Ayer Itam (also spelt Air Itam or Air Hitam) is a suburb of
George Town in
Penang,
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
. Nested within the central valleys of
Penang Island
Penang Island ( ms, Pulau Pinang; zh, 檳榔嶼; ta, பினாங்கு தீவு) is part of the state of Penang, on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It was named Prince of Wales Island when it was occupied by the British Ea ...
, it is located approximately southwest of the city centre. Ayer Itam is one of the well-known places to sample
Penang cuisine
Penang cuisine is the cuisine of the multicultural society of Penang, Malaysia. Most of these cuisine are sold at road-side stalls, known as "hawker food" and colloquially as "muckan carts". Local Penangites typically find these hawker fares ...
, and includes a handful of major tourist attractions such as
Penang Hill
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, west of the center of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name ''Bukit Bendera'', ...
and
Kek Lok Si Temple.
The area now known as Ayer Itam was first developed in the late 18th century, soon after the founding of
Penang Island
Penang Island ( ms, Pulau Pinang; zh, 檳榔嶼; ta, பினாங்கு தீவு) is part of the state of Penang, on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It was named Prince of Wales Island when it was occupied by the British Ea ...
by Captain
Francis Light
Captain Francis Light ( – 21 October 1794) was a British explorer and the founder of the British colony of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia) and its capital city of George Town in 1786. Light and his lifelong partner, Martina Rozells, were th ...
in 1786.
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
officials intended to turn Ayer Itam, including
Penang Hill
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, west of the center of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name ''Bukit Bendera'', ...
, into an agricultural area and established spice farms. To this day, fruits and vegetables are still grown at the hills of Ayer Itam; fresh produce are then brought downhill daily to the wet markets throughout George Town.
Etymology
Air Itam got its name from the murky waters of the Air Itam River (
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
: ''Sungai Air Itam''). The phrase Air Hitam''
' means black water in
Malay
Malay may refer to:
Languages
* Malay language or Bahasa Melayu, a major Austronesian language spoken in Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore
** History of the Malay language, the Malay language from the 4th to the 14th century
** Indonesi ...
.
![Penang_Museum_historical_painting_476](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Penang_Museum_historical_painting_476.jpg)
![Suffolk_House](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Suffolk_House.JPG)
History
Soon after the founding of
Penang Island
Penang Island ( ms, Pulau Pinang; zh, 檳榔嶼; ta, பினாங்கு தீவு) is part of the state of Penang, on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It was named Prince of Wales Island when it was occupied by the British Ea ...
in 1786,
British East India Company
The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and South ...
officials, led by Captain
Francis Light
Captain Francis Light ( – 21 October 1794) was a British explorer and the founder of the British colony of Penang (in modern-day Malaysia) and its capital city of George Town in 1786. Light and his lifelong partner, Martina Rozells, were th ...
, began exploring and clearing the interior of the island for agricultural purposes. Pepper and
nutmeg
Nutmeg is the seed or ground spice of several species of the genus ''Myristica''. ''Myristica fragrans'' (fragrant nutmeg or true nutmeg) is a dark-leaved evergreen tree cultivated for two spices derived from its fruit: nutmeg, from its seed, an ...
farms were then established at the hills of Air Itam, while
Light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), corresponding to frequencies of 750–420 te ...
also commissioned the planting of
strawberries at
Penang Hill
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, west of the center of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name ''Bukit Bendera'', ...
. The Anglo-Indian
Suffolk House, one of
Light
Light or visible light is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye. Visible light is usually defined as having wavelengths in the range of 400–700 nanometres (nm), corresponding to frequencies of 750–420 te ...
's residences, was also built within a pepper estate by the Air Itam River.
The agricultural village of Air Itam grew throughout the 19th century, populated by farmers who owned the fruit and vegetable farms at the surrounding hills. To this day, fruits and vegetables are still produced at the hills of Air Itam and then distributed daily to the wet markets all over
George Town.
In 1890, construction of the
Kek Lok Si Temple, now one of the largest Buddhist temples in
Southeast Asia
Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...
, commenced. Its main pagoda combines
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of ...
,
Siamese and Burmese styles. The temple was finally opened to the public in 1905.
Air Itam was once home to the Penang Zoological Gardens, the first zoo in
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
. Supposedly opened in the 1920s by a monk named Fa Kong, the zoo was shut down for good prior to
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
due to the excessive maintenance costs.
The Great Air Itam Fire of 1935 destroyed more than 100 homes in the area. At the time, the residences in Air Itam were mostly wooden; this incident led to the construction of brick buildings in Air Itam.
The area was also a hinterland which hid refugees fleeing from the episodes of violence that had occasionally erupted in
George Town. For instance, the Penang Riots of 1867 forced some residents in
George Town to evacuate to Air Itam.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
, however, brought even greater numbers of refugees to Air Itam. During the war, when the
Imperial Japanese Army
The was the official ground-based armed force of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945. It was controlled by the Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office and the Ministry of the Army, both of which were nominally subordinate to the Emperor o ...
implemented the
Sook Ching
Sook Ching was a mass killing that occurred from 18 February to 4 March 1942 in Singapore after it fell to the Japanese. It was a systematic purge and massacre of 'anti-Japanese' elements in Singapore, with the Singaporean Chinese particula ...
purges, Air Itam became one of the sites where Chinese civilians were massacred.
