''Achatinella'' is a tropical genus of colorful

land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...

s in the monotypic Achatinellidae subfamily ''Achatinellinae''. Species are arboreal

pulmonate Pulmonata or pulmonates, is an informal group (previously an order, and before that a subclass) of snails and slugs characterized by the ability to breathe air, by virtue of having a pallial lung instead of a gill, or gills. The group includ ...

gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...

mollusks with some species called Oʻahu tree snails or kāhuli in the

Hawaiian language Hawaiian (', ) is a Polynesian language of the Austronesian language family that takes its name from Hawaii, the largest island in the tropical North Pacific archipelago where it developed. Hawaiian, along with English, is an official language o ...

. ''Achatinella'' species are all endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii, and all remaining

extant Extant is the opposite of the word extinct. It may refer to: * Extant hereditary titles * Extant literature, surviving literature, such as ''Beowulf'', the oldest extant manuscript written in English * Extant taxon, a taxon which is not extinct, ...

species are endangered. They were once abundant and were mentioned extensively in Hawaiian folklore and songs, and their shells were used in lei and other ornaments. Many of the species are sinistral or left-handed

chirality Chirality is a property of asymmetry important in several branches of science. The word ''chirality'' is derived from the Greek (''kheir''), "hand", a familiar chiral object. An object or a system is ''chiral'' if it is distinguishable from ...

in their

spiral In mathematics, a spiral is a curve which emanates from a point, moving farther away as it revolves around the point. Helices Two major definitions of "spiral" in the American Heritage Dictionary are:shell coiling, whereas most gastropod shells are

dextral Sinistral and dextral, in some scientific fields, are the two types of chirality ("handedness") or relative direction. The terms are derived from the Latin words for "left" (''sinister'') and "right" (''dexter''). Other disciplines use different ...

, with a right handed spiral.

Distribution

There were 41 species of ''Achatinella'' endemic to the Hawaiian island of

Oʻahu Oahu () ( Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering Place", is the third-largest of the Hawaiian Islands. It is home to roughly one million people—over two-thirds of the population of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The island of O’ ...

, though only 13 species survive. Some species have less than 50 remaining individuals, and others have +300; many species fall in between.

Conservation status

All 13 species are listed under United States federal legislation as endangered. The

IUCN The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

lists a number of ''Achatinella'' species as

extinct Extinction is the termination of a kind of organism or of a group of kinds (taxon), usually a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and ...

and the remainder as critically endangered. The main cause of decline has been attributed to over collection. In addition,

invasive species An invasive species otherwise known as an alien is an introduced organism that becomes overpopulated and harms its new environment. Although most introduced species are neutral or beneficial with respect to other species, invasive species ad ...

such as rats, Jackson's chameleons, and the highly predatory snail ''

Euglandina rosea ''Euglandina rosea'', the rosy wolfsnail or cannibal snail, is a species of medium-sized to large predatory air-breathing land snail, a carnivorous terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Spiraxidae.MolluscaBase eds. (2020). Moll ...

'' have been involved in the extinctions and declines of the native tree snails.

Shell description

''Achatinella'' species shells are diverse in patterns, colors, and shapes, but all average about in length. Most have smooth glossy, and oblong or ovate shells which show a variety of colors, including yellow, orange, red, brown, green, gray, black, and white. There are three recognized subgenera within the genus ''Achatinella''. Subgenera are distinguished according to shells characteristics only. Genus ''Achatinella'' Swainson, 1828: The dextral or sinistral shell is imperforate or minutely perforate, oblong, ovate or globose-conic; smooth or longitudinally corrugated, with only weak traces of spiral sculpture. Shell color is in spiral bands or streaks in the direction of the growth lines. The lip is simple or thickened within and sometimes slightly expanding. The columella bears a strong callous fold. Type species of the genus ''Achatinella'' is '' Achatinella apexfulva'' (Dixon). Subgenus '' Bulimella'' Pfeiffer, 1854: Shell shape is oblong-conic or ovate. The spire is obtuse, rounded or convexly-conic near the apex. The outer lip is thickened by a strong callous rib within the aperture (except in '' Achatinella abbreviata'' and ''

Achatinella lila ''Achatinella lila'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the northern Ko‘olau Mountains, Oahu. Shell description Its shells are gloss ...

