In
mathematics
Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes the topics of numbers, formulas and related structures, shapes and the spaces in which they are contained, and quantities and their changes. These topics are represented in modern mathematics ...
, more specifically in
multilinear algebra
Multilinear algebra is a subfield of mathematics that extends the methods of linear algebra. Just as linear algebra is built on the concept of a vector and develops the theory of vector spaces, multilinear algebra builds on the concepts of ''p' ...
, an alternating multilinear map is a
multilinear map
In linear algebra, a multilinear map is a function of several variables that is linear separately in each variable. More precisely, a multilinear map is a function
:f\colon V_1 \times \cdots \times V_n \to W\text
where V_1,\ldots,V_n and W are ...
with all arguments belonging to the same vector space (for example, a
bilinear form
In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map on a vector space (the elements of which are called '' vectors'') over a field ''K'' (the elements of which are called ''scalars''). In other words, a bilinear form is a function that is linear i ...
or a
multilinear form
In abstract algebra and multilinear algebra, a multilinear form on a vector space V over a field K is a map
:f\colon V^k \to K
that is separately ''K''-linear in each of its ''k'' arguments. More generally, one can define multilinear forms on ...
) that is zero whenever any pair of arguments is equal. More generally, the vector space may be a
module
Module, modular and modularity may refer to the concept of modularity. They may also refer to:
Computing and engineering
* Modular design, the engineering discipline of designing complex devices using separately designed sub-components
* Modul ...
over a
commutative ring
In mathematics, a commutative ring is a ring in which the multiplication operation is commutative. The study of commutative rings is called commutative algebra. Complementarily, noncommutative algebra is the study of ring properties that are not sp ...
.
The notion of alternatization (or alternatisation) is used to derive an alternating multilinear map from any multilinear map with all arguments belonging to the same space.
Definition
Let
be a commutative ring and
be modules over
. A multilinear map of the form
is said to be alternating if it satisfies the following equivalent conditions:
# whenever there exists
such that
then
[.]
# whenever there exists
such that
then
[.]
Vector spaces
Let
be vector spaces over the same field. Then a multilinear map of the form
is alternating iff it satisfies the following condition:
* if
are
linearly dependent
In the theory of vector spaces, a set of vectors is said to be if there is a nontrivial linear combination of the vectors that equals the zero vector. If no such linear combination exists, then the vectors are said to be . These concepts are ...
then
.
Example
In a
Lie algebra
In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced ) is a vector space \mathfrak g together with an Binary operation, operation called the Lie bracket, an Alternating multilinear map, alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow ...
, the
Lie bracket
In mathematics, a Lie algebra (pronounced ) is a vector space \mathfrak g together with an operation called the Lie bracket, an alternating bilinear map \mathfrak g \times \mathfrak g \rightarrow \mathfrak g, that satisfies the Jacobi identit ...
is an alternating bilinear map.
The
determinant
In mathematics, the determinant is a scalar value that is a function of the entries of a square matrix. It characterizes some properties of the matrix and the linear map represented by the matrix. In particular, the determinant is nonzero if and ...
of a matrix is a multilinear alternating map of the rows or columns of the matrix.
Properties
If any component
of an alternating multilinear map is replaced by
for any
and
in the base
ring
Ring may refer to:
* Ring (jewellery), a round band, usually made of metal, worn as ornamental jewelry
* To make a sound with a bell, and the sound made by a bell
:(hence) to initiate a telephone connection
Arts, entertainment and media Film and ...
then the value of that map is not changed.
Every alternating multilinear map is
antisymmetric, meaning that
or equivalently,
where
denotes the
permutation group
In mathematics, a permutation group is a group ''G'' whose elements are permutations of a given set ''M'' and whose group operation is the composition of permutations in ''G'' (which are thought of as bijective functions from the set ''M'' to it ...
of order
and
is the
sign
A sign is an object, quality, event, or entity whose presence or occurrence indicates the probable presence or occurrence of something else. A natural sign bears a causal relation to its object—for instance, thunder is a sign of storm, or me ...
of
If
is a
unit
Unit may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* UNIT, a fictional military organization in the science fiction television series ''Doctor Who''
* Unit of action, a discrete piece of action (or beat) in a theatrical presentation
Music
* ''Unit'' (alb ...
in the base ring
then every antisymmetric
-multilinear form is alternating.
Alternatization
Given a multilinear map of the form
the alternating multilinear map
defined by
is said to be the alternatization of
Properties
* The alternatization of an ''n''-multilinear alternating map is ''n''! times itself.
* The alternatization of a
symmetric map is zero.
* The alternatization of a
bilinear map
In mathematics, a bilinear map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example.
Definition
Vector spaces
Let V, W ...
is bilinear. Most notably, the alternatization of any
cocycle is bilinear. This fact plays a crucial role in identifying the second
cohomology group
In mathematics, specifically in homology theory and algebraic topology, cohomology is a general term for a sequence of abelian groups, usually one associated with a topological space, often defined from a cochain complex. Cohomology can be viewe ...
of a
lattice
Lattice may refer to:
Arts and design
* Latticework, an ornamental criss-crossed framework, an arrangement of crossing laths or other thin strips of material
* Lattice (music), an organized grid model of pitch ratios
* Lattice (pastry), an orna ...
with the
group
A group is a number of persons or things that are located, gathered, or classed together.
Groups of people
* Cultural group, a group whose members share the same cultural identity
* Ethnic group, a group whose members share the same ethnic ide ...
of alternating
bilinear form
In mathematics, a bilinear form is a bilinear map on a vector space (the elements of which are called '' vectors'') over a field ''K'' (the elements of which are called ''scalars''). In other words, a bilinear form is a function that is linear i ...
s on a lattice.
See also
*
Alternating algebra
In mathematics, an alternating algebra is a -graded algebra for which for all nonzero homogeneous elements and (i.e. it is an anticommutative algebra) and has the further property that for every homogeneous element of odd degree.
Examples ...
*
Bilinear map
In mathematics, a bilinear map is a function combining elements of two vector spaces to yield an element of a third vector space, and is linear in each of its arguments. Matrix multiplication is an example.
Definition
Vector spaces
Let V, W ...
*
*
Map (mathematics)
In mathematics, a map or mapping is a function in its general sense. These terms may have originated as from the process of making a geographical map: ''mapping'' the Earth surface to a sheet of paper.
The term ''map'' may be used to distingui ...
*
Multilinear algebra
Multilinear algebra is a subfield of mathematics that extends the methods of linear algebra. Just as linear algebra is built on the concept of a vector and develops the theory of vector spaces, multilinear algebra builds on the concepts of ''p' ...
*
Multilinear map
In linear algebra, a multilinear map is a function of several variables that is linear separately in each variable. More precisely, a multilinear map is a function
:f\colon V_1 \times \cdots \times V_n \to W\text
where V_1,\ldots,V_n and W are ...
*
Multilinear form
In abstract algebra and multilinear algebra, a multilinear form on a vector space V over a field K is a map
:f\colon V^k \to K
that is separately ''K''-linear in each of its ''k'' arguments. More generally, one can define multilinear forms on ...
*
Symmetrization
Notes
References
*
*
*
*{{Cite book
, last = Rotman
, first = Joseph J.
, title = An Introduction to the Theory of Groups
, publisher = Springer
, series = Graduate Texts in Mathematics
, volume = 148
, edition = 4th
, year = 1995
, isbn = 0-387-94285-8
, oclc = 30028913
Functions and mappings
Mathematical relations
Multilinear algebra
fr:Application multilinéaire#Application alternée