It is owned by ...

video

Videos

Live-feed video

*Rosie, began blooming Monday, April 23, 2018, at the

Tucson Botanical Gardens The Tucson Botanical Gardens is a 5.5 acre (2.2 ha) collection of sixteen residentially scaled urban gardens in Tucson, Arizona, United States. Paths connect these gardens, which include a Zen Garden, a Prehistoric Garden, a Barrio Garden, a B ...

in Tucson, AZ *Octavia, the eighth corpse flower to bloom in five years at the Missouri Botanical Garden, began blooming on July 9, 2017. *Kansas State University Gardens began blooming Tuesday June 27, 2017 in Manhattan, KS *Little Dougie, bloom started Wednesday May 28, 2017 at Orange Coast College in Costa Mesa, CA *Audrey, began blooming Monday June 26, 2017 at California Carnivores in Sebastopol, CA *Terra, began blooming Thursday, June 15, 2017 at the

Conservatory of Flowers The Conservatory of Flowers is a greenhouse and botanical garden that houses a collection of rare and exotic plants in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California. With construction having been completed in 1879, it is the oldest building in the p ...

in San Francisco. *Java and Sumatra, began blooming Wednesday, May 31, 2017 at Chicago Botanic Garden in Glencoe, IL. * Wee Stinky, titan arum bloom, began blooming Friday, October 14, 2016 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. * Lupin, titan arum bloom, began blooming Thursday, September 22, 2016 at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina. * Pepe le Pew, blooming June 13, 2018 at Mitchell Park Domes, Milwaukee, WI *Putricia, blooming July 12, 2018 at Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park, Grand Rapids, MI *Morticia – blooming Oct 19, 2018 at Amazon Spheres Seattle, WA https://www.twitch.tv/AmazonHorticulture *Bellatrix – blooming June 3, 2019 at Amazon Spheres Seattle, WA https://www.amazon.com/b/?node=16517931011&channel=fdb908f9-30a0-4654-8c7d-47bc3e32d051 *Octavia – July 2019, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Missouri, US. https://livestream.com/accounts/20357806/events/8730969 *Titan VanCoug – July 2019,

WSU Vancouver Washington State University Vancouver also known as WSU Vancouver is a campus of Washington State University. WSU Vancouver is located on a campus outside of Vancouver, Washington, approximately eight miles (13 km) north of the Columbia Riv ...

, Vancouver, Washington, US. Blooming July 15
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wNtuYsQx7BY
*Cleveland Metroparks Zoo – August 2019 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHr2q7vdg8k *Cal Poly – July 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rlY8_TQrX7Y *Sprout –

Longwood Gardens Longwood Gardens is a botanical garden that consists of over 1,077 acres (436 hectares; 4.36 km2) of gardens, woodlands, and meadows in Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, United States in the Brandywine Creek Valley. It is one of the premier h ...

, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania – July 2020 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bECLKQLuyGI *Terra the Titan,

in San Francisco – August 2020 https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLMDbtEcOh2UTyniPiijiJBLEz9A84cWBt *Planty McPlantface, Department of Biology, Swarthmore College – May 2021 https://www.swarthmore.edu/biology/swarthmores-amorphophallus-titanum *Rotty Top, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville – July 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eR3lNY-jXx4 *Athena, E.W. Heier Teaching Greenhouse, SUNY Binghamton University, Vestal – August 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YbC-F-1BFj4 *Uncle Fester, Bloedel Conservatory, Vancouver – August 2021 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8NruYF1jBQ *Zeus,

Austin Peay State University Austin Peay State University () is a public university in Clarksville, Tennessee. Standing on a site occupied by a succession of educational institutions since 1845, the precursor of the university was established in 1927 and named for then-sitt ...

Department of Biology, Clarksville, Tennessee – June 2022 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GCK9EpV78ow *Berani,

Arthur Ross Greenhouse The Arthur Ross Greenhouse is a greenhouse located on the fifth floor of Milbank Hall at Barnard College, New York City. Originally a rooftop garden, it is used for botanical research and hosts a collection of approximately 650 species of plants. ...

Barnard College Barnard College of Columbia University is a private women's liberal arts college in the borough of Manhattan in New York City. It was founded in 1889 by a group of women led by young student activist Annie Nathan Meyer, who petitioned Columbia ...

