''Acraea'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

brush-footed butterflies The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-sized to large butterflies. Most species have a redu ...

(

family Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...

Nymphalidae) of the

subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...

Heliconiinae The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Pa ...

. It seems to be highly

paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

and has long been used as a "

wastebin taxon Wastebasket taxon (also called a wastebin taxon, dustbin taxon or catch-all taxon) is a term used by some taxonomists to refer to a taxon that has the sole purpose of classifying organisms that do not fit anywhere else. They are typically defined ...

" to unite about 220

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

anatomical Anatomy () is the branch of biology concerned with the study of the structure of organisms and their parts. Anatomy is a branch of natural science that deals with the structural organization of living things. It is an old science, having it ...

ly conservative

Acraeini The Acraeini are a tribe of butterflies of the subfamily Heliconiinae in the family Nymphalidae. Genera The recognized genera are: Tree of Life * ''Abananote'' Potts, 1943 * ''Acraea'' Fabricius, 1807 – acraeas * ''Actinote'' Hübner, 819 ...

. Some phylogenetic studies show that the genus ''Acraea'' is monophyletic if ''

Bematistes ''Bematistes'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae. The genus is often included in '' Acraea''. Species *''umbra'' species group: **'' Bematistes adrasta'' (Weymer, 1892) **'' Bematistes aganice'' (Hewitson, 1852) **'' Bematiste ...

'' and

Neotropical The Neotropical realm is one of the eight biogeographic realms constituting Earth's land surface. Physically, it includes the tropical terrestrial ecoregions of the Americas and the entire South American temperate zone. Definition In bioge ...

Actinote ''Actinote'' is a genus of butterflies from South America of the subfamily Heliconiinae in the family Nymphalidae. (For taxonomic problems regarding this group, see ''Acraea''.) Males interact with or without physical contact to contest the posse ...

'' are included (see Pierre & Bernaud, 2009). Most species assembled here are restricted to the

Afrotropical realm The Afrotropical realm is one of Earth's eight biogeographic realms. It includes Africa south of the Sahara Desert, the majority of the Arabian Peninsula, the island of Madagascar, southern Iran and extreme southwestern Pakistan, and the island ...

, but some are found in

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, south-eastern region of Asia, consistin ...

, and

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

.Silva-Brandão et al. (2008)

Biology

Acraea zetes caterpillar to pupae to butterfly metamorphosis by Nick Hobgood

The eggs are laid in masses; the larvae are rather short, of almost equal thickness throughout, and possessing branched spines on each segment, young larvae group together on a protecting mass of silk; the pupa is slender, with a long abdomen, rather wide and angulated about the insertion of the wings, and suspended by the tail only. '' A. horta'', '' A. cabira'', and '' A. terpsicore'' illustrate typical life histories. The food plants of ''Acraea''

caterpillar Caterpillars ( ) are the larval stage of members of the order Lepidoptera (the insect order comprising butterflies and moths). As with most common names, the application of the word is arbitrary, since the larvae of sawflies (suborder Sym ...

s are usually

Urticaceae The Urticaceae are a family, the nettle family, of flowering plants. The family name comes from the genus ''Urtica''. The Urticaceae include a number of well-known and useful plants, including nettles in the genus ''Urtica'', ramie (''Boehmeri ...

or, like in most Heliconiinae,

Passifloraceae The Passifloraceae are a family of flowering plants, containing about 750 species classified in around 27 genera. They include trees, shrubs, lianas, and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions. The family takes its name from t ...

. Some feed on other plants, such as

Fabaceae The Fabaceae or Leguminosae,International Code of Nomenc ...

, "

Flacourtiaceae The Flacourtiaceae is a defunct family of flowering plants whose former members have been scattered to various families, mostly to the Achariaceae and Salicaceae. It was so vaguely defined that hardly anything seemed out of place there and it beca ...

", or

Violaceae Violaceae is a family of flowering plants established in 1802, consisting of about 1000 species in about 25 genera. It takes its name from the genus ''Viola'', the violets and pansies. Older classifications such as the Cronquist system placed t ...