The urbanisation of Air Itam since the 1950s has brought about a concurrent increase in living standards and transformed the landscape with more high rises, making Air Itam one of the more densely populated areas on
Penang Island
Penang Island ( ms, Pulau Pinang; zh, 檳榔嶼; ta, பினாங்கு தீவு) is part of the state of Penang, on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It was named Prince of Wales Island when it was occupied by the British Ea ...
. A new township named
Farlim
Farlim, officially Bandar Baru Air Itam, is a residential neighbourhood within the city of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located within the Air Itam suburb, the neighbourhood lies southwest of the city centre and was created in the 1980s. Ov ...
was also developed to the southeast in the 1980s.
Geography
![cmglee_Penang_Air_Itam_dam](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Cmglee_Penang_Air_Itam_dam.jpg)
Located in the valley between Batu Lanchang Hill, Bukit Penara and
Penang Hill
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, west of the center of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name ''Bukit Bendera'', ...
, this suburb of
George Town is connected to the city by two main roads, Air Itam Road and Batu Lanchang Lane. It is also connected to
Paya Terubong
Paya Terubong is a suburb of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located nearly southwest of the city centre, it is nestled within the central valleys of Penang Island and south of Air Itam. It is also one of the most densely populated areas on ...
and the south of the island via Paya Terubong Road.
The suburb covers a broad area that incorporates
Farlim
Farlim, officially Bandar Baru Air Itam, is a residential neighbourhood within the city of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located within the Air Itam suburb, the neighbourhood lies southwest of the city centre and was created in the 1980s. Ov ...
, Thean Teik Estate,
Rifle Range
A shooting range, firing range, gun range or shooting ground is a specialized facility, venue or field designed specifically for firearm usage qualifications, training, practice or competitions. Some shooting ranges are operated by military ...
, Kampung Bahru, Kampung Melayu,
Hill Railway Road and Hye Keat Estate, extending as far east as the junction with York Road.
Transportation
![RapidPenang_Scania_K270UB_in_Air_Itam](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8e/RapidPenang_Scania_K270UB_in_Air_Itam.JPG)
![Funicular to the top of the Penang Hill, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/95/Funicular_to_the_top_of_the_Penang_Hill%2C_Georgetown%2C_Penang%2C_Malaysia.JPG)
Air Itam Road, which snakes its way from
George Town proper all the way towards
Paya Terubong
Paya Terubong is a suburb of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located nearly southwest of the city centre, it is nestled within the central valleys of Penang Island and south of Air Itam. It is also one of the most densely populated areas on ...
, remains the major thoroughfare at Air Itam. With a total length of about , Air Itam Road is heavily used by motorists heading towards
George Town, and Air Itam and
Paya Terubong
Paya Terubong is a suburb of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located nearly southwest of the city centre, it is nestled within the central valleys of Penang Island and south of Air Itam. It is also one of the most densely populated areas on ...
in the opposite direction. Other major roads, such as Batu Lanchang Lane, Thean Teik Road and Thean Teik Highway, have been widened to cope with the increasing traffic.
Air Itam is also famous for
Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
's only operating
funicular rail system, the
Penang Hill Railway
The Penang Hill Railway is a one-section funicular railway which climbs the Penang Hill from Air Itam, on the outskirts of the city of George Town in the Malaysian state of Penang. The railway first opened in 1923 as a two-section railway, and th ...
. Designed and opened in the 1920s, this
funicular rail, which climbs
Penang's tallest hill, was originally equipped with Swiss coaches. It has since been upgraded twice – in 1977 and 2010. The present-day Swiss-made coaches have a capacity of and is capable of reaching the peak of
Penang Hill
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, west of the center of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name ''Bukit Bendera'', ...
from the base station in as little as five minutes.
Rapid Penang
Rapid Penang (styled as ''rapidPenang'') is a public bus brand in the Penang, State of Penang, Malaysia. Formed as a subsidiary of Prasarana Malaysia in 2007, to date it is the main public transport operator within Penang; its bus network serves ...
buses 13, 200, 201, 202, 203, 204, 306 and 502 serve the residents of the suburb, by connecting Air Itam with
George Town to the northeast and other destinations on
Penang Island
Penang Island ( ms, Pulau Pinang; zh, 檳榔嶼; ta, பினாங்கு தீவு) is part of the state of Penang, on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. It was named Prince of Wales Island when it was occupied by the British Ea ...
, such as
Paya Terubong
Paya Terubong is a suburb of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located nearly southwest of the city centre, it is nestled within the central valleys of Penang Island and south of Air Itam. It is also one of the most densely populated areas on ...