''). Type species of the subgenus ''Bulimella'' is ''

Achatinella byronii ''Achatinella byronii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Oahu, in the Hawaiian Islands. ''Achatinella byronii'' is the type species of ...

'' Newcomb. Subgenus '' Achatinellastrum'' Pfeiffer, 1854: The shell is imperforate, ovate-conic or oblong-conic and smooth. The embryonic whorls are not flattened. The outer lip is thin or only slightly thickened within the apex but not expanded. These are the most generally distributed of the ''Achatinella'' species and show a prolific area of intergrading color patterns. Type species of the subgenus ''Achatinellastrum'' is ''

Achatinella stewartii ''Achatinella stewartii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca call ...

'' (Green, 1827).

Ecology

Habitat

These snails live in trees. Currently they are only found in mountainous

dry Dry or dryness most often refers to: * Lack of rainfall, which may refer to ** Arid regions ** Drought * Dry or dry area, relating to legal prohibition of selling, serving, or imbibing alcoholic beverages * Dry humor, deadpan * Dryness (medica ...

to moist forests and shrublands above . Most individuals spend their entire life on just one tree.

Feeding

These tree snails are

nocturnal Nocturnality is an animal behavior characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day. The common adjective is "nocturnal", versus diurnal meaning the opposite. Nocturnal creatures generally have highly developed sens ...

, and feed by grazing fungus which grows on the surface of native plant leaves. Although these tree snails are occasionally found on introduced plants, it is unknown whether or not the fungus which grows on these plants can provide long-term support for healthy breeding populations of these snails. In captivity ''Achatinella'' feed on fungus growing on leaves of '' Metrosideros polymorpha''. They also feed on cornstarch, which can be spread in terraria with water and on cultures of

sooty mold Sooty mold (also spelled sooty mould) is a collective term for different Ascomycete fungi, which includes many genera, commonly ''Cladosporium'' and ''Alternaria''. It grows on plants and their fruit, but also environmental objects, like fences, ...

grown on laboratory

agar Agar ( or ), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from ogonori (''Gracilaria'') and "tengusa" (''Gelidiaceae''). As found in nature, agar is ...

. In captivity, cuttlebone is used as a source for calcium.

Life cycle

Adult snails are hermaphroditic (having both male and female reproductive organs) and can live for many years. These are live bearing snails (give birth to live snails instead of laying eggs).

Predation and other threats

Because growth rate and fertility are very low, these snails are especially vulnerable to loss of individuals through human collection, through predation, or because of other disturbances. The most serious threats to the survival of Oʻahu tree snails are predation by the introduced

carnivorous A carnivore , or meat-eater (Latin, ''caro'', genitive ''carnis'', meaning meat or "flesh" and ''vorare'' meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements derive from animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other sof ...

snail ''

'', predation by

rat Rats are various medium-sized, long-tailed rodents. Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus ''Rattus''. Other rat genera include ''Neotoma'' ( pack rats), ''Bandicota'' (bandicoot ...

s ('' Rattus exulans'', '' Rattus norvegicus'', '' Rattus rattus''), and loss of habitat due to the spread of non-native vegetation into higher elevation forests. Jackson's chameleon ''Trioceros jacksonii'', that was introduced to Hawaii in early 1970s, is a serious threat to ''Achatinella'', because it directly preys on them and on other snails too.Holland B. S., Montgomery S. L. & Costello V. (2010). "A reptilian smoking gun: first record of invasive Jackson’s chameleon (''Chamaeleo jacksonii'') predation on native Hawaiian species". ''

Biodiversity and Conservation ''Biodiversity and Conservation'' is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of biological diversity, its conservation, and sustainable use. It was established in 1992 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. Abstractin ...