. Their preferred species contain

cyanogenic glycoside In chemistry, a glycoside is a molecule in which a sugar is bound to another functional group via a glycosidic bond. Glycosides play numerous important roles in living organisms. Many plants store chemicals in the form of inactive glycosides. ...

s, which make the larvae and adults poisonous to

predator Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey. It is one of a family of common feeding behaviours that includes parasitism and micropredation (which usually do not kill th ...

s. The

aposematic Aposematism is the advertising by an animal to potential predators that it is not worth attacking or eating. This unprofitability may consist of any defences which make the prey difficult to kill and eat, such as toxicity, venom, foul taste or ...

coloration of the adults announces this, and some species are mimicked by less noxious butterflies. At least some ''"Acraea"'' are able to produce the toxins themselves. Their flight is slow and flapping. Eltringham1912TransEntSocLondPlate6

Systematics and taxonomy

That all these species were properly placed in ''Acraea'' has never been generally accepted. In 1807,

Johan Christian Fabricius Johan Christian Fabricius (7 January 1745 – 3 March 1808) was a Danish zoologist, specialising in "Insecta", which at that time included all arthropods: insects, arachnids, crustaceans and others. He was a student of Carl Linnaeus, and is cons ...

established the genus for the garden acraea, described as ''Papilio horta'' by

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

in 1764, and its relatives. By and by, an increasing number of species were placed here. As early as 1848, and again in 1887 and the early 1990s, it was attempted to divide the genus into groups of closest relatives, as it was suspected that some ''"Acraea"'' might actually be closer to other genera in the

tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...

.Pitkin & Jenkins (2004), Silva-Brandão et al. (2008). See also references in Haaramo (2007). With increasing availability of

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

data, it is confirmed that ''Acraea'' as loosely defined does not constitute a

monophyletic In cladistics for a group of organisms, monophyly is the condition of being a clade—that is, a group of taxa composed only of a common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population) and all of its lineal descendants. Monophyletic gro ...

group. Even before the attempts to split up ''Acraea'' in earnest had begun,

Jacob Hübner Jacob Hübner (20 June 1761 – 13 September 1826, in Augsburg) was a German entomologist. He was the author of ''Sammlung Europäischer Schmetterlinge'' (1796–1805), a founding work of entomology. Scientific career Hübner was the author of '' ...

in 1819 suggested to separate species around ''

Acraea serena ''Acraea serena'', the dancing acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found throughout Africa south of the Sahara. It is the most common of the ''Acraea'', from Dakar to Fort-Dauphin and from Yemen to the Cape. This is the type ...

'' as ''Telchinia''. This name has been applied to a generally

Africa Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...

n group whose members usually feed on

, and they had already been noted to bear some uncanny resemblances to the

American American(s) may refer to: * American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America" ** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America ** American ancestry, pe ...

'' in

details. Indeed, they seem to be closer relatives of these than of the other butterflies placed in ''Acraea'', which usually feed on

and are at least in part quite close relatives of the African genus ''

''. Those closest to that genus might warrant separation as ''Rubraea'' or ''Stephenia''. But while several informal

species group In biology, a species complex is a group of closely related organisms that are so similar in appearance and other features that the boundaries between them are often unclear. The taxa in the complex may be able to hybridize readily with each oth ...

s have been established, it is not clear which of these are monophyletic and how to split the apparently still paraphyletic genus further. The placement of the garden acraea—the

type species In zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the species that contains the biological type specimen ...

—and hence which of the any further subdivisions will get to bear the name ''Acraea'', remains unresolved. As it is traditionally included in the former ''A. terpsicore'' group (now ''A. serena'' group) and its caterpillars, while

polyphagous Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffixes -vore, -vory, or -vorous from Latin ''vorare'', meaning "to devour", or -phage, -phagy, or -phagous from Greek φαγε ...

, do not feed on Urticaceae, it may be that the separation of ''Telchinia'' is unwarranted and other proposed genera might be resurrected instead. There was one major misidentification which still causes confusion today. ''Acraea terpsicore'', described as ''Papilio terpsicore'' by Linnaeus in 1758, was held to be the

senior synonym The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently. * In botanical nomenclature, a synonym is a scientific name that applies to a taxon that (now) goes by a different scientific name. For example, Linnae ...

of ''A. serena'', described by Fabricius as ''Papilio serena'' in 1775. Hence, the former name was commonly used for that African species. But as it turned out, Linnaeus had actually described an

n species—the well-known tawny coaster. Fabricius in 1793 believed it was new to science and described it again, as ''Papilio violae''. Consequently, it had been long known as ''A. violae''. It was also recognized that Fabricius' little-studied ''P. serena'' was none other than the orange acraea. For this, the name ''A. eponina'', from the ''Papilio eponina'' established in the 1780 issue of

Pieter Cramer Pieter Cramer (21 May 1721 (baptized) – 28 September 1776), was a wealthy Dutch merchant in linen and Spanish wool, remembered as an entomologist. Cramer was the director of the Zealand Society, a scientific society located in Flushing, and a mem ...

