The 82nd Operations Group (82 OG) is an inactive
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Aerial warfare, air military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part ...
unit. It was last assigned to the
82nd Training Wing, stationed at
Williams Air Force Base
Williams Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force (USAF) base, located in Maricopa County, Arizona, east of Chandler, and about southeast of Phoenix. It is a designated Superfund site due to a number of soil and groundwater contamin ...
,
Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
. It was inactivated on 31 March 1993.
The Group's history goes back to January 1942, when the War Department constituted the 82nd Pursuit Group (Interceptor).
History
World War II
The history of the 82nd Operations Group goes back to 13 January 1942, when the War Department constituted the 82nd Pursuit Group (Interceptor).
The 82nd was activated at
Harding Field,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Baton Rouge ( ; ) is a city in and the capital of the U.S. state of Louisiana. Located the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, it is the parish seat of East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana's most populous parish—the equivalent of counties ...
on 9 February 1942. From February 1942 to 9 September 1945, the primary components of the group were the 95th, 96th and 97th Pursuit (later Fighter) Squadrons.
At the end of April 1942 when it had sufficient personnel and equipment, the 82nd moved to
Muroc Army Air Field
Edwards Air Force Base (AFB) is a United States Air Force installation in California. Most of the base sits in Kern County, but its eastern end is in San Bernardino County and a southern arm is in Los Angeles County. The hub of the base is E ...
, California, and started formation flying and gunnery and bombing training with
Lockheed P-38 Lightning aircraft. Half of the first class of
flying sergeant enlisted pilots served with the 82nd. In May the War Department redesignated the unit as the 82nd Fighter Group (Two Engine). The group left California in September and arrived in
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
in October where it received additional training. At about the same time, the Allies launched their
invasion of French North Africa. By December 1942, Axis forces had repelled the Allied advance, and the long winter campaign had begun. It was at this time that the 82nd Fighter Group moved to
North Africa
North Africa, or Northern Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in ...
to serve with
Twelfth Air Force
The Twelfth Air Force (12 AF; Air Forces Southern, (AFSOUTH)) is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC). It is headquartered at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
The command is the air component to ...
.
Between Christmas and New Year’s Day, the 82nd operated from
Tafaraoui Airfield
Oran Tafaraoui Airport is a joint civil/military airport in Oran Province, Algeria .
History
During World War II, it was a primary mission objective of the United States Army 34th Infantry Division during the Allied Operation Torch landings on ...
, Algeria, to protect two convoys in an anti-submarine patrol. On 1 January 1943, the air echelon moved to
Telergma Airport
Telerghma Airport is a joint-use civilian/military airport in Algeria , just south of the city of Telerghma, about 300 km east of Algiers
History
Built by the French Colonial government prior to World War II, the small airport was seized by ...
, Algeria, where it was joined by the ground echelon in February 1943.
The 82nd soon distinguished itself in dogfights with enemy fighters while escorting bombers over Gabes, Sfax, Tunis, Bizerte, Kairouan, Sardinia, and other points. On 20 March 1943, while escorting
North American B-25 Mitchell
The North American B-25 Mitchell is an American medium bomber that was introduced in 1941 and named in honor of Major General William "Billy" Mitchell, a pioneer of U.S. military aviation. Used by many Allied air forces, the B-25 served in ...
s in a sea search off Cape Bon, a group of P-38s engaged the enemy in an air battle. Even though they were outnumbered by 50 enemy fighters, the 82nd emerged with 11 confirmed kills, 2 probables, and 2 damaged, while not losing a single bomber.
In April 1943, the group moved to Tunis to take part in the final phase of the
Tunisian Campaign
The Tunisian campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. Th ...
. On 11 April it destroyed 32
Junkers Ju 52s during a fighter sweep against enemy transport planes that were coming from
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
to supply the crumbling
Afrika Korps
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (, }; DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the ...
. The group scored hits on 14 April during a bombing mission on a large transport off Cape Zebid and on 8 May executed a bombing attack on the airdrome at
Pantelleria
Pantelleria (; Sicilian: ''Pantiddirìa'', Maltese: ''Pantellerija'' or ''Qawsra''), the ancient Cossyra or Cossura, is an Italian island and comune in the Strait of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea, southwest of Sicily and east of the Tunisi ...
