Allium ochotense

''Allium ochotense'', the Siberian onion, is a primarily East Asian species of wild onion native to northern Japan, Korea, China, and the Russian Far East, as well as on Attu Island in Alaska.

Some authors have considered ''A. ochotense'' as belonging to the same species as '' A. victorialis'', but more recent authorities have treated it as a distinct species.Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
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Description

''Allium ochotense'' grows to in height, (world encyclopedia, in Japanese), article on ''gyōja ninniku'' by botanist with a strong garlic-like odor, and has "bulbs.. surrounded by a grayish-brown, netlike coating. The leaves are 1–3 glabrous, broadly elliptic,... perianth (flower) whitish-green".Hultén, Eric (1968). Flora of Alaska and Neighboring Territories: A Manual of the Vascular Plants. Stanford University Press. p. 307. . The plant is slow-growing, and aside from seed-propagation, "''A. victorialis'' has two vegetative propagation systems; one is tillering and the other is adventitious buds".

The plant has an intense garlic-like odor (cf. allicin content) that is thought more intense than garlic itself.

Etymology

''Allium'' is the ancient Latin name for garlic.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. (hardback), (paperback). p 43

The specific epithet, ''ochotense'', was given by Yarosláv Ivánovich Prokhánov (Яросла́в Ива́нович Проха́нов) 902-1965 a Soviet botanist, systematist, geographer, geneticist, Doctor of Biological Science, and professor.(1930). "Bulletin of Applied Botany, Genetics, and Plant Breeding". 114. 2: 174 It was presumably named in reference to the Okhotsk region of Russia, a place where this species is known to occur.

Distribution

''Allium ochotense'' is centered in the Amur River basin area, thus, it occurs in the Amur, Khabarovsk, Primorye regions of Siberia, and into Sakhalin and Kuril Islands within the Russian Far East. In China, the plant grows in Inner Mongolia and China (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning), Hebei, Henan, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan). The range also includes Korea, in Ulleung Island and the high mountains (over ) in the Korean peninsula, including Baekdu Mountain, and Japan (Hokkaido and Honshu), in colonies from Hokkaido down to the Kinki area (Nara Prefecture), in coniferous and mixed forested wetlands in subalpine terrain. The plant's range extends nominally into the United States, but ''A. ochotense'' is only found natively growing on Attu Island, the westernmost island of the Aleutian archipelago. There are colonies on Unalaska Island, but they are thought to be introduced.Flora of North America, Vol. 26 Page 234 ''Allium victorialis'' Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 295. 1753.
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Cultivation

From around 1990, it has been grown horticulturally in Hokkaido and snowy regions on the eastern side of Honshū. Outbreaks of plant disease have been reported in these onion paddy farms. It requires approximately four years from sowing to harvest.

Cultivars

At Utsunomiya University's Agriculture Department, the research group led by then-assistant professor Nobuaki Fujishige developed an ''A. ochotense'' × '' A. tuberosum'' (garlic chives) hybrid, which they dubbed . It resembles the garlic chive in outward appearance, but inherits the thick-stalked trait of '' A. victorialis'', and like the garlic chive, is ready for harvest after 1 year. It has been sold in the commercial market since 2008 in Nagai, Yamagata.

Chemistry

Researchers have identified 1-propenyl disulfides and vinyldithiins as odor compounds., citing Nisimura ''et al''. 1988 for NMR analysis. Specific odor agents include: "methyl allyl disulfide (Chinese chive odor), diallyl disulfide (garlic-like odor), and dimethyl disulfide and methyl allyl trisulfide (pickles-like odor)".

Uses

Culinary

China

In China its name is given as ''gecong'' () or ''shancong'' (). Its use may be not be widespread. One source only mentions that the Jiarongic minority harvest the "tender unfolding leaves" which they sun-dry and serve on special occasions.

Japan

The Japanese name means literally "a (type of) garlic that a ''gyōja'' makes use of as food," where a ''gyōja'' signifies a monk or a lay person engaged in ascetic training outdoors (cf. , Shugendō). Much of its flourishing habitat occurs in nature reserves such as national parks. Hence it is considered a scarce ''sansai'' (wild-harvested vegetable), and commands high prices at the market.