'' 19(5): 1437–1441. .Chiaverano L. M. & Holland B. S. (2014). "Impact of an invasive predatory lizard on the endangered Hawaiian tree snail ''Achatinella mustelina'': a threat assessment". '' Endangered Species Research'' 24: 115-123, . Other predators of ''Achatinella'' include the land planarian ''

Platydemus manokwari ''Platydemus manokwari'', also known as the New Guinea flatworm, is a species of large predatory land flatworm. Native to New Guinea, it has been accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries, including the United States. It was als ...

''. Predators of ''Achatinella'': File:Euglandina rosea.jpg, ''

'' File:Rattus rattus03.jpg,

Black rat The black rat (''Rattus rattus''), also known as the roof rat, ship rat, or house rat, is a common long-tailed rodent of the stereotypical rat genus ''Rattus'', in the subfamily Murinae. It likely originated in the Indian subcontinent, but is n ...

File:Starr 030526-0002 Hypochoeris radicata.jpg, Jackson's chameleon File:Platydemus manokwari.jpg, ''

Hawaiian folklore

According to Ancient Hawaiian folklore, the kāhuli are known as the ''pūpū kani oe'', which translates to "shell that sounds long" or the "singing shell". They are believed to be able vocalize and sing at night. Experts have attributed this association to the chirping of crickets at night when the snails are active. Native Hawaiians used the shells of the snails to create kahuli shell lei and their status as coveted souvenirs in the 19th-century may have contributed to the decline of the species. The summer palace of King

Kamehameha III Kamehameha III (born Kauikeaouli) (March 17, 1814 – December 15, 1854) was the third king of the Kingdom of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His full Hawaiian name is Keaweaweula Kīwalaō Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa and then lengthened to Keaweaweula K� ...

was called

Kaniakapupu Kaniakapūpū ("the singing of the land shells"), known formerly as Luakaha ("place of relaxation"), is the ruins of the former summer palace of King Kamehameha III and Queen Kalama on the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Built in the 1840s, and sit ...

("the singing of the land shells") because of the many snails which once inhabited the area during his lifetime.

Species

There are 41 species in the genus ''Achatinella'':

Subgenus ''Achatinella''

* †'' Achatinella apexfulva'' (Dixon, 1789) * ''

Achatinella cestus ''Achatinella cestus'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. References cestus Cestus ( grc, Kεστός), in a g ...

'' Newcomb, 1853 * ''

Achatinella concavospira ''Achatinella concavospira'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca ...

'' Pfeiffer, 1859 * †''

Achatinella decora ''Achatinella decora'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in th ...

'' (Férussac, 1821) * ''

Achatinella leucorraphe ''Achatinella leucorraphe'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca ca ...

'' (Gulick, 1873) * ''

Achatinella lorata ''Achatinella lorata'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called ...

'' Férussac, 1824 * ''

Achatinella mustelina ''Achatinella mustelina'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the Waianae Range of the island of Oahu, Hawaii. All 13 subspecies of ...

'' Mighels, 1845 * ''

Achatinella swiftii ''Achatinella swiftii'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western Unit ...

'' Newcomb, 1853 * ''

Achatinella turgida ''Achatinella turgida'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called ...

'' Newcomb, 1853 * †''

Achatinella valida ''Achatinella valida'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in th ...

'' Pfeiffer, 1855 * ''

Achatinella vittata ''Achatinella'' is a tropical genus of colorful land snails in the monotypic Achatinellidae subfamily ''Achatinellinae''. Species are arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusks with some species called Oʻahu tree snails or kāhuli in the Hawai ...

'' Reeve, 1850

Subgenus ''Bulimella''

* †'' Achatinella abbreviata'' Reeve, 1850 * ''

Achatinella bulimoides ''Achatinella bulimoides'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii. Shell description The dextral or sinistral shell is ovate-oblong ...

'' Swainson, 1828 * ''

'' ( Wood, 1828) * ''

Achatinella decipiens ''Achatinella decipiens'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii. Cooke considered ''Achatinella decipiens'' to be a subspecies o ...

'' Newcomb, 1854 * †''

Achatinella elegans ''Achatinella elegans'' is an extinct species of a land snail, gastropod in the family Achatinellidae. It was endemic to Oahu. Shell description The dextral or sinistral shell is conically-elongate, solid, plano-convex and margined above wit ...