's ''De uitlandsche Kapellen'', had been used all the time.Silva-Brandão et al. (2008); see also references in Haaramo (2007) Another instance of the confusion rife in this genus is exemplified by Boisduval's '' Acraea manjaca''. These developments come from two papers written by J. Pierre and D. Bernaud.

Species

Since the proposed

phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...

sequence of the species groups is almost certainly incorrect for a large part, the groups are simply listed alphabetically. J. Pierre & D. Bernaud have published a complete systematic and synonymic list. Acraea andromacha 2

''Acraea acrita'' species group * '' Acraea acrita'' – fiery acraea * '' Acraea annonae'' * '' Acraea bellona'' * '' Acraea chaeribula'' * '' Acraea eltringhamiana'' * '' Acraea guluensis'' * '' Acraea loranae'' * '' Acraea lualabae'' * '' Acraea manca'' * '' Acraea pudorina'' – Kenyan fiery acraea * '' Acraea utengulensis'' – Tanzanian fiery acraea ''Acraea andromacha'' species group (close to part of ''A. terpsicore'' group?) * '' Acraea andromacha'' – small greasy, glasswing ''Acraea anemosa'' species group * '' Acraea anemosa'' – broad-bordered acraea * '' Acraea pseudolycia'' * '' Acraea turna'' ''Acraea aureola'' species group * '' Acraea aureola'' (= onerata) (cepheus group) Yellow-banded Acraea 19 07 2010

''Acraea bonasia'' species group (close to ''A. oberthuri'' and ''A. rahira'' groups?

Paraphyletic In taxonomy (general), taxonomy, a group is paraphyletic if it consists of the group's most recent common ancestor, last common ancestor and most of its descendants, excluding a few Monophyly, monophyletic subgroups. The group is said to be pa ...

?) * ''

Acraea acerata ''Acraea acerata'', the falls acraea or small yellow-banded acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It has an extensive range in sub-Saharan Africa. Range It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Benin, N ...

'' – small yellow-banded legionnaire, falls acraea * '' Acraea alicia'' * ''

Acraea bonasia ''Acraea bonasia'', the bonasia acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae which is native to the African tropics and subtropics. Range It is found in Senegal, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana ...

'' * '' Acraea burgessi'' * ''

Acraea cabira ''Acraea cabira'', the yellow-banded acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae that is native to Africa. Description The wingspan is for males and for females. The male and female are very similar in colour. The upper surface of the wi ...

'' – yellow-banded acraea * ''

'' – dancing acraea * ''

Acraea eponina __NOTOC__ ''Acraea eponina'', the orange acraea or small orange acraea to distinguish it from the larger '' A. anacreon'', is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in tropical Africa and south-western Arabia. The wingspan is 35–4 ...

'' – orange acraea or small orange acraea * '' Acraea excelsior'' * '' Acraea goetzei'' * ''

Acraea karschi ''Acraea karschi'', Karsch's acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon and possibly Angola. Description ''A. karschi'' Auriv. (56 c) is intermediate between ''Acraea viviana'' and '' Acraea cabira'' and ...

'' * '' Acraea lumiri'' * '' Acraea rangatana'' * '' Acraea hecqui'' * '' Acraea pierrei'' * ''

Acraea sotikensis ''Acraea sotikensis'', the Sotik acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae which is native to the African tropics and subtropics. Range It is found in Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Malawi and Zam ...

'' – Sotik acraea, Sotika legionnaire * ''

Acraea uvui ''Acraea uvui'', the tiny acraea or tiny mountain acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Cameroon, Angola, northern Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and eastern Zaire. The habitat consists of sub-montane forest ...

'' – tiny acraea * ''

Acraea ventura ''Acraea ventura'' is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Kenya. Description ''ventura'' Hew. (= ''bukoba'' Weym.) (55 a) i ...