.
The Tunisian campaign ended in May 1943. Between December 1942 and May 1943, the 82nd Fighter Group flew 152 combat missions and 2,439 combat sorties. While escorting B-25, B-26, and B-17 bombers on 1,880 sorties, the group encountered 751 enemy aircraft, destroyed 199 of them, and lost 64 P-38s.
From July to August 1943, the 82nd engaged in the
Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers ( Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It b ...
while supporting bomber raids against
Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
on 17 July and participating in the first raid on Rome on 19 July. It flew 191 combat missions in this period. The missions amounted to 3,335 combat sorties; escorted 2,987 B-25 and 382 B-26s; and engaged in 57 skip and dive bombing attacks.
eeds clarification.The 82nd destroyed 78 enemy planes, had 17 probables, and damaged 56, while losing only 11 P-38s. On 25 August, it conducted a low level strafing attack against enemy aircraft concentrations at
Foggia, Italy for which it received a
Distinguished Unit Citation(DUC). Just over a week later, the group was awarded a second DUC for its actions in protecting a group of bombers that encountered strong enemy opposition in an attack on marshalling yards near Naples.
During the invasion of Italy by the
United States Fifth Army
The United States Army North (ARNORTH) is a formation of the United States Army. An Army Service Component Command (ASCC) subordinate to United States Northern Command (NORTHCOM), ARNORTH is the joint force land component of NORTHCOM. , between 6 and 18 September 1943, the group patrolled the beachhead at
Salerno where the pilots flew a round-the-clock schedule, dive-bombing enemy transports, communications, and gun positions. They also flew low altitude reconnaissance missions through the
Foggia area reporting crucial enemy activities.
The movement of the 82nd to
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
and its assignment to
Fifteenth Air Force was part of the airpower buildup to provide fighter protection for the bombers of the Fifteenth Air Force, when they strafed and bombed Axis oil targets. From January 1944 until May 1945, the P-38s of the 82nd Fighter Group struck oil centers at
Ploiești
Ploiești ( , , ), formerly spelled Ploești, is a city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania. Part of the historical region of Muntenia, it is located north of Bucharest.
The area of Ploiești is around , and it borders the Blejoi commune ...
in
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and ...
,
Blechhammer in Poland,
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
in Austria,
Dubova in
Czechoslovakia
, rue, Чеськословеньско, , yi, טשעכאסלאוואקיי,
, common_name = Czechoslovakia
, life_span = 1918–19391945–1992
, p1 = Austria-Hungary
, image_p1 ...
, as well as in
Hungary
Hungary ( hu, Magyarország ) is a landlocked country in Central Europe. Spanning of the Pannonian Basin, Carpathian Basin, it is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east and southeast, Serbia to the ...
, France, and
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...
. On 10 June 1944, the 82nd participated in one of the most daring strikes of the war, bombing the Romano-Americano oil refineries at
Ploiești
Ploiești ( , , ), formerly spelled Ploești, is a city and county seat in Prahova County, Romania. Part of the historical region of Muntenia, it is located north of Bucharest.
The area of Ploiești is around , and it borders the Blejoi commune ...
, the most heavily defended target on the continent. The group was awarded a third DUC for this mission, in which it braved head-on attacks by enemy interceptors.
The 82nd engaged in another spectacular episode when it used a single-seat fighter aircraft for the first time to rescue a downed fighter pilot on enemy soil. On 4 August 1944, while on a strafing mission against the airdrome at
Focsani, Rumania, the aircraft flown by Capt E. Willsie was hit by ground fire. A veteran of 60 missions, Willsie radioed his position to the formation, crash-landed his plane, demolished it, and then hitched a ride in the lap of Second Lieutenant Richard T. Andrews, who had landed his P-38 in a pasture to rescue Willsie.
When the war in Europe ended in May 1945, the 82nd Fighter Group remained in Italy until it was inactivated on 9 September 1945.
Strategic Air Command
On 12 April 1947, the War Department activated the 82nd Fighter Group at
Grenier Field Grenier is a surname. It is a French word for ''attic, loft,'' or ''granary''. Notable people with the surname include:
* Adrian Grenier
* Angèle Grenier, Canadian maple syrup producer
* Auguste Jean François Grenier (1814–1890), French docto ...
in
New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the nor ...