Siberian onion is an important ethnobotanic food plant for the indigenous Ainu people of Japan. In the Ainu language it is called ''pukusa'', ''kitobiru'', or ( since "biru/hiru" is a Japanese word for onion-type plants), simply ''kito''. Siberian onion comes into season in Hokkaido for foraging from early to mid-May. The Ainu traditionally gather the leaves (but not the whole bulb), which are chopped up and dried for future use. The plant may be used by the Ainu in the savory soup called , or in the , described as a type of stew using multiple ingredients, or a dish where ingredients are tossed in animal fat oil.

In modern days, the leafstalk can be preserved by steeping in soy sauce, or the fresh leaves can be made into '' ohitashi'' (parboiled and served plain or with dashi flavor), made into gyōza (pot-sticker dumplings), or blended into a tamagoyaki-type omelet. The young unraveled leaves with a stalk about 1 cm (half-inch) have rich flavor and fragrance and are especially prized. Also, the stalks being commercially grown by blanching (cf. white asparagus) have been gaining popularity.

There are a number of inedible or poisonous plants that can be mistaken for victory onions in Japan, and those reported cases of consumption and illness include: ''Veratrum album'' ( Ja: ''baikeisō''), ''Veratrum stamineum'' ( Ja: ''ko-baikeisō''), ''Colchicum autumnale'' ( Ja:''inu-safuran'') and lily of the valley. The distinctive smell should tell it apart.

Korea

In Korea, the ''A. ochotense'' and '' A. microdictyon'' are called ''sanmaneul'' (, "mountain garlic"). While the official name for ''A. ochotense'' is ''Ulleung sanmaneul'' (, "Ulleung Island mountain garlic"), the most common name used by Korean people is ''myeongi'' (), whose romanized form (along with ''Siberian onion'') is an English name of the plant. ''Myeongi'' is also called ''myeonginamul'' (), because it is considered a ''namul'' (vegetable).

''Myeongi'' is a specialty of Ulleung Island, where the leaves grow wider and hardier.

The leaves and the scaly bulb of ''myeongi'' are most often eaten as a ''namul''-type side dish, or as a ''ssam'' vegetable for a ''samgyeopsal'' (grilled pork belly) meal. ''Myeongi'' is also eaten pickled as a ''jangajji''-type side dish, or used as the last ingredient in ''dak- gomtang'' ("chicken bone soup").

Siberia

In Siberia, the young shoots are eaten.

Medicinal

Japan

In Japan, ''pukusa'' or Siberian onion has been used as a folk remedy among the Ainu. For example, it is administered as a diuretic to treat urine blockage relating to certain stomach disorders.

Korea

In traditional Korean medicine, myeongi was considered to be a warming herb, a stomachic, and a detoxicant. As a herb, it was used to treat indigestion, heatburn, small abscesses, and bites and stings from venomous insects. The seed was used to treat nocturnal emission.

Magical

In Japan, Ainu folklore held that due to its odor, Siberian onion was capable of repelling diseases. When an epidemic broke out, the onion would be left hanging at the entrances to the village or dangled from the eaves of each house. "酒を得る前の樺太アイヌはお祈りのときに、ギョウジャ二ン二ク(プクサ)..を用いたという。これは強烈な臭気を発するので、その臭気を嫌う伝染病などは近づかないので、流行り病があると村の入り口や家の軒に下げておくことがある。"

Gallery

image:Allium victorialis, edible wild plants, Hokkaido Japan.jpg, ''A. ochotense'' (Hokkaido)
image:platyphyllum.jpg, ''A. ochotense'' (Nagano prefecture)

See also

* ''Allium ursinum'' (ramsons)
* ''Allium tricoccum'' (ramps)

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q15521402

ochotense
Flora of the Aleutian Islands
Flora of Eastern Asia
Flora of China
Flora of the Russian Far East
Japanese vegetables
Korean vegetables
Onions
Namul
Plants described in 1753
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus