American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines, New York, was the leading US-flag
shipping
Freight transport, also referred as ''Freight Forwarding'', is the physical process of transporting Commodity, commodities and merchandise goods and cargo. The term shipping originally referred to transport by sea but in American English, it h ...
company between the U.S. east coast and the Mediterranean from 1919 to 1977, offering both
cargo ship
A cargo ship or freighter is a merchant ship that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another. Thousands of cargo carriers ply the world's seas and oceans each year, handling the bulk of international trade. Cargo ships are usu ...
and
passenger ship
A passenger ship is a merchant ship whose primary function is to carry passengers on the sea. The category does not include cargo vessels which have accommodations for limited numbers of passengers, such as the ubiquitous twelve-passenger freig ...
services, until it declared bankruptcy and was acquired by
Farrell Lines
Farrell Lines Incorporated was a boat company named in 1948 after James A. Farrell, Jr., and John J. Farrell, sons of James Augustine Farrell, president of US Steel. The company was previously known as American South African Lines (ASAL). It was ...
of New York.
Company history
American Export Lines (I)
Export Steamship Corporation was organized in 1919 and began operating cargo services to the Mediterranean from New York. The word ''American'' was added in the 1920s to emphasize its ties to the U.S. In 1931, they placed in service four cargo-passenger liners, ''Excalibur'', ''Excambion'', ''Exeter'' and ''Exochorda'', known as the "
Four Aces". The timing of their new service was unfortunately at the beginning of the Depression. The company went through various reorganizations and became the American Export Lines in 1936. During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
American Export Lines operated transports for the U.S.
War Shipping Administration
The War Shipping Administration (WSA) was a World War II emergency war agency of the US government, tasked to purchase and operate the civilian shipping tonnage the United States needed for fighting the war. Both shipbuilding under the Maritime Co ...
. In 1964, it merged with Isbrandtsen Co. to become the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines.
Isbrandtsen Steamship Company
In 1917,
Hans Isbrandtsen
Hans may refer to:
__NOTOC__ People
* Hans (name), a masculine given name
* Hans Raj Hans, Indian singer and politician
** Navraj Hans, Indian singer, actor, entrepreneur, cricket player and performer, son of Hans Raj Hans
** Yuvraj Hans, Punjabi ...
formed a shipping company name Hans Isbrandtsen Inc. in
Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent Del ...
and the Pan American Terminal & Dock Corporation in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...
. The shipping company underwent changes when Hans Isbrandtsen and his cousin
A. P. Møller, the shipping magnate who formed the great
Maersk Line
Maersk Line or Maersk SeaLand is a Danish international container shipping company and the largest operating subsidiary of the Maersk Group, a Danish business conglomerate. Founded in 1928, it is the world's largest container shipping company by ...
, began a joint venture in 1919 forming the Isbrandtsen-Moller Company (ISMOLCO) in New York. ISMOLCO grew rapidly when in 1928, a long-term agreement was reached with
Ford Motor Corporation, shipping auto parts and general cargo for
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
,
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
and the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
via the
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal ( es, Canal de Panamá, link=no) is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and divides North and South America. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a conduit ...
. Isbrandtsen founded the Isbrandtsen Steamship Company in 1939 to operate ships in areas where ISMOLCO was not involved. In 1940, this joint venture dramatically transformed due to "Permanent Special Instructions One" issued by Møller, upon which A. P. Møller's son
Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller
Arnold Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller (; 13 July 1913 – 16 April 2012) was a Danish shipping magnate. He was a longtime figure at A.P. Moller–Maersk Group, which was founded by his father.
Personal life
Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller was born in Hell ...
was made a partner. In 1941, the joint venture ended. Møller and his son went on to found the Interseas Shipping Co., Inc., the predecessor to the Moller Steamship Company, an agent for the Mærsk Line in the United States While Interseas Shipping Co., Inc., operated mainly in the Atlantic, Isbrandtsen Steamship Company traded mainly in the Far East. Hans's son Jakob took over the company in 1953 upon Hans's passing and bought American Export Lines in 1960. The purchase was approved by the
United States Maritime Administration
The United States Maritime Administration (MARAD) is an agency of the United States Department of Transportation. MARAD administers financial programs to develop, promote, and operate the U.S. Maritime Service and the U.S. Merchant Marine. Det ...
in 1962. Jakob Isbrandtsen merged Isbrandtsen Co. with American Export Lines in 1964 to form American Export & Isbrandtsen Lines, which a year later changed its name to American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines.