, and assigned it to
Strategic Air Command (SAC).
The group was outfitted with
F-51 Mustang
The North American Aviation P-51 Mustang is an American long-range, single-seat fighter and fighter-bomber used during World War II and the Korean War, among other conflicts. The Mustang was designed in April 1940 by a team headed by James ...
aircraft, and it trained in long range fighter and fighter escort operations. A few months later the Air Force decided to test the wing-base (
Hobson Plan
The Hobson Plan was an organizational structure established by the United States Air Force (USAF) in 1948, following experimental organization in 1947. Known as the "Wing-Base Organization," it replaced the organization used by the United States A ...
) organization. Under this plan, combat wings were established. On 15 August, the 82nd Fighter Group became a subordinate component of the
82nd Fighter Wing
The 82d Training Wing, sometimes written as 82nd Training Wing, (82 TRW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Education and Training Command, Second Air Force. It is stationed at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas where it is also t ...
.
The test continued until 1 August 1948, by which time the Air Force had decided to adopt this type of organization as its standard. As a result, on 1 August, the 82nd Fighter Wing was discontinued, and the Air Force activated a permanent 82nd Fighter Wing, still with the 82nd Fighter Group assigned as a subordinate organization. In August 1949, the wing and its components were transferred from SAC to
Continental Air Command
Continental Air Command (ConAC) (1948–1968) was a Major Command of the United States Air Force (USAF) responsible primarily for administering the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve.
During the Korean War, ConAC provided the necessary augm ...
.The group continued to operate at Grenier until its inactivation on 2 October 1949.
Air Defense Command
![Lockheed F-94C Starfire USAF](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Lockheed_F-94C_Starfire_USAF.jpg)
In 1955, the Air Force redesignated the unit as the 82nd Fighter Group (Air Defense) and activated it at
New Castle Airport
Wilmington Airport (formerly known as New Castle Airport, New Castle County Airport, sometimes referred to as Wilmington-New Castle Airport, or to a lesser extent Wilmington/Philadelphia Regional Airport and Greater Wilmington Airport) is an a ...
, DE, where it assumed the personnel and equipment of the inactivating
525th Air Defense Group
The 525th Air Defense Group is a disbanded United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with the 4710th Air Defense Wing at New Castle County Airport, Delaware. It was inactivated on 18 August 1955. The group was originally activ ...
as part of
Air Defense Command's Project Arrow, which was designed to bring back on the active list the fighter units which had compiled memorable records in the two world wars. It was assigned to
Air Defense Command (ADC)'s
4710th Air Defense Wing
The 4710th Air Defense Wing is a discontinued unit of the United States Air Force. It was last stationed at O'Hare International Airport, Illinois, where it was assigned to the 37th Air Division of Air Defense Command (ADC), and where it was dis ...
. Its operational squadrons were the 96th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, which was transferred from the 525th Air Defense Group, and the 97th FIS, which moved from
Wright-Patterson AFB, OH without personnel or equipment and replaced the
332nd FIS, since another goal of Project Arrow was to reunited fighter squadrons with their traditional headquarters. Both Squadrons flew
F-94C Starfire
The Lockheed F-94 Starfire was a First-generation jet fighter, first-generation jet engine, jet powered all-weather, day/night interceptor of the United States Air Force. A twin-seat craft, it was developed from the Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star t ...
interceptors. Its primary mission was to provide air defense for the northeastern United States. It also acted as the host base organization for the USAF portion of New Castle Airport and was assigned several support units to fulfil this mission.
[Abstract, History of 82nd USAF Infirmary, Jul-Dec 1955]
Retrieved 16 May 2012 In 1957, it was announced that Air Defense Command would be reducing its forces, and the 82nd FIG was inactivated on 8 January 1958.
Williams AFB 1991-1993
On 15 December 1991, the group was redesignated as the 82nd Operations Group (82nd OG) and activated at
Williams AFB
Williams Air Force Base is a former United States Air Force (USAF) base, located in Maricopa County, Arizona, east of Chandler, and about southeast of Phoenix. It is a designated Superfund site due to a number of soil and groundwater contamin ...
