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Allan Combs (born 1942) is an American
consciousness Consciousness, at its simplest, is sentience and awareness of internal and external existence. However, the lack of definitions has led to millennia of analyses, explanations and debates by philosophers, theologians, linguisticians, and scien ...
theorist who studies the complexity of the
mind The mind is the set of faculties responsible for all mental phenomena. Often the term is also identified with the phenomena themselves. These faculties include thought, imagination, memory, will, and sensation. They are responsible for various m ...
.
Biologist A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology. Biologists are interested in studying life on Earth, whether it is an individual Cell (biology), cell, a multicellular organism, or a Community (ecology), community of Biological inter ...
, theoretical neuroscientist and
philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...
Walter Jackson Freeman III Walter Jackson Freeman III (January 30, 1927 – April 24, 2016), was an American biologist, theoretical neuroscientist and philosopher who conducted research in rabbits' olfactory perception, using EEG. Based on a theoretical framework of neur ...
, wrote of Combs:
is work In linguistics, a copula (plural: copulas or copulae; abbreviated ) is a word or phrase that links the subject of a sentence to a subject complement, such as the word ''is'' in the sentence "The sky is blue" or the phrase ''was not being'' i ...
"transcends the fading antimony of The Two Cultures and demonstrates the unity of human knowledge in his synthesis of modern brain dynamics with a broad sweep of history and mythology. It is a stunning achievement."


Education and academic career

Combs attended the
University of Ohio Ohio University is a public research university in Athens, Ohio. The first university chartered by an Act of Congress and the first to be chartered in Ohio, the university was chartered in 1787 by the Congress of the Confederation and subseq ...
in the early 1960s, first studying
physics Physics is the natural science that studies matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. "Physical science is that department of knowledge which r ...
and then switching to
psychology Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior. Psychology includes the study of conscious and unconscious phenomena, including feelings and thoughts. It is an academic discipline of immense scope, crossing the boundaries betwe ...
. During these studies, he overcame impediments due to
dyslexia Dyslexia, also known until the 1960s as word blindness, is a disorder characterized by reading below the expected level for one's age. Different people are affected to different degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words, r ...
, something he later noted would influence his thinking about psychology. He then restarted his graduate education in clinical psychology at the
University of Georgia , mottoeng = "To teach, to serve, and to inquire into the nature of things.""To serve" was later added to the motto without changing the seal; the Latin motto directly translates as "To teach and to inquire into the nature of things." , establ ...
, and at the same time started taking courses and doing research on single-cell recordings of
neuron A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an electrically excitable cell that communicates with other cells via specialized connections called synapses. The neuron is the main component of nervous tissue in all animals except sponges and placozoa. N ...
s, and mathematically modeled their activity on early versions of the computer. Through this time he was reading
Carl Jung Carl Gustav Jung ( ; ; 26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. Jung's work has been influential in the fields of psychiatry, anthropology, archaeology, literature, philo ...
, European phenomenology, Eastern spirituality
Abraham Maslow Abraham Harold Maslow (; April 1, 1908 – June 8, 1970) was an American psychologist who was best known for creating Maslow's hierarchy of needs, a theory of psychological health predicated on fulfilling innate human needs in priority, cul ...
,
Carl Rogers Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach (and client-centered approach) in psychology. Rogers is widely considered one of the founding fathers of ps ...
, and John C. Lilly; he also participated in
gestalt therapy Gestalt therapy is a form of psychotherapy that emphasizes personal responsibility and focuses on the individual's experience in the present moment, the therapist–client relationship, the environmental and social contexts of a person's life, ...
and human potentials workshops. After graduating he taught biology and psychology for a year at
Earlham College Earlham College is a private liberal arts college in Richmond, Indiana. The college was established in 1847 by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and has a strong focus on Quaker values such as integrity, a commitment to peace and social ...
in Indiana, then for about a decade at a small college in Missouri. While he was there he read
Charles Tart Charles T. Tart (born 1937) is an American psychologist and parapsychologist known for his psychological work on the nature of consciousness (particularly altered states of consciousness), as one of the founders of the field of transpersonal psych ...
and was inspired by his application of
systems theory Systems theory is the interdisciplinary study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or human-made. Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structu ...
to psychology. In the early 1980s he moved to a college in North Carolina. In the mid-1990s he started corresponding and then collaborating with
David Loye David Elliot Loye (April 26, 1925 – January 25, 2022) was an American author, psychologist, and evolutionary systems scientist. Early life Born in Palo Alto, California, Loye served in World War II in the Navy under the writer Walter Karig ...
, who invited Combs to join a group formed around the ideas of
Ervin László Ervin László (; born 12 June 1932) is a Hungarian philosopher of science, systems theorist, integral theorist, originally a classical pianist. He is an advocate of the theory of quantum consciousness. Early life and education László was ...
. Reading László furthered his interests in systems and consciousness and he was soon invited to join László's General Evolutionary Research Group. In 1989 Combs learned of the work of Frederick Abraham, who was beginning to meld
chaos theory Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics focused on underlying patterns and deterministic laws of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, and were once thought to have co ...
and psychology, and worked with him to found The Society for Chaos Theory in Psychology and the Life Sciences. As of 2020 Combs held appointments at the California Institute of Integral Studies, where he built the program in consciousness studies in 2015, and The Graduate Institute in Connecticut. He also was Professor Emeritus at the University of North Carolina-Asheville. As of 2020 he had authored over 200 articles, chapters, and books on consciousness and the brain. Much of his work has been accomplished in collaboration with colleagues
Ervin Laszlo Ervin may refer to: *Ervin (given name) *Ervin (surname) *Ervin Township, Howard County, Indiana, one of eleven townships in Howard County, Indiana, USA See also * Justice Ervin (disambiguation) * Earvin * Ervine * Erving (disambiguation) * Erwan ...
and
Stanley Krippner Stanley Krippner (born October 4, 1932) is an American psychologist and parapsychologist. He received a B.S. degree from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1954 and M.A. (1957) and Ph.D. (1961) degrees from Northwestern University. From 1 ...
. He is also known for his collaboration with
Ken Wilber Kenneth Earl Wilber II (born January 31, 1949) is an American philosopher and writer on transpersonal psychology and his own integral theory, a philosophy which suggests the synthesis of all human knowledge and experience. Life and career Wilber ...
. He is the founder, Academic Advisor, and President Emeritus of The Society for Consciousness Studies, co-founder of The Laszlo Institute of New Paradigm Research and a member of the one-hundred member
Club of Budapest Ervin László founded international organization the Club of Budapest in 1993 to expand beyond the scientific purpose of the General Evolution Research Group to try to mobilize the resources of humanity to meet future challenges. The Club of Buda ...
. He is the Senior Editor of Consciousness: Ideas and Research for the Twenty First Century, co-editor of the Journal of Conscious Evolution, Associate Editor of Dynamical Psychology. Combs won the National Teaching Award of the Association of Graduate Liberal Studies Programs for 2002/2003 and in the same year held the UNCA Honorary Ruth and Leon Feldman Professorship.