American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines
Jakob Isbrandtsen formed the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines in 1964 by merging his two shipping companies. Also in 1964, Isbrandtsen, who became a majority stake holder in
Ward Industries in 1960, restructured it and in 1967 formed American Export Industries, Inc., a holding company to manage American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines and all support for his fleet operations, including container services, port operations and fleet logistics. In 1971, American Export Industries spun off its holdings and returned to being the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines. This merger ended in 1973.
American Export Lines (II)
American Export Lines (AEL), re-emerged after the dissolution of the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines in 1973. AEL sold their
Staten Island Marine Terminal to the
City of New York
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
in 1974. After heavy losses and unable to meet crippling debt payments, AEL went into bankruptcy in July 1977, with
Farrell Lines
Farrell Lines Incorporated was a boat company named in 1948 after James A. Farrell, Jr., and John J. Farrell, sons of James Augustine Farrell, president of US Steel. The company was previously known as American South African Lines (ASAL). It was ...
buying its port operations in New York City and its remaining ships a year later, including two container ships on order or already under construction at
Bath Iron Works
Bath Iron Works (BIW) is a major United States shipyard located on the Kennebec River in Bath, Maine, founded in 1884 as Bath Iron Works, Limited. Since 1995, Bath Iron Works has been a subsidiary of General Dynamics. It is the fifth-largest de ...
, the ''Argonaut'' and ''Resolute'', which were delivered directly to Farrell. Farrell Lines was acquired by
Royal P&O Nedlloyd
P&O Nedlloyd Container Line Limited was an Anglo-Dutch worldwide ocean-going container shipping line, with dual headquarters in London and Rotterdam. The company was formed in 1997 by the merger of the container-shipping interests of Dutch trans ...
in July 2000; in turn, Royal P&O Nedlloyd was acquired by
A.P. Moller-Maersk Group
(), also known simply as Maersk (), is a Danish shipping company, active in ocean and inland freight transportation and associated services, such as supply chain management and port operation. Maersk was the largest container shipping line ...
in August 2005. The port operations formerly associated with the American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines became part of the
Dubai Ports World controversy
The Dubai Ports World controversy began in February 2006 and rose to prominence as a national security debate in the United States. At issue was the sale of port management businesses in six major U.S. seaports to a company based in the United A ...
in February 2006.
Passenger shipping services
Their first passenger ships were actually combination passenger-cargo ships, known as "
Four Aces", ''Excalibur'', ''Exeter'', ''Excambion'' and ''Exochorda''. These ships were ordered built by AEL during the time when the company's president was Henry Herbman, an old-time dockman in New York. They were built by the
New York Shipbuilding Company
The New York Shipbuilding Corporation (or New York Ship for short) was an American shipbuilding company that operated from 1899 to 1968, ultimately completing more than 500 vessels for the U.S. Navy, the United States Merchant Marine, the United ...
, headed up by
Clinton L. Bardo, and first launched in 1931. However, Herbman was not a good businessman and the ships had not been paid for. J. E. Slater, who was with the consulting firm Coverdale and Colpitts of New York City, was asked to look into their finances, and he quickly found that the business was not being run efficiently. Finally the Maritime Commission removed Herbman from his position and J. E. Slater was asked to run the company for a few years to stabilize it. The company's financial position improved significantly, assisted by a life insurance policy Herbman had bought himself, which was paid to the company and settled the debt problem. (This information was found in Slater's taped memoirs which were passed on to his children and grandchildren.) With the exception of the ''Exochorda'', the ships were lost during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
as a result of enemy fire. The ''Exochorda'' was later sold to Turkish Maritime Lines and renamed ''Tarsus''.
Following the war, the tonnage was replaced with
C-3 class troop transports with the same names. They were given luxury appointments for 125 passengers as well as sufficient cargo-carrying capacity.
The crowning achievement in American Export's passenger services were their largest and best-known liners, the twin ships and . The vessels were designed in their entirety by
Henry Dreyfuss
Henry Dreyfuss (March 2, 1904 – October 5, 1972) was an American industrial design pioneer. Dreyfuss is known for designing some of the most iconic devices found in American homes and offices throughout the twentieth century, including the West ...
and the names were chosen by a competition. O. J. "Skip" Weber, Slater's son-in-law, entered both names and won the prize. The ship was "sponsored" at its launching by Mrs. John E. (Pauline) Slater. The famous 1957 movie "An Affair to Remember" was filmed on the . On April 4, 1956, Grace Kelly sailed on the when she traveled to Monaco to wed Prince Rainier.
Subsidiaries
*
American Export Airlines
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
*
Colonial Tankers Corporation
*
Container Marine Lines Isbrandtsen
A container is any receptacle or enclosure for holding a product used in storage, packaging, and transportation, including shipping.
Things kept inside of a container are protected on several sides by being inside of its structure. The term ...
*
Container Marine Lines
Ships
* SS ''Adelphi Victory'' (MCV-760) (operated by Isbrandtsen Line), VC2-S-AP2
* (MCV-792), VC2-S-AP2
* SS ''Antioch Victory'' (MCV-816) (operated by Isbrandtsen Line), VC2-S-AP2
*
SS ''Atlantic'', C4 type
*
SS ''Baylor Victory'' (MCV-772) (operated by Isbrandtsen Line), VC2-S-AP2
* SS ''Beaver Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Horace Binney'' (MCE-62) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Blair'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.), renamed SS ''Exchange'' (1)
* SS ''Blue Triangle'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.), renamed SS ''Exmouth'' (1)
* SS ''Brandon Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Brimsen Heights'', transferred in 1946, formerly known as SS ''American Banker'' of the
United States Lines
United States Lines was the trade name of an organization of the United States Shipping Board (USSB), Emergency Fleet Corporation (EFC) created to operate German liners seized by the United States in 1917. The ships were owned by the USSB and all ...
* SS ''Adm. Wm. M. Callaghan'' (operated by American Export-Isbrandtsen Lines)
* SS ''Cape Nome''
* SS ''Cape Race''
* SS ''Carenco'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.)
* SS ''Charles Carroll'' (MCE-15) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Caspiana'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''City of Athens''
* SS ''City of St. Joseph'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.), renamed SS ''Extavia'' (1)
* SS ''Clontarf'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.), renamed SS ''Exermont'' (1)
*
SS ''Coeur D’Alene'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.), renamed SS ''Examilia''
* SS ''Coeur d'Alene Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
*
SS ''Colby Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
*
* SS ''Container Dispatcher'' container ship
* SS ''Container Forwarder'' container ship
* SS ''Corson'' (assigned to Export Steamship Corp.), renamed SS ''Exiria'' (1)
* SS ''Defiance''
* ''
Delta King
''Delta King'' is a and the sister ship of ''Delta Queen'', built in Scotland and California for the California Transportation Company's service between Sacramento and San Francisco, California. She entered service in 1927 and continued until 194 ...
'' (owned by Isbrandtsen Line)
* ''
Delta Queen
The ''Delta Queen'' is an American sternwheel steamboat. She is known for cruising the major rivers that constitute the tributaries of the Mississippi River, particularly in the American South, although she began service in California on the ...
'' (owned by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''East Point Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Elmira Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Empire Glencoe''
* SS ''Eugene Hale'' (MCE-791) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Examelia''
* SS ''Examiner'' (1)
* SS ''Examiner'' (2)
* SS ''Exanthia'' (1)
* SS ''Exanthia'' (2), C2-S-A1, Maritime Commission design
* SS ''Exarch''
* SS ''Exbrook''
* SS ''Excalibur'' (1)
photo
*
SS ''Excalibur'' (2)
* SS ''Excambion'' (1)
*
SS ''Excambion'' (2)
* SS ''Excellency'' (1)
* SS ''Excellency'' (2)
* SS ''Excellency'' (3)
* SS ''Exceller'', C2-S-A1, Maritime Commission design
* SS ''Excello'' (1)
* SS ''Excello'' (2)
* SS ''Excelsior'' (1)
* SS ''Excelsior'' (2)
* SS ''Excelsior'' (3)
* SS ''Excelsior'' (4)
* SS ''Exchange'' (1), renamed SS ''Exliona'' (2)
* SS ''Exchange'' (2)
* SS ''Exchequer'' (1)
photo
* SS ''Exchequer'' (2)
* SS ''Exchequer'' (3)
* SS ''Exchester'' (1)
* SS ''Exchester'' (2)
* SS ''Exchester'' (3), renamed SS ''Exmoor'' (3)