'' Newcomb, 1853 * '' Achatinella fuscobasis'' (E. A. Smith, 1873) * ''

'' Pilsbry, 1914 * ''

Achatinella pulcherrima ''Achatinella pulcherrima'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the island of Oahu in Hawaii. Henry Augustus Pilsbry considered this speci ...

'' Swainson, 1828 * '' Achatinella pupukanioe'' Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914 * ''

Achatinella sowerbyana ''Achatinella sowerbyana'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii. Shell description The sinistral or dextral shell is imperforate ...

'' Pfeiffer, 1855 * ''

Achatinella taeniolata ''Achatinella taeniolata'', an O'ahu tree snail, is a species of colorful, tropical, tree-living, air-breathing land snail, an arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This taxon is a subspecies of '' Achatinella vir ...

'' Pfeiffer, 1846 * ''

Achatinella viridans ''Achatinella viridans'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii. Shell description The dextral shell is elongate-conic, imperfora ...

'' Mighels, 1845

Subgenus ''Achatinellastrum''

* ''

Achatinella bellula ''Achatinella bellula'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called ...

'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * †''

Achatinella buddii ''Achatinella buddii'' is an extinct species of land snail, a gastropod in the family Achatinellidae. It was endemic to Oahu Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also known as "The Gathering place#Island of Oʻahu as The ...

'' Newcomb, 1853 * †'' Achatinella casta'' Newcomb, 1853 * †''

Achatinella caesia ''Achatinella caesia'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu Oahu () (Hawaiian language, Hawaiian: ''Oʻahu'' ()), also ...

'' Gulick, 1858 * ''

Achatinella curta ''Achatinella curta'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. References curta The Curta is a hand-hel ...

'' Newcomb, 1853 * †''

Achatinella dimorpha ''Achatinella dimorpha'' is a (presumed extinct) species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phy ...

'' Gulick, 1858 * '' Achatinella fulgens'' Newcomb, 1853 * †''

Achatinella juddii ''Achatinella juddii'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in th ...

'' Baldwin, 1895 * †''

Achatinella juncea ''Achatinella juncea'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in th ...

'' Gulick, 1856 * †''

Achatinella lehuiensis ''Achatinella lehuiensis'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii. Subspecies * ''Achatinella lehuiensis mienickei'' P ...

'' E. A. Smith, 1873 * †''

Achatinella livida ''Achatinella livida'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in th ...

'' Swainson, 1828 * †''

Achatinella papyracea ''Achatinella papyracea'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in ...

'' Gulick, 1856 * ''

Achatinella phaeozona ''Achatinella phaeozona'' is a species of air-breathing tree snail, an arboreal pulmonate gastropod mollusc Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or ...

'' Gulick, 1856 * †''

Achatinella spaldingi ''Achatinella spaldingi'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Achatinellidae, now extinct. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) ...

'' Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914 * ''

'' (Green, 1827) * †''

Achatinella thaanumi ''Achatinella thaanumi'' is an extinct species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species was endemic to Oahu, Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in ...

'' Pilsbry & Cooke, 1914 * ''

Achatinella vulpina ''Achatinella vulpina'' is a species of air-breathing land snail, a terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusc in the family Achatinellidae. This species is endemic to Hawaii. Shell description The dextral or sinistral shell is ovate-conic, an ...

'' (Férussac, 1824)

References

This article incorporates public domain text (a public domain

work of the United States Government A work of the United States government, is defined by the United States copyright law, as "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties." "A 'work of the United States Governmen ...

) from reference. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. (1992) Endangered Species Recovery Plan for the O’ahu Tree Snails of the Genus ''Achatinella''. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Portland, Oregon, 64 pp. + 64 pp. of appendices + 5 figures
PDF
Holland, B.S. & M.G. Hadfield. 2002. Islands within an island: phylogeography and conservation genetics of the endangered Hawaiian tree snail Achatinella mustelina. Molecular Ecology 11: 365-375.

External links

* *
Genus profile at U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service

{{Authority control . Gastropod genera Molluscs of Hawaii Endangered fauna of Hawaii Biota of Hawaii (island) Biota of Kauai Biota of Maui Biota of Oahu