– July 2022,

New York City, New York New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

. Blooming July 5–6

*Terry Titan, SJSU Greenhouse Facility at

San Jose State University San José State University (San Jose State or SJSU) is a public university in San Jose, California. Established in 1857, SJSU is the oldest public university on the West Coast and the founding campus of the California State University (CSU) sys ...

– July 2022,

San Jose, CA San Jose, officially San José (; ; ), is a major city in the U.S. state of California that is the cultural, financial, and political center of Silicon Valley and largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2020 popu ...

. Blooming July 27–28
Live Stream

Time-lapse videos

* Titan arum bloom, July 2007

Cleveland Metroparks Zoo The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo aka Cleveland Zoological Park is a zoo in Cleveland, Ohio. The Zoo is divided into several areas: Australian Adventure; African Savanna; Northern Wilderness Trek, The Primate, Cat & Aquatics Building, Waterfowl Lake, ...

, name Cronus by Zoo Horticulture staff. The bloomed occurred early morning Monday, July 23, 2007, the elapsed time is about 48 hours from July 22, 2007. *Trudy, UC Berkeley Botanical Garden, bloomed in June 2009. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dU9b7CVEAI8 *Metis, E.W. Heier Teaching Greenhouse, SUNY Binghamton University, Vestal – October 15, 2010. * Perry T. Titan,

, September 24 to November 7, 2013, from the corm until the spadix collapses 45 days later. *

Ohio State University The Ohio State University, commonly called Ohio State or OSU, is a public land-grant research university in Columbus, Ohio. A member of the University System of Ohio, it has been ranked by major institutional rankings among the best publ ...

May 2012. * First flowering of 'Aaron' on 9–10 July 2015 at the Botanical Garden of Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. * Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew *

Mount Lofty Botanic Garden First opened in 1977, the crescent-shaped Mount Lofty Botanic Garden is situated on 100 hectares on the eastern slopes of Mount Lofty in the Adelaide Hills east of Adelaide in South Australia. The cooler, wetter location suits plants from tem ...

, South Australia, bloomed December 29, 2015. * Adelaide Botanic Gardens, South Australia, bloomed February 1, 2016 and again on 3 January 2017. * College of Biological Sciences Conservatory,

University of Minnesota The University of Minnesota, formally the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, (UMN Twin Cities, the U of M, or Minnesota) is a public university, public Land-grant university, land-grant research university in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul, Tw ...

, name Chauncey, bloomed in February 2016. *

Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences The New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University (CALS or Ag School) is a statutory college and one of the four New York State contract colleges on the Cornell University campus in Ithaca, New York. With enrollmen ...

, Ithaca, NY, bloomed 2012, 2014, 2015, and 2016. *

Indiana University Bloomington Indiana University Bloomington (IU Bloomington, Indiana University, IU, or simply Indiana) is a public university, public research university in Bloomington, Indiana. It is the flagship university, flagship campus of Indiana University and, with ...

, Wally, at the Jordan Greenhouse in Indiana University, bloomed July 2016. * Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park, Putricia, at Frederik Meijer Gardens & Sculpture Park in Grand Rapids, MI, bloomed July 2018. * Northwestern State University, Louisiana, June 19 to June 28, 2020 *

, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania, July 13 to July 15, 2020 *

Grand Valley State University Grand Valley State University (GVSU, GV, or Grand Valley) is a public university in Allendale, Michigan. It was established in 1960 as Grand Valley State College. Its main campus is situated on approximately west of Grand Rapids. The universit ...

, April 18 to April 22, 2022 * Huntington Library's plant “Scentennial,” bloomed June, 2022,

San Marino, California San Marino is a residential city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It was incorporated on April 25, 1913. At the 2010 census the population was 13,147. The city is one of the wealthiest places in the nation in terms of househol ...

's plant “Berani,” bloomed June, 2020,

* University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's plant “Hoot,” bloomed April 17, 2021,

Milwaukee, Wisconsin Milwaukee ( ), officially the City of Milwaukee, is both the most populous and most densely populated city in the U.S. state of Wisconsin and the county seat of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, Milwaukee County. With a population of 577,222 at th ...

{{Taxonbar, from=Q431224 Amorphophallus, titanum Endemic flora of Sumatra National symbols of Indonesia Taxa named by Odoardo Beccari Thermogenic plants Plants described in 1879