image:Apobec.J.Steinfeld.D.png, 300px, upExample of a member of the APOBEC family, APOBEC-2. A cytidine deaminase from ''Homo sapiens''.; ; rendered usin
PyMOL
APOBEC ("apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide") is a family of evolutionarily conserved cytidine deaminases. A mechanism of generating protein diversity is messenger RNA, mRNA editing. Members of this family are RNA editing#C-U editing, C-to-U editing enzymes. The

N-terminal The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Within a peptide, the ami ...

domain of APOBEC like proteins is the catalytic domain, while the

C-terminal The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH). When the protein is ...

domain is a pseudocatalytic domain. More specifically, the catalytic domain is a zinc dependent cytidine deaminase domain and is essential for cytidine deamination. RNA editing by APOBEC-1 requires homodimerisation and this complex interacts with RNA binding proteins to form the

editosome RNA editing (also RNA modification) is a molecular process through which some cells can make discrete changes to specific nucleotide sequences within an RNA molecule after it has been generated by RNA polymerase. It occurs in all living organisms ...

. In humans/mammals they help protect from viral infections. These enzymes, when misregulated, are a major source of mutation in numerous cancer types. A 2013 review discussed the structural and biophysical aspects of APOBEC3 family enzymes. Many of the APOBEC protein features are described in the widely studied

APOBEC3G APOBEC3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic subunit 3G) is a human enzyme encoded by the ''APOBEC3G'' gene that belongs to the APOBEC superfamily of proteins. This family of proteins has been suggested to play an important role in ...

's page.

Family members

Human genes encoding members of the APOBEC protein family include: *

APOBEC1 Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide 1 also known as C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC1'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the APOBEC protein family and the cytidine dea ...

APOBEC2 Probable C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC2'' gene In biology, the word gene (from , ; "... Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning '' ...

APOBEC3A Apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme, catalytic polypeptide-like 3A, also known as APOBEC3A, or A3A is a gene of the APOBEC3 family found in humans, non-human primates, and some other mammals. It is a single-domain DNA cytidine deaminase with ant ...

APOBEC3B Probable DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC3B'' gene. This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought ...

* APOBEC3C *

APOBEC3D Probable DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC3D'' gene. This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, though ...

APOBEC3E Probable DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3D is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC3D'' gene. This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, though ...

" now refers to this) *

APOBEC3F DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3F is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC3F'' gene. This gene is a member of the cytidine deaminase gene family. It is one of seven related genes or pseudogenes found in a cluster, thought to resu ...

APOBEC3H DNA dC->dU-editing enzyme APOBEC-3H, also known as Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 3H or APOBEC-related protein 10, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC3H'' gene. Function This gene encodes a me ...

APOBEC4 C->U-editing enzyme APOBEC-4, also known as Apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme catalytic polypeptide-like 4, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''APOBEC4'' gene. It is primarily expressed in testis and found in mammals, chicken, but n ...

Activation-induced (cytidine) deaminase Activation-induced cytidine deaminase, also known as AICDA, AID and single-stranded DNA cytosine deaminase, is a 24 kDa enzyme which in humans is encoded by the ''AICDA'' gene. It creates mutations in DNA by deamination of cytosine base, which t ...

(AID)

References

{{protein-stub EC 3.5.4