, AZ as a result of the 82 Flying Training Wing implementing the USAF objective wing organization. The 82nd OG was assigned all the flying units of the 82nd Flying Training Wing. In 1991 Congress approved the second round of base closures, as identified by the Base Realignment and Closure Commission. On that list was Williams AFB. The base was to cease operation as of 30 September 1993. As a result, the 82nd Operations Group was inactivated on 31 March 1993.
Lineage
* Constituted as the 82nd Pursuit Group (Interceptor) on 13 January 1942
: Activated on 9 February 1942
: Redesignated as the 82nd Fighter Group (Two Engine) on 15 May 1942
: Inactivated in Italy on 9 September 1945.
* Redesignated as the 82nd Fighter Group, Single Engine 1947
: Activated on 12 April 1947
: Inactivated on 2 October 1949
: Redesignated as 82nd Fighter Group (Air Defense) on 20 June 1955
: Activated on 18 August 1955
: Inactivated on 30 June 1958
* Redesignated as 82nd Operations Group and activated on 15 December 1991
: Inactivated on 31 March 1993
Assignments
*
Fourth Air Force
The Fourth Air Force (4 AF) is a numbered air force of the Air Force Reserve Command (AFRC). It is headquartered at March Air Reserve Base, California.
4 AF directs the activities and supervises the training of more than 30,000 Air Force Res ...
, 9 February – September 1942
*
Eighth Air Force, September – December 1942
*
7th Fighter Wing: ''ca''. November – ''ca''. 31 December 1942
*
Twelfth Air Force
The Twelfth Air Force (12 AF; Air Forces Southern, (AFSOUTH)) is a Numbered Air Force of the United States Air Force Air Combat Command (ACC). It is headquartered at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona.
The command is the air component to ...
, December 1942 – February 1943
: Attached to 7th Fighter Wing: 1–17 February 1943
[
* 7th Fighter Wing (later 47th Bombardment Wing): 17 February 1943 – 13 January 1944][
* ]5th Bombardment Wing
The 5th Bomb Wing (5 BW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to Air Force Global Strike Command's Eighth Air Force. It is stationed at Minot Air Force Base, North Dakota. The wing is also the host unit at Minot. The 5 BW is one of only ...
: 13 January 1944 – 27 March 1944
* 306th Fighter Wing: 27 March 1944 – 13 June 1945
* 305th Bombardment Wing
The 305th Air Mobility Wing is a United States Air Force strategic airlift and air refueling wing under the operational control of the Air Mobility Command. It generates, mobilizes and deploys C-17 Globemaster III and KC-10 Extender aircraft. T ...
: 3 September 1945 – 9 September 1945
* 82nd Fighter Wing
The 82d Training Wing, sometimes written as 82nd Training Wing, (82 TRW) is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Education and Training Command, Second Air Force. It is stationed at Sheppard Air Force Base, Texas where it is also t ...
, 15 August 1947 – 2 October 1949[
* ]4710th Air Defense Wing
The 4710th Air Defense Wing is a discontinued unit of the United States Air Force. It was last stationed at O'Hare International Airport, Illinois, where it was assigned to the 37th Air Division of Air Defense Command (ADC), and where it was dis ...
, 18 August 1955 – 1 March 1956
* 37th Air Division
The 37th Air Division (37th AD) is an inactive United States Air Force organization. Its last assignment was with Air Defense Command at Goose Air Force Base, Labrador, Canada It was inactivated on 30 June 1970.
History Strategic Air Command
Es ...
, 1 March 1956 – 30 June 1958
* 82nd Training Wing, 15 December 1991 – 31 March 1993[
]
Components
Operational Squadrons
* 95th Fighter Squadron
The 95th Fighter Squadron (95 FS) is a disbanded F-22 Raptor squadron of the United States Air Force. Last activated on 11 October 2013 and stationed at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, the squadron's aircraft and personnel were distributed ac ...
, 9 February 1942 – 9 September 1945; 12 April 1947 – 2 October 1949
* 96th Fighter (later Fighter-Interceptor, Training) Squadron, 9 February 1942 – 9 September 1945; 12 April 1947 – 2 October 1949; 18 August 1955 – 8 January 1958; 15 December 1991 – 31 March 1993
* 97th Fighter (later Fighter-Interceptor, Training) Squadron, 9 February 1942 – 9 September 1945; 12 April 1947 – 2 October 1949; 18 August 1955 – 8 January 1958; 15 December 1991 – 31 March 1993
* 98th Flying Training Squadron
The 98th Flying Training Squadron is a United States Air Force unit assigned to the Air Education and Training Command 306th Flying Training Group. It is stationed at the United States Air Force Academy, Colorado, however the current UV-18 B Tw ...