, the
Penang International Airport
Penang International Airport is an airport in northern Malaysia. The airport is located near Bayan Lepas at the southeastern tip of Penang Island, south of the city centre.[Queensbay Mall
Queensbay Mall is the largest shopping mall in Penang, Malaysia. Located in Bayan Lepas, the building was completed in early July 2006 and was opened to the public in December 2006. The mall covers a gross built-up area of and contains over 400 ...]
and
Balik Pulau
Balik Pulau is a town within the jurisdiction of Penang Island City Council in the Malaysian state of Penang. Located at the southwest of Penang Island, it is also the administrative seat of the Southwest Penang Island District.
The agricultur ...
. These routes are complemented by Rapid Penang's Congestion Alleviation Transport (CAT), a free-of-charge transit service within Air Itam.
Another bus service that caters specifically to tourists is the ''
Hop-On Hop-Off'' service, which utilises
open-topped double-decker bus
A double-decker bus or double-deck bus is a bus that has two storeys or decks. They are used for mass transport in the United Kingdom, the United States, New Zealand, Europe, Asia and also in cities such as Sydney; the best-known example is the ...
es. The ''Hop-On Hop-Off'' service includes stops at
Penang Hill Railway Station and
Kek Lok Si Temple.
Education
![CLHS Block E](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/CLHS_Block_E.JPG)
A total of 10
primary school
A primary school (in Ireland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and South Africa), junior school (in Australia), elementary school or grade school (in North America and the Philippines) is a school for primary e ...
s, three
high schools and a
technical school are located within Air Itam. Notably, Air Itam is home to
Chung Ling High School
Chung Ling High School (; ms, Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Chung Ling) is a secondary school in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. It was initially established in 1917 as a primary school, and later became a junior high school in 1923, becom ...
, one of the premier Chinese schools in
Penang. Founded in 1917, it has retained the consistent academic performance of its students.
The schools at Air Itam are as listed below.
Primary schools
* SRK Ayer Itam
* SRK Padang Tembak
* SRK Seri Indah
* St. Xavier's Primary School
* SRJK (C) Chung Hwa Confucian
* SRJK (C) Kong Min Pusat
* SRJK (C) Kong Min Cawangan Satu
* SRJK (C) Kong Min Cawangan Kedua
* SRJK (C) Shang Wu
* SRJK (C) Sin Kang
High schools
*
Chung Ling High School
Chung Ling High School (; ms, Sekolah Menengah Jenis Kebangsaan Chung Ling) is a secondary school in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. It was initially established in 1917 as a primary school, and later became a junior high school in 1923, becom ...
* Chung Ling Private High School
* SMK Air Itam
Technical school
* SMT Tunku Abdul Rahman
Shopping
![All Season's Place, Penang](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/All_Season%27s_Place%2C_Penang.jpg)
At the time of writing, the sole shopping mall at Air Itam is
All Seasons Place
All Seasons Place is a mixed-use skyscraper complex in Bangkok, Thailand. It comprises the -tall China Resources Tower (also known as the China Resources Center or CRC Tower) and four smaller buildings that surround it: two office towers (M Thai ...
, which was opened in 2012. It is the first and only
strip mall
A strip mall, strip center or strip plaza is a type of shopping center common in North America where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are typically developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. ...
in
Penang, where the retail outlets and eateries are arranged linearly along a sheltered sidewalk that faces Thean Teik Highway.
In addition, the hypermarkets and smaller supermarkets within the suburb, such as Sunshine Farlim, offer more local brands at cheaper prices, thus catering to the needs of the local community.
, a second shopping mall, Sunshine Tower, is under construction. The mall, which will also house the first modern cineplex within Air Itam, is slated for completion by 2019.
Tourist attractions
![Thni Kong Tnua, Air Itam, Penang](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Thni_Kong_Tnua%2C_Air_Itam%2C_Penang.jpg)
![Assam Laksa, Air Itam, Penang](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Assam_Laksa%2C_Air_Itam%2C_Penang.JPG)
*
Penang Hill
Penang Hill is a hill resort comprising a group of peaks near the center of Penang Island, Malaysia. It is located within the Air Itam suburb, west of the center of George Town. Penang Hill is also known by the Malay name ''Bukit Bendera'', ...
*
Kek Lok Si Temple
*
Suffolk House
*
Penang State Mosque
The Penang State Mosque or Masjid Negeri Pulau Pinang is a state mosque located at Jalan Masjid Negeri (Green Lane) in George Town, Penang, Malaysia.
History
Construction of the mosque began on 1977 with the foundation stone was officially ...
* Air Itam Market, where some of the most famous
Penang dishes, such as
asam laksa
Laksa is a spicy noodle dish popular in Southeast Asia. Laksa consists of various types of noodles, most commonly thick rice noodles, with toppings such as chicken, prawn or fish. Most variations of laksa are prepared with a rich and spicy co ...
and
curry mee, can be sampled
* Chinese Anti-War Memorial
*
Jade Emperor's Pavilion
Neighbourhoods
*
Farlim
Farlim, officially Bandar Baru Air Itam, is a residential neighbourhood within the city of George Town in Penang, Malaysia. Located within the Air Itam suburb, the neighbourhood lies southwest of the city centre and was created in the 1980s. Ov ...
References
External links
*
{{Greater Penang Conurbation
Populated places in Penang
George Town, Penang