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The American Political Science Association (APSA) is a
professional association A professional association (also called a professional body, professional organization, or professional society) usually seeks to advocacy, further a particular profession, the interests of individuals and organisations engaged in that professio ...
of
political science Political science is the scientific study of politics. It is a social science dealing with systems of governance and power, and the analysis of political activities, political thought, political behavior, and associated constitutions and la ...
students and scholars in the
United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
. Founded in 1903 in the Tilton Memorial Library (now Tilton Hall) of
Tulane University Tulane University, officially the Tulane University of Louisiana, is a private university, private research university in New Orleans, Louisiana. Founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 by seven young medical doctors, it turned into ...
in New Orleans, it publishes four
academic journal An academic journal or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny, and d ...
s: ''
American Political Science Review The ''American Political Science Review'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all areas of political science. It is an official journal of the American Political Science Association and is published on their behalf by Cambridg ...
'', '' Perspectives on Politics'', ''Journal of Political Science Education,'' and '' PS: Political Science & Politics''. APSA Organized Sections publish or are associated with 15 additional journals. APSA presidents serve one-year terms. The current president is
John Ishiyama John T. Ishiyama is an American political scientist. He is a University Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and the Piper Professor of Texas at the University of North Texas. He studies comparative politics, particularly the par ...
of the University of North Texas.
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
, who later became
President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United Stat ...
, was APSA president in 1909. APSA's headquarters are at 1527
New Hampshire Avenue New Hampshire Avenue is a diagonal street in Washington, D.C., beginning at the Kennedy Center and extending northeast for about 5 miles (8 km) and then continuing into Maryland where it is designated Maryland Route 650. New Hampshire Avenu ...
NW in
Washington, D.C. ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, ...
, in a historic building that was owned by Admiral George Remy, labor leader
Samuel Gompers Samuel Gompers (; January 27, 1850December 13, 1924) was a British-born American cigar maker, labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history. Gompers founded the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and served as the organization's ...
, the American War Mothers, and Harry Garfield, son of President
James A. Garfield James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th president of the United States, serving from March 4, 1881 until his death six months latertwo months after he was shot by an assassin. A lawyer and Civil War gene ...
and president of the association from 1921 to 1922. APSA administers the Centennial Center for Political Science and Public Affairs, which offers fellowships, conference, research space and grants for scholars, and administers
Pi Sigma Alpha Pi Sigma Alpha ( or PSA), the National Political Science Honor Society, is the only honor society for college and university students of political and social sciences in the United States. Its purpose is to recognize and promote high academic ...
, the
honor society In the United States, an honor society is a rank organization that recognizes excellence among peers. Numerous societies recognize various fields and circumstances. The Order of the Arrow, for example, is the National Honor Society of the Boy Sc ...
for political science students. It also periodically sponsors
seminar A seminar is a form of academic instruction, either at an academic institution or offered by a commercial or professional organization. It has the function of bringing together small groups for recurring meetings, focusing each time on some parti ...
s and other events for political scientists,
policymaker Policy is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organ ...
s, the media, and the general public.


Conferences and meetings

The association broadly aims to encourage scholarly understanding of political ideas, norms, behaviors, and institutions, and to inform public choices about government, governance, and public policy. APSA's mission is to "support excellence in scholarship and teaching and informed discourse about politics, policy and civic participation." APSA conducts several annual conferences, which provide an environment for scholars and other professionals to network and present their work, along with other pertinent and useful resources. The APSA Annual Meeting is among the world's largest gatherings of political scientists. It occurs on
Labor Day Labor Day is a federal holiday in the United States celebrated on the first Monday in September to honor and recognize the American labor movement and the works and contributions of laborers to the development and achievements of the United St ...
weekend each summer. The APSA Teaching and Learning Conference is a smaller working group conference hosting cutting-edge approaches, techniques, and methodologies for the political science classroom. The conference provides a forum for scholars to share effective and innovative teaching and learning models and to discuss broad themes and values of political science education—especially the scholarship of teaching and learning. With funding from the
Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation of New York City in the United States, simply known as Mellon Foundation, is a private foundation with five core areas of interest, and endowed with wealth accumulated by Andrew Mellon of the Mellon family of Pitts ...
, APSA has organized political science workshops in various locations in Africa, APSA Africa Workshops. The first workshop was convened in Dakar, Senegal in partnership with the West African Research Center from July 6–27, 2008. The annual residential workshops are led by a joint U.S. and African organizing team and aimed at mid-and junior-level scholars residing in Africa. They will enhance the capacities of political scientists and their resources in East and West Africa while also providing a forum for supporting their ongoing research. Each three week workshop brings together up to 30 scholars and cover substantive issues, methodologies, and reviews of research. See also, APSA International Programs.