'' ''Acraea caecilia'' species group (close to ''A. cepheus'' and ''A. egina'' groups?) Natal legionnaires (''A. natalica'') * '' Acraea aglaonice'' – clear-spotted acraea * '' Acraea mirabilis'' – marvelous acraea * '' Acraea miranda'' – desert acraea, Somali acraea * '' Acraea asboloplintha'' – black-winged acraea, black-winged legionnaire * '' Acraea atergatis'' * '' Acraea atatis'' * '' Acraea axina'' – little acraea * '' Acraea braesia'' * '' Acraea caecilia'' – pink legionnaire (type species of ''Stephenia'') * '' Acraea caldarena'' – black-tipped acraea, black tip acraea * '' Acraea doubledayi'' * '' Acraea ella'' * '' Acraea equatorialis'' * '' Acraea intermediodes'' * '' Acraea leucopyga'' * '' Acraea lygus'' – lygus acraea * '' Acraea marnois'' (= '' Acraea caecilia'') * '' Acraea natalica'' – Natal acraea, Natal legionnaire * '' Acraea oncaea'' – window acraea, window legionnaire * '' Acraea pseudegina'' * '' Acraea pudorella'' * '' Acraea rhodesiana'' * '' Acraea stenobea'' – suffused acraea * '' Acraea lyci'' * '' Acraea sykesi'' – Sykes' acraea Acraea butterfly (Acraea ranavalona) mating

Acraea butterfly (Acraea ranavalona) mating

''Acraea cepheus'' species group (close to ''A. caecilia'' and ''A. egina'' groups?) * ''

Acraea abdera ''Acraea abdera'', the Abdera acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, ...

'' * '' Acraea asema'' * '' Acraea atolmis'' * '' Acraea bailundensis'' * '' Acraea buettneri'' * '' Acraea cepheus'' * '' Acraea bergeriana'' * '' Acraea chambezi'' * '' Acraea diogenes'' * '' Acraea guillemei'' * '' Acraea lapidorum'' * '' Acraea lofua'' * '' Acraea mansya'' * '' Acraea nohara'' – light red acraea * '' Acraea dondoensis'' * '' Acraea onerata'' * '' Acraea periphanes'' * '' Acraea petraea'' – blood-red acraea, blood acraea * '' Acraea punctellata'' * '' Acraea rohlfsi'' * '' Acraea violarum'' – speckled red acraea Tawny Coster(হরিনছড়া)DSC 0165

''Acraea circeis'' species group (close to ''A. masamba'') * '' Acraea buschbecki'' * '' Acraea circeis'' – white legionnaire (type species of ''Gnesia'') * '' Acraea conradti'' * '' Acraea grosvenori'' * '' Acraea kuekenthali'' * '' Acraea melanoxantha'' * '' Acraea newtoni'' * '' Acraea ntebiae'' * '' Acraea oreas'' * '' Acraea orina'' – Orina legionnaire * '' Acraea orinata'' * '' Acraea parrhasia'' – yellow-veined legionnaire * '' Acraea pelopeia'' * '' Acraea peneleos'' * '' Acraea penelope'' – Penelope's acraea, Penelope's legionnaire * '' Acraea perenna'' * ''

Acraea semivitrea ''Acraea semivitrea'', the glassy acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Cameroon, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Uganda, western Kenya and north-western Tanzania. Description ''A. semivitrea'' Auriv. (27 b). ...

'' (type species of ''Alacria'') * '' Acraea translucida'' * '' Acraea ungemachi'' * '' Acraea vumbui'' Acraea_encedon_HotMarina_2012-01-21

''Acraea egina'' species group (close to ''A. caecilia'' and ''A. cepheus'' groups?) * '' Acraea egina'' – elegant legionnaire (type species of ''Rubraea'') * '' Acraea medea'' ''Acraea encedon'' species group (close to ''A. jodutta'' and ''A. pharsalus'' groups?) – common acraea or white-barred acraea or encedon acraea * '' Acraea encedana'' – Pierre's acraea * '' Acraea encedon'' – common acraea, white-barred legionnaire (type species of ''Hyalites'') * '' Acraea necoda'' * '' Acraea encoda'' ''Acraea issoria'' species group (a rather distinct lineage?) * '' Acraea issoria'' – yellow coster (type species of ''Pareba'') Jodutta_acraea_(Acraea_jodutta)_male_Sao_Tome

Jodutta_acraea_(Acraea_jodutta)_male_Sao_Tome

''Acraea jodutta'' species group (close to ''A. encedon'' and ''A. pharsalus'' groups?) * '' Acraea actinotina'' * '' Acraea acuta'' * '' Acraea alciope'' * '' Acraea alciopoides'' * '' Acraea amicitiae'' * '' Acraea ansorgei'' * '' Acraea aurivillii'' * '' Acraea baxteri'' * '' Acraea disjuncta'' * ''

Acraea esebria ''Acraea esebria'', the dusky acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae from southern and eastern Africa. Description The wingspan is 45–55 mm for males and 53–60 mm for females. Males and females both show the same range o ...