* SS ''Exchester'' (4)
* SS ''Exchester'' (5)
* SS ''Executive''
* SS ''Executor'' (1)
* SS ''Executor'' (2)
*
* SS ''Exermont'' (1), C3-E, Maritime Commission design
* SS ''Exermont'' (2)
* SS ''Exeter'' (1)
* SS ''Exeter'' (2)
* SS ''Exford'' (1)
* SS ''Exford'' (2)
* SS ''Exhibitor'' (1)
* SS ''Exhibitor'' (2)
* SS ''Exilona'' (1)
*
SS ''Exilona'' (2)
* SS ''Exilona'' (3)
* SS ''Exiria'' (1), renamed SS ''Exchester'' (3)
* SS ''Exiria'' (2), C2-S-A1, Maritime Commission design
* SS ''Exminster'' (1)
* SS ''Exminster'' (2)
*
SS ''Exmoor'' (1)
* SS ''Exmoor'' (2)
* SS ''Exmoor'' (3)
* SS ''Exmouth'' (1)
* SS ''Exmouth'' (2)
* SS ''Exochorda'' (1)
*
SS ''Exochorda'' (2)
* SS ''Expeditor''
* SS ''Explorer''
* SS ''Export Adventurer''
* SS ''Export Agent''
* SS ''Export Aide''
* SS ''Export Ambassador''
* SS ''Export Banner''
* SS ''Export Bay''
* SS ''Export Builder''
* SS ''Export Buyer''
* SS ''Export Challenger''
* SS ''Export Champion''
* SS ''Export Commerce''
*
SS ''Export Courier''
* SS ''Export Defender''
* SS ''Export Democracy''
* SS ''Export Diplomat''
* CV ''Export Freedom'' IMO 7204863, container ship
* CV ''Export Leader'' IMO 7226689, container ship, (MA-257), now the US Navy's
* CV ''Export Patriot'' IMO 7306764, container ship, operated by Farrell Lines until 1998, scrapped in
Alang
Alang is a census town in Bhavnagar district in the Indian state of Gujarat. Because it is home to the Alang Ship Breaking Yard, Alang beaches are considered the world's largest ship graveyard.
Demographics
As of the 2001 Indian census, Alan ...
India.
* SS ''Exporter'' (1)
* SS ''Exporter'' (2), C3-E, Maritime Commission design
* SS ''Expositor''
* SS ''Express'' (1)
* SS ''Express'' (2)
* SS ''Express'' (3)
* SS ''Extavia'' (1), renamed as SS ''Exmoor'' (2)
*
SS ''Extavia'' (2), C2-S-A1, Maritime Commission design
* SS ''Exton'' (1)
* SS ''Exton'' (2)
* SS ''Exton'' (3)
* SS ''Faraby''
* SS ''William P. Fessenden'' (MCE-768) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Flying Arrow''
* SS ''Flying Clipper''
* SS ''Flying Cloud''
*
* SS ''Flying Endeavor''
* (1)
* SS ''Flying Enterprise'' (2)
* SS ''Flying Fish'', a modified C-2 type cargo ship
* SS
''Flying Gull''
* SS
''Flying Hawk''
*
SS ''Flying Foam''
* SS ''Flying Independent''
* SS ''Flying Spray''
* SS ''Flying Trader''
* SS ''Samuel Gorton'' (MCE-1459) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Great Republic''
* SS ''Hannis Taylor'' (MCE-1978) (operated by Isbrandtsen Steamship Co.Inc.)
* SS ''Hog Island''
* SS ''Robert F. Hoke'' (MCE-1968) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Hoke Smith'' (MCE-1061) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
*
* SS ''John Chandler'' (MCE-215) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Sir John Franklin''
* SS ''John L. Motley'' (MCE-986) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''John N. Robins'' (MCE-819) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Judge Bland''
* SS ''Kingston Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
*
SS ''La Guardia''br>
* SS ''Lahaina Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Lake Festina''
* SS ''Lake Fiscus''
* SS ''Lake Frumet''
* SS ''Lake Grampus''
* SS ''Liberty Land''
* CV ''Lightning'' IMO 6817845, container ship, now the US Navy's
* SS ''Luxpalile''
* SS ''Marine Angel''
* SS ''Marine Carp''
* SS ''Marine Flasher''
* SS ''Marine Jumper''
* SS ''Marine Perch''
* SS ''Marine Shark''
* SS ''Martin Berhman''
* SS ''Meredith Victory''
* SS ''Meridian Victory''
* SS ''Michael J. Owens'' (MCE-2958) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Millinocket'', torpedoed June 18, 1942
* SS ''Minot Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''New Orleans''
*
USNS Watertown (T-AGM-6), SS ''Niantic Victory'' (MCV-100) (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
*
SS ''Nobles''
* SS ''Notre Dame Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Orion Hunter'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* (MCE-2436) (operated by Isbrandtsen Steamship Co.Inc.)