Awards

To recognize excellence in the profession, the Association offers the following awards: * Dissertation Awards * Paper and Article Awards * Book Awards * Career Awards * Goodnow Award * Teaching Award and Campus Teaching Award Recognition In addition to the APSA awards, the APSA organized sections also present over 100 awards at every Annual Meeting to recognize important research and contributions to the profession. These awards are presented at the Association's Annual Meeting.


Centennial Center for Political Science and Public Affairs

Through its facilities and endowed funding programs, APSA'S Centennial Center for Political Science and Public Affairs supports political science teaching, research, and public engagement. Opened in 2003, the centenary of APSA's establishment, the Centennial Center encourages individual research and writing in all fields of political science, facilitates collaboration among scholars working within the discipline and across the social and behavioral sciences and humanities, and promotes communication between scholars and the public. The Centennial Center, its facilities, and research support programs continue to be made possible in part through the generous donations of APSA members. The Centennial Center for Political Science and Public Affairs assists APSA members with the costs of research, including travel, interviews, access to archives, or costs for a research assistant. Funds can also be used to assist scholars in publishing their research. Grants can range in size from $500 to $10,000, depending upon the research fund.


Congressional Fellowship Program

The APSA Congressional Fellowship Program is a highly selective, nonpartisan program devoted to expanding knowledge and awareness of
Congress A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of a ...
. Since 1953, it has brought select
political scientists This is a list of notable political scientists. See the list of political theorists for those who study political theory. See also political science. A * Robert Abelson - Yale University psychologist and political scientist with special int ...
, journalists, federal employees, health specialists, and other professionals to
Capitol Hill Capitol Hill, in addition to being a metonym for the United States Congress, is the largest historic residential neighborhood in Washington, D.C., stretching easterly in front of the United States Capitol along wide avenues. It is one of the ...
to experience Congress at work through fellowship placements on congressional staffs. The nine-month program begins each November with an intensive one-month introduction to Congress taught by leading experts in the field. After orientation, fellows work in placements of their choosing and also participate in ongoing seminars and enrichment programs. Through this unique opportunity, the American Political Science Association enhances public understanding of policymaking and improves the quality of scholarship, teaching and reporting on American national politics.


Publications

One key component of APSA's mission is to support political science education and the professional development of its practitioners. The APSA publications program attempts to fill the diverse needs of political scientists in academic settings as well as practitioners working outside of academia, and students at various stages of their education.


Journals

*''
American Political Science Review The ''American Political Science Review'' is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all areas of political science. It is an official journal of the American Political Science Association and is published on their behalf by Cambridg ...
'' (APSR) *''Journal of Political Science Education'' *''Perspectives on Politics'' *''PS: Political Science & Politics'' *''Organized Section Journals''