'' – dusky acraea * '' Acraea comor'' * '' Acraea insularis'' * '' Acraea jodutta'' – jodutta legionnaire * '' Acraea johnstoni'' * '' Acraea lycoa'' – lycoa legionnaire (type species of ''Planema'') * '' Acraea masaris'' * '' Acraea niobe'' * '' Acraea safie''

''Acraea masamba'' species group (close to ''A. circeis''?) * '' Acraea aubyni'' – Aubyn Rogers' acraea * '' Acraea cinerea'' – grey acraea * '' Acraea fornax'' * ''

Acraea igola ''Acraea igola'', the dusky-veined acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found from the Eastern Cape along the coast to KwaZulu-Natal, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, north-eastern Tanzania. The wingspan The wingspan (or just span ...

'' – dusky-veined acraea * '' Acraea masamba'' * '' Acraea quirinalis'' * '' Acraea sambavae'' * '' Acraea siliana'' * '' Acraea simulata'' (tentatively placed here; ''

''?) * '' Acraea strattipocles'' ''Acraea oberthuri'' species group (close to ''A. bonasia'' group?) * '' Acraea althoffi'' – Althoff's acraea * '' Acraea bergeri'' * '' Acraea oberthueri'' * '' Acraea pseudepaea'' ''Acraea pentapolis'' species group (close to ''A. circeis'' and ''A. masamba'' groups?) * '' Acraea pentapolis'' – musanga legionnaire * '' Acraea vesperalis'' * '' Acraea obeira'' * '' Acraea burni'' – pale-yellow acraea (close to ''A. andromacha'' group?) * '' Acraea orestia'' * '' Acraea lia'' ''Acraea pharsalus'' species group (close to ''A. encedon'' and ''A. jodhutta'' groups?) Ward's_glorious_acraea_(Acraea_pharsalus)

Ward's_glorious_acraea_(Acraea_pharsalus)

* '' Acraea pharsalus'' – familiar legionnaire * '' Acraea vuilloti'' ''Acraea rahira'' species group (close to ''A. bonasia'' group?) * '' Acraea anacreon'' – large orange acraea, orange acraea (type species of ''Auracraea'') * '' Acraea anacreontica'' * '' Acraea bomba'' * '' Acraea calida'' * '' Acraea guichardi'' * '' Acraea lusinga'' * '' Acraea induna'' – induna acraea (included in ''"Telchinia"'') * '' Acraea kaduna'' * '' Acraea parei'' * '' Acraea alalonga'' – long-winged orange acraea (included in ''"Telchinia"'') * '' Acraea mirifica'' * '' Acraea rahira'' – marsh acraea * '' Acraea speciosa'' * '' Acraea wigginsi'' * '' Acraea zitja'' Garden Acraea (Acraea horta) (32172511623)

Garden Acraea (Acraea horta) (32172511623)

''Acraea satis'' species group * '' Acraea rabbaiae'' – clear-wing acraea, clearwing legionnaire * ''

Acraea satis ''Acraea satis'', the east coast acraea, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Zimbabwe, KwaZulu-Natal, Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya. Description ''A. satis'' Ward (54 a). Wings above in the male light red-yellow or brown- ...

'' – east coast acraea * '' Acraea zonata'' ''A. terpsicore'' group * '' Acraea admatha'' – Hewitson's glassy legionnaire * '' Acraea boopis'' – rainforest acraea * '' Acraea endoscota'' (close to ''A. andromacha'' group?) * '' Acraea kappa'' * '' Acraea kia'' * '' Acraea kinduana'' * '' Acraea camaena'' (close to part of ''A. andromacha'' group?) * '' Acraea cuva'' * '' Acraea dammii'' * '' Acraea eltringhami'' * '' Acraea eugenia'' * '' Acraea hamata'' * ''

Acraea horta ''Acraea horta'' or the garden acraea is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Description ''A. horta'' L. (53 e, f) is one of the longest known and commonest Acraeids of the Cape, but it is also nati ...