* SS ''Pass Christian Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
* SS ''Remsen Heights''
* SS ''Red Jacket''
* SS ''Darel M. Ritter'' (MCE-2838) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Sangamon''
* SS ''Saucon''
* SS ''Saugus''
*
NS ''Savannah''
* SS ''Sawokla''
* SS ''Sea Falcon''
* CV ''
Sea Witch
Witchcraft traditionally means the use of magic or supernatural powers to harm others. A practitioner is a witch. In medieval and early modern Europe, where the term originated, accused witches were usually women who were believed to have use ...
'' IMO 6806444, container ship
* SS ''Seton Hall Victory'' (operated by Isbrandtsen Line)
*
* SS ''Sinsinawa''
* CV ''Staghound'' IMO 6916433, container ship, now the US Navy's
* SS ''Unicoi''
* SS ''Zebulon B. Vance'' (MCE-145) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Vulcania''
* SS ''Charles D. Walcott'' (MCE-2327) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Ward''
* SS ''Will R. Wood'' (MCE-1956) (operated by American Export Lines Inc.)
* SS ''Winona''
* SS ''Young America''
List of principal executives
*
Henry Herbermann, 1920–1935
*
William Hugh Coverdale, 1934–1949
*
John E. Slater
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second E ...
, 1934–1956
*
John F. Gehan
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second E ...
, 1939–1959
*
William J. Dorman, 1952-1965
*
Frazer A. Bailey, 1957–1959
*
Josephine Bay Paul, 1959–1960
*
Jakob Isbrandtsen, 1960–1971
*
John M. Will, 1959–1971
See also
*
South Street Seaport
The South Street Seaport is a historic area in the New York City borough of Manhattan, centered where Fulton Street meets the East River, and adjacent to the Financial District, in Lower Manhattan. The Seaport is a designated historic district, ...
Museum, where Jakob Isbrandtsen served as its trustee
References
* ''National Cyclopedia of American Biography'', vol. 41.
* Dugan, James. ''American Viking: The Saga of Hans Isbrandtsen'' (New York: Harper and Row, 1963)
* De la Pedraja, René. ''The Rise and Decline of U.S. Merchant Shipping in the Twentieth Century'' (New York: Twayne, 1992)
* De la Pedraja Tomán, René
''A Historical Dictionary of the U.S. Merchant Marine and Shipping Industry Since the Introduction of Steam''(Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1994).
*
External links
Wikisource Isbrandtsen-Moller Company v. United States (
Syllabus
A syllabus (; plural ''syllabuses'' or ''syllabi'') or specification is a document that communicates information about an academic course or class and defines expectations and responsibilities. It is generally an overview or summary of the curric ...
,
Opinion of the Court
In law, a majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court. A majority opinion sets forth the decision of the court and an explanation of the rationale behind the court's decision.
Not all cases have ...
)
"Rugged Individualist" ''
Time
Time is the continued sequence of existence and events that occurs in an apparently irreversible succession from the past, through the present, into the future. It is a component quantity of various measurements used to sequence events, to ...
''. January 16, 1950. —
"Sea Lawyer" ''Time''. October 9, 1950.
The Last Ocean Liners - American Export Lines- trade routes and ships of American Export Lines in the 1950s and 1960s
*
ttp://www.us-maritime-commission.de/ Shipbuilding under the Merchant Marine Act of 1936Video: A Circle Line trip around Manhattan, early 1968GG Archives
{{Authority control
Transport companies established in 1919
Transport companies disestablished in 1977
Container shipping companies of the United States
Defunct companies based in New York (state)
Defunct cruise lines
Defunct shipping companies of the United States
Ferry companies of New York City
Transatlantic shipping companies
1919 establishments in New York (state)
1977 disestablishments in New York (state)
Container shipping companies