The Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry was a

Yeomanry Cavalry The Yeomanry Cavalry was the mounted component of the British Volunteer Corps, a military auxiliary established in the late 18th century amid fears of invasion and insurrection during the French Revolutionary Wars. A yeoman was a person of r ...

regiment of the

British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...

with its origins in 1798. The regiment provided troops for the

Imperial Yeomanry The Imperial Yeomanry was a volunteer mounted force of the British Army that mainly saw action during the Second Boer War. Created on 2 January 1900, the force was initially recruited from the middle classes and traditional yeomanry sources, but su ...

during the

Second Boer War The Second Boer War ( af, Tweede Vryheidsoorlog, , 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, the Anglo–Boer War, or the South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer Republics (the Sout ...

and served on the Western Front in

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

, latterly as infantry. The regiment converted to artillery in 1920 and served as such in the early years of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

, before becoming part of the

Chindits The Chindits, officially as Long Range Penetration Groups, were special operations units of the British and Indian armies which saw action in 1943–1944 during the Burma Campaign of World War II. The British Army Brigadier Orde Wingate form ...

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

. Postwar it served as a gunner regiment until 1971 when the title disappeared.

French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars

After Britain was drawn into the

French Revolutionary Wars The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted French First Republic, France against Ki ...

, Prime Minister

William Pitt the Younger William Pitt the Younger (28 May 175923 January 1806) was a British statesman, the youngest and last prime minister of Great Britain (before the Acts of Union 1800) and then first prime minister of the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Ire ...

proposed in 1794 that the counties should form a force of Volunteer Yeoman Cavalry (

Yeomanry Yeomanry is a designation used by a number of units or sub-units of the British Army, British Army Reserve (United Kingdom), Army Reserve, descended from volunteer British Cavalry, cavalry regiments. Today, Yeomanry units serve in a variety of ...

) that could be called on by the King to defend the country against invasion or by the

Lord Lieutenant A lord-lieutenant ( ) is the British monarch's personal representative in each lieutenancy area of the United Kingdom. Historically, each lieutenant was responsible for organising the county's militia. In 1871, the lieutenant's responsibility ...

to subdue any civil disorder within the county. By the end of the year, 27 counties, mainly in the invasion-threatened South and Midlands of England, had raised Yeomanry. In the spring of 1798 the threat of invasion seemed more acute, and the government encouraged the formation of local armed associations of cavalry and infantry for purely local defence. The first independent Yeomanry

Troop A troop is a military sub-subunit, originally a small formation of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron. In many armies a troop is the equivalent element to the infantry section or platoon. Exceptions are the US Cavalry and the King's Troop Ro ...

s now appeared in

Cumberland Cumberland ( ) is a historic county in the far North West England. It covers part of the Lake District as well as the north Pennines and Solway Firth coast. Cumberland had an administrative function from the 12th century until 1974. From 19 ...

: * Eskdale Five Kirks Yeomanry Cavalry, 16 October 1798 * Cumberland Yeomanry Cavalry, 25 October