'' – garden acraea (type species of ''Acraea'') * '' Acraea hova'' * '' Acraea igati'' (type species of ''Solenites'') * '' Acraea insignis'' * '' Acraea leucographa'' * '' Acraea machequena'' – machequena acraea * '' Acraea mahela'' * '' Acraea matuapa'' * '' Acraea neobule'' – wandering donkey acraea, wandering donkey (close to ''A. zetes'' group?) * '' Acraea brainei'' * '' Acraea quirina'' – common glassy legionnaire (close to ''A. andromacha'' group?) * '' Acraea ranavalona'' (type species of ''Phanopeltis'') * '' Acraea rileyi'' * '' Acraea rogersi'' – Rogers's large legionnaire (a rather distinct lineage?) * ''

'' – dancing acraea, small orange legionnaire (formerly misidentified as ''A. eponina'', ''A. terpsicore''; type species of ''Telchinia'') ''Acraea terpsicore'' species group (formerly ''A. violae'' group) Tawny Coster (Acraea terpsicore) mating in Narshapur, AP W IMG 0912

Tawny Coster (Acraea terpsicore) mating in Narshapur, AP W IMG 0912

* ''

Acraea terpsicore Acraea (Ancient Greek: means 'of the heights' from ''akraios'') was a name that had several uses in Greek mythology, Greek and Roman mythology. *Acraea, the naiad daughter of the Potamoi, river-god Asterion (god), Asterion near Mycenae, who tog ...

'' – tawny coster (formerly ''A. violae'') ''Acraea zetes'' species group (might include part of ''A. serena'' group; a very distinct lineage?) * '' Acraea acara'' – acara acraea * '' Acraea barberi'' – Barber's acraea * '' Acraea chilo'' * '' Acraea hypoleuca'' * '' Acraea magnifica'' * '' Acraea trimeni'' – Trimen's acraea * '' Acraea zetes'' Species group undetermined * '' Acraea acutipennis'' * '' Acraea alticola'' * '' Acraea cerasa'' – tree top acraea * '' Acraea ducarmei'' ("''epaea'' group") * '' Acraea humilis'' * '' Acraea kalinzu'' * '' Acraea kraka'' – kraka glassy acraea * '' Acraea macarista'' * '' Acraea mima'' * '' Acraea odzalae'' * '' Acraea omrora'' * '' Acraea oscari'' * '' Acraea overlaeti'' * '' Acraea peetersi'' * '' Acraea polis'' (close to ''A. circeis'', ''A. masamba'' and ''A. pentapolis'' groups?) * '' Acraea pseudatolmis'' * '' Acraea pullula'' * '' Acraea punctimarginea'' * '' Acraea silia'' * '' Acraea simulator'' * '' Acraea iturina'' – Ituri glassy acraea * '' Acraea toruna'' * '' Acraea turlini'' * ''

Acraea viviana ''Acraea viviana'', the straw-coloured acraea, is a butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, Angola , national_anthem = " Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , ...

'' * '' Acraea zoumi'' Some other species formerly in ''Acraea'' have now been definitely assigned to other genera, e.g. ''

''.

Footnotes

References

* (2004)
Butterflies and Moths of the World: Generic Names and their Type-species
Version of 2004-NOV-05. Retrieved 2008-AUG-15. * (2007): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and some other life forms �

Version of 2007-JUN-05. Retrieved 2008-AUG-15.
Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Plate XIII 53 et seq.

Seitz, A. ''Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde'' 13: Die Afrikanischen Tagfalter. Text (in German)
* (2008): Phylogenetic relationships of butterflies of the tribe Acraeini (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Heliconiinae) and the evolution of host plant use. '' Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 46(2): 515–531. PDF fulltext
* (2005): ''Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa''. Cape Town: Struik Publishers.

External links

Le Site des Acraea de Dominique Bernaud

Systematic and synonymic list (Pierre & Bernaud)

Alphabetic list (Pierre & Bernaud)

African description references (Pierre & Bernaud)

''Acraea terpsicore'' rehabilitation paper

''Acraea serena'' rehabilitation paper

''Acraea epaea'' group (ex ''Bematistes'') revision paper

''Acraea'' at EOL

African Butterfly Database
especially bibliography

image overview {{Taxonbar, from=Q420732 Acraeini Nymphalidae genera Taxa named by Johan Christian Fabricius