Presidents of the American Political Science Association

* Frank J. Goodnow, 1904-1905 * Albert Shaw, 1905-1906 * Frederick N. Judson, 1906-1907 * James Bryce, 1907-1908 *
Abbott Lawrence Lowell Abbott Lawrence Lowell (December 13, 1856 – January 6, 1943) was an American educator and legal scholar. He was President of Harvard University from 1909 to 1933. With an "aristocratic sense of mission and self-certainty," Lowell cut a large f ...
, 1908-1909 *
Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
, 1909-1910 * Simeon E. Baldwin, 1910-1911 * Albert Bushnell Hart, 1911-1912 * Westel W. Willoughby, 1912-1913 *
John Bassett Moore John Bassett Moore (December 3, 1860 – November 12, 1947) was an American lawyer and authority on international law.Christine E. White"Leading Figures in International Law: John Bassett Moore" ''International Judicial Monitor'' (Summer 2009). M ...
, 1913-1914 *
Ernst Freund Ernst Freund (born January 30, 1864 in New York City – died October 20, 1932 in Chicago, Illinois) was a noted American legal scholar. He received a Dr. Jur. from the University of Heidelberg (1884) and a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia ...
, 1914-1915 *
Jesse Macy Jesse Macy (June 21, 1842 – November 2, 1919) was an American political scientist and historian of the late 19th and early 20th century, specializing in the history of American political parties, party systems, and the Civil War. He spent mos ...
, 1915-1916 * Munroe Smith, 1916-1917 * Henry Jones Ford, 1917-1918 *
Paul Samuel Reinsch Paul Samuel Reinsch (June 10, 1869 – January 26, 1923), was an American political scientist and diplomat. He played an influential role in developing the field of international relations. Career overview Reinsch was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin ...
, 1918-1919 * Leo S. Rowe, 1919-1920 * William A. Dunning, 1920-1921 * Harry A. Garfield, 1921-1922 *
James Wilford Garner James Wilford Garner (November 22, 1871, Pike County, Mississippi – December 9, 1938) was an American professor of political science. Biography He graduated from the Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College in 1892 and studied at the ...
, 1923-1924 * Charles E. Merriam, 1924-1923 * Charles A. Beard, 1925-1924 * William Bennett Munro, 1926-1925 * Jesse S. Reeves, 1927-1926 * John A. Fairlie, 1928-1927 * Benjamin F. Shambaugh, 1929-1928 * Edward S. Corwin, 1930-1929 * William F. Willoughby, 1931-1932 * Isidor Loeb, 1932-1933 * Walter J. Shepard, 1933-1934 * Francis W. Coker, 1934-1935 * Arthur N. Holcombe, 1935-1936 * Thomas Reed Powell, 1936-1937 * Clarence A. Dykstra, 1937-1938 * Charles Grove Haines, 1938-1939 * Robert C. Brooks, 1939-1940 * Frederic A. Ogg, 1940-1941 *
William Anderson William Anderson may refer to: Arts and entertainment * William Anderson (artist) (1757–1837), painter of marine and historical paintings * William Anderson (theatre) (1868–1940), Australian stage entrepreneur * William Anderson (1911–1986), ...
, 1941-1942 * Robert E. Cushman, 1942-1943 * Leonard D. White, 1943-1944 * John Gaus, 1944-1945 * Walter F. Dodd, 1945-1946 * Arthur W. MacMahon, 1946-1947 * Henry R. Spencer, 1947-1948 *
Quincy Wright Philip Quincy Wright (December 28, 1890 – October 17, 1970) was an American political scientist based at the University of Chicago known for his pioneering work and expertise in international law, international relations, and security studies. ...
, 1948-1949 *
James K. Pollock James Kerr Pollock (May 25, 1898 – October 4, 1968) was an American political scientist. He was born on May 25, 1898, in New Castle, Pennsylvania and attended the University of Michigan, where he earned his bachelor's and master's degrees, from 1 ...
, 1949-1950 * Peter H. Odegard, 1950-1951 * Luther Gulick, 1951-1952 * E. Pendleton Herring, 1952-1953 * Ralph J. Bunche, 1953-1954 * Charles McKinley, 1954-1955 * Harold D. Lasswell, 1955-1956 * E.E. Schattschneider, 1956-1957 * V.O. Key, Jr., 1957-1958 * R. Taylor Cole, 1958-1959 * Carl B. Swisher, 1959-1960 * Emmette Redford, 1960-1961 * Charles S. Hyneman, 1961-1962 *
Carl J. Friedrich Carl Joachim Friedrich (; ; June 5, 1901 – September 19, 1984) was a German-American professor and political theorist. He taught alternately at Harvard and Heidelberg until his retirement in 1971. His writings on state and constitutional theory ...
, 1962-1963 * C. Herman Pritchett, 1963-1964 * David B. Truman, 1964-1965 * Gabriel A. Almond, 1965-1966 *
Robert A. Dahl Robert Alan Dahl (; December 17, 1915 – February 5, 2014) was an American political theorist and Sterling Professor of Political Science at Yale University. He established the pluralist theory of democracy—in which political outcomes are ...
, 1966-1967 *
Merle Fainsod Merle Fainsod (May 2, 1907 – February 11, 1972) was an American political scientist best known for his work on public administration and as a scholar of the Soviet Union. His books ''Smolensk under Soviet Rule'', based on documents captured by t ...
, 1967-1968 *
David Easton David Easton (June 24, 1917 – July 19, 2014) was a Canadian-born American political scientist. From 1947 to 1997, he served as a professor of political science at the University of Chicago. At the forefront of both the behavioralist and post ...
, 1968-1969 * Karl W. Deutsch, 1969-1970 * Robert E. Lane, 1970-1971 * Heinz Eulau, 1971-1972 * Robert E. Ward, 1972-1973 * Avery Leiserson, 1973-1974 *
Austin Ranney J. Austin Ranney (September 23, 1920 – July 24, 2006) was an American political scientist and expert on political parties in the United States. Ranney earned his bachelor's degree at Northwestern University, his master's degree at the University ...
, 1974-1975 *
James MacGregor Burns James MacGregor Burns (August 3, 1918 – July 15, 2014) was an American historian and political scientist, presidential biographer, and authority on leadership studies. He was the Woodrow Wilson Professor of Government Emeritus at Williams Col ...
, 1975-1976 * Samuel H. Beer, 1976-1977 * John C. Wahlke, 1977-1978 * Leon D. Epstein, 1978-1979 * Warren E. Miller, 1979-1980 * Charles E. Lindblom, 1980-1981 *
Seymour Martin Lipset Seymour Martin Lipset ( ; March 18, 1922 – December 31, 2006) was an American sociologist and political scientist (President of the American Political Science Association). His major work was in the fields of political sociology, trade union o ...
, 1981-1982 *
William H. Riker William Harrison Riker (September 22, 1920 – June 26, 1993) was an American political scientist who is prominent for applying game theory and mathematics to political science. He helped to establish University of Rochester as a center of behav ...
, 1982-1983 * Philip E. Converse, 1983-1984 * Richard F. Fenno, Jr., 1984-1985 *
Aaron B. Wildavsky Aaron Wildavsky (May 31, 1930 – September 4, 1993) was an American political science, political scientist known for his pioneering work in public policy, budgeting, government budgeting, and risk management. Early years A native of Brooklyn i ...
, 1985-1986 * Samuel P. Huntington, 1986-1987 * Kenneth N. Waltz, 1987-1988 * Lucian W. Pye, 1988-1989 * Judith N. Shklar, 1989-1990 *
Theodore J. Lowi Theodore J. "Ted" Lowi (July 9, 1931 – February 17, 2017) was an American political scientist. He was the John L. Senior Professor of American Institutions teaching in the Government Department at Cornell University. His area of research was th ...
, 1990-1991 *
James Q. Wilson James Quinn Wilson (May 27, 1931 – March 2, 2012) was an American political scientist and an authority on public administration. Most of his career was spent as a professor at UCLA and Harvard University. He was the chairman of the Council of A ...
, 1991-1992 * Lucius J. Barker, 1992-1993 * Charles O. Jones, 1993-1994 *
Sidney Verba Sidney Verba (May 26, 1932 – March 4, 2019) was an American political scientist, librarian and library administrator. His academic interests were mainly American and comparative politics. He was the Carl H. Pforzheimer University Professor at ...
, 1994-1995 *
Arend Lijphart Arend d'Angremond Lijphart (born 17 August 1936) is a Dutch-American political scientist specializing in comparative politics, elections and voting systems, democratic institutions, and ethnicity and politics. He is Research Professor Emeritus ...
, 1995-1996 *
Elinor Ostrom Elinor Claire "Lin" Ostrom (née Awan; August 7, 1933 – June 12, 2012) was an American Political science, political scientist and Political economy, political economist whose work was associated with New institutional economics, New Institutio ...
, 1996-1997 * M. Kent Jennings, 1997-1998 *
Matthew Holden Jr. Matthew Holden Jr. is an American political scientist. Biography He attended public school in Mississippi and Chicago, Illinois. He graduated from the University of Chicago in 1950 and received a B.A. degree in political science from Roosevelt Uni ...
, 1998-1999 * Robert O. Keohane, 1999-2000 *
Robert Jervis Robert Jervis (April 30, 1940 – December 9, 2021) was an American political scientist who was the Adlai E. Stevenson Professor of International Politics in the Department of Political Science at Columbia University. Jervis was co-editor of the ...
, 2000-2001 *
Robert Putnam Robert David Putnam (born 1941) is an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. He is the Peter and Isabel Malkin Professor of Public Policy at the Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government. Putnam develo ...
, 2001-2002 *
Theda Skocpol Theda Skocpol (born May 4, 1947) is an American sociologist and political scientist, who is currently the Victor S. Thomas Professor of Government and Sociology at Harvard University. She is a highly influential figure in both sociology and pol ...
, 2002-2003 * Susanne Hoeber Rudolph, 2003-2004 *
Margaret Levi Margaret Levi (born 1947) is an American political scientist and author, noted for her work in comparative political economy, labor politics, and democratic theory, notably on the origins and effects of trustworthy government. Education Margar ...
, 2004-2005 *
Ira Katznelson Ira I. Katznelson (born 1944) is an American political scientist and historian, noted for his research on the liberal state, inequality, social knowledge, and institutions, primarily focused on the United States. His work has been characterized ...
, 2005-2006 *
Robert Axelrod Robert Marshall Axelrod (born May 27, 1943) is an American political scientist. He is Professor of Political Science and Public Policy at the University of Michigan where he has been since 1974. He is best known for his interdisciplinary work o ...
, 2006-2007 *
Dianne Pinderhughes Dianne Marie Pinderhughes (born 1947) is Full Professor in the Departments of Africana Studies and Political Science at the University of Notre Dame, and former President of the American Political Science Association. Since 2021 she is the presi ...
, 2007-2008 * Peter Katzenstein, 2008-2009 * Henry E. Brady, 2009-2010 *
Carole Pateman Carole Pateman (born 11 December 1940) is a feminist and political theorist. She is known as a critic of liberal democracy and has been a member of the British Academy since 2007. Biography Pateman was born in Maresfield, Sussex, England. Ed ...
, 2010-2011 * G. Bingham Powell, 2011-2012 *
Jane Mansbridge Jane Jebb Mansbridge (born November 19, 1939) is an American political scientist. She is the Charles F. Adams Professor of Political Leadership and Democratic Values in the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University. Mansbridge has made co ...
, 2012-2013 * John Aldrich, 2013-2014 * Rodney E. Hero, 2014-2015 *
Jennifer Hochschild Jennifer Lucy Hochschild (born September 17, 1950) is a political scientist. She serves as the Henry LaBarre Jayne Professor of Government, Professor of African and African American Studies and Harvard College Professor at Harvard University. Sh ...
, 2015-2016 * David A. Lake, 2016–2017 *
Kathleen Thelen Kathleen Thelen is an American political scientist specializing in comparative politics. She is the Ford Professor of Political Science at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), a permanent external member of the Max Planck Institute f ...
, 2017-2018 *
Rogers Smith Rogers M. Smith (born September 20, 1953) is an American political scientist and author noted for his research and writing on American constitutional and political development and political thought, with a focus on issues of citizenship and rac ...
, 2018–2019 * Paula D. McClain, 2019–2020 *
Janet Box-Steffensmeier Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier (née Box) is an American political scientist and Distinguished University Professor at the Ohio State University. Box-Steffensmeier graduated ''magna cum laude'' from Coe College in mathematics and political science an ...
, 2020-2021 *
John Ishiyama John T. Ishiyama is an American political scientist. He is a University Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and the Piper Professor of Texas at the University of North Texas. He studies comparative politics, particularly the par ...
, 2021-22 * Lisa Martin, 2022-23 (president-elect)