15 December 1991 – 26 June 1992
* 99th Flying Training Squadron
The 99th Flying Training Squadron (99 FTS) flies Raytheon T-1 Jayhawks and they have painted the tails of their aircraft red in honor of the Tuskegee Airmen of World War II fame, known as the "Red Tails," whose lineage the 99 FTS inherited.
The ...
15 December 1991 – 31 March 1993
Support Units
* 82nd USAF Infirmary (later 82nd USAF Dispensary), 18 August 1955 – 8 January 1958[Abstract, History of 82nd USAF Dispensary, Jan-Jun 1957]
Retrieved 16 May 2012
* 82nd Air Base Squadron, 18 August 1955 – 30 June 1958
* 82nd Consolidated Aircraft Maintenance Squadron, 8 August 1957 – 30 June 1958
* 82nd Materiel Squadron, 18 August 1955 – 30 June 1958
Stations
* Harding Field, Louisiana
Louisiana , group=pronunciation (French: ''La Louisiane'') is a state in the Deep South and South Central regions of the United States. It is the 20th-smallest by area and the 25th most populous of the 50 U.S. states. Louisiana is borde ...
9 February 1942
* Muroc AAF, California 30 April 1942
* Los Angeles AAF, California May 1942
* Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, California, ''ca''. 16 August – 16 September 1942
* RAF Eglington, Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
October 1942
* Telergma Airfield, Algeria January 1943
* Berteaux Airfield, Algeria 28 March 1943
* Souk-el-Arba Airfield
The Souk-el-Arba Airfields are a pair of World War II military airfields in Tunisia, located near what was at the time the village of Souk-el-Arba but since 1966 has been known as Jendouba. The location is approximately 130 km west-southwes ...
, Algeria 13 June 1943
* Grombalia Airfield
Grombalia Airfield is an abandoned World War II military airfield in Tunisia, which is located approximately east-southeast of Hammam-Lif, about southeast of Tunis. It was a temporary airfield constructed by Army Engineers using Pierced Steel P ...
, Tunisia 3 August 1943
* San Pancrazio Airfield, Italy c. 3 October 1943
* Lecce Airfield, Italy 10 October 1943
* Vincenzo Airfield, Italy 11 January 1944
* Foggia, Italy Summer 1944 – Summer 1945
* Lesina Airfield, Italy ''ca''. 30 August – September 1945
* Grenier Field (later Grenier Air Force Base), New Hampshire
New Hampshire is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. It is bordered by Massachusetts to the south, Vermont to the west, Maine and the Gulf of Maine to the east, and the Canadian province of Quebec to the nor ...
12 April 1947 – 2 October 1949
* New Castle County Airport, Delaware
Delaware ( ) is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States, bordering Maryland to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; and New Jersey and the Atlantic Ocean to its east. The state takes its name from the adjacent Del ...
, 6 February 1952 – 30 June 1958
* Williams AFB, Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
, 15 December 1991 – 31 March 1993
Awards and Campaigns
Aircraft assigned
* Lockheed P-38 Lightning, (1942–1945)
* North American P/F-51 Mustang, (1947–1949)
* Lockheed F-94 Starfire, (1955–1958)
* Cessna T-37 Tweet
The Cessna T-37 Tweet (designated Model 318 by Cessna) is a small, economical twin-engined jet trainer type which flew for decades as a primary trainer for the United States Air Force (USAF) and in the air forces of several other nations. The T ...
, (1991–1992)
* Northrop T-38 Talon
The Northrop T-38 Talon is a two-seat, twinjet supersonic jet trainer. It was the world's first, and the most produced, supersonic trainer. The T-38 remains in service in several air forces.
The United States Air Force (USAF) operates the most ...
, (1991–1993)
References
Notes
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
AFHRA Factsheet, 95th Fighter Squadron
(accessed 16 May 2012)
{{USAF Air Education and Training Command
082