Bibliography

Books * Combs, A. (1995). The Radiance of being: Complexity, chaos, and the evolution of consciousness. Edinburgh: Floris Books; 1996, St Paul, MN: Paragon House. (Winner of the Scientific and Medical Network book of the year award.) * Combs, A. (2009). Consciousness explained better: Towards an integral understanding of the multifaceted nature of consciousness. St Paul, MN: Paragon House. * Combs, A., & Holland, M. (1990). Synchronicity: Science, myth and the trickster. New York: Paragon House. (Second edition with foreword by Ervin Laszlo; 1995. Third edition with foreword by Robin Robertson; 2001.) Chapters and articles * Combs, A. (2014). My life in chaos. In A. Montuori (Ed.). Journeys in Complexity: Autobiographical Accounts by Leading Systems and Complexity Thinkers. London: Routledge. * Combs, A. (2013). El poder del diálogo. Athanor, 98, 30–39. * Combs, A. (2015). Transcend and include: Wilber's contributions to transpersonal psychology. In G. Hartelius and H. Frideman (Eds.). Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology. (pp. 166–186). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. * Combs, A. (2015). The nature of consciousness. In Jennie A. Davis, and Daniel Pitchford (Eds.). Stanley Krippner: A Life of Dreams, Myths, and Visions; Essays on his Contributions and Influence (pp. 21–40). Colorado Springs, CO: University Professors Press. * Combs, A. (2016, Spring)
Consciousness studies - An overview
Consciousness: Ideas and Research for the Twenty First Century, 1 (3). * * Combs, A. (2016)
Consciousness: The Damnedest Thing. A Young Person’s Guide to the Roots of Experience
Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy, 12 (2), 58–66. * Combs, A. (2017)
Consciousness, collective consciousness, enlightenment, and collective enlightenment
Spanda Journal. * Combs, A. & Krippner, S. (2008). Collective consciousness and the social brain. In C. Whitehead (Ed.). The Origin of Consciousness in the Social World. Exeter, UK: Imprint Academic. * Combs, A. & Krippner, S. (2016). The holographic theory of consciousness. In E. Laszlo, and A. Laszlo (Eds.). What is Reality: The New Face of Cosmos and Consciousness. NYC: Select Books. (pp. 120–125). * Havens, R., & Combs, A. (2016
Growth and happiness in the Human Personality
Consciousness: Ideas and Research for the Twenty First Century, Issue 4.


References


External links


''Source Integralis'', Combs' website
{{DEFAULTSORT:Combs, Allan 21st-century American psychologists American consciousness researchers and theorists 1942 births Living people Ohio University alumni University of North Carolina at Asheville faculty 20th-century American psychologists