APSA organized sections

APSA members may also join the 41 membership organized sections focused around research themes in political science. * 1. Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations * 2. Law and Courts * 3. Legislative Studies * 4. Public Policy * 5. Political Organizations and Parties * 6. Public Administration * 7. Conflict Processes * 8. Representation and Electoral Systems * 9. Presidents and Executive Politics * 10.
Political Methodology Political methodology is a subfield of political science that studies the quantitative and qualitative methods used to study politics. Quantitative methods combine statistics, mathematics, and formal theory. Political methodology is often used fo ...
* 11. Religion and Politics * 13. Urban Politics * 15. Science, Technology and Environmental Politics * 16. Women and Politics Research * 17. Foundations of Political Theory * 18. Information Technology and Politics * 19. International Security and Arms Control * 20. Comparative Politics * 21. European Politics and Society * 22. State Politics and Policy * 23. Political Communication * 24. Politics and History * 25. Political Economy * 27. New Political Science * 28. Political Psychology * 29. Political Science Education * 30. Politics, Literature, and Film * 31. Foreign Policy * 32. Elections, Public Opinion, and Voting Behavior * 33. Race, Ethnicity and Politics * 34. International History and Politics * 35. Comparative Democratization * 36. Human Rights * 37. Qualitative and Multi-method Research * 38. Sexuality and Politics * 39. Health Politics and Policy * 40. Canadian Politics * 41. Political Networks * 42. Experimental Research * 43. Migration and Citizenship * 44. African Politics * 45. Class and Inequality * 46. Ideas, Knowledge and Politics * 47. American Political Thought *48. International Collaboration *49. Middle East and North Africa Politics


Presidential rankings

Since 2015, they have conducted two rankings of American Presidents.


2015

In 2015,
Republican Republican can refer to: Political ideology * An advocate of a republic, a type of government that is not a monarchy or dictatorship, and is usually associated with the rule of law. ** Republicanism, the ideology in support of republics or agains ...
President
Abraham Lincoln Abraham Lincoln ( ; February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served as the 16th president of the United States from 1861 until his assassination in 1865. Lincoln led the nation thro ...
was rated the greatest President, while Democratic President
James Buchanan James Buchanan Jr. ( ; April 23, 1791June 1, 1868) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician who served as the 15th president of the United States from 1857 to 1861. He previously served as secretary of state from 1845 to 1849 and repr ...
was considered the worst. Barack Obama, president at the time of the survey, being ranked 18th.


2018

In 2018, Republican Abraham Lincoln was ranked the greatest American President, while
Donald Trump Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021. Trump graduated from the Wharton School of the University of Pe ...
, president at the time of the survey, was ranked last. Previous president Barack Obama was ranked 8th.


Notes


References


External links


American Political Science Association

Political Science Now
{{authority control Professional associations based in the United States Dupont Circle Organizations established in 1903 Political science organizations Political science in the United States 1903 establishments in the United States Oral history Non-profit organizations based in Washington, D.C. 501(c)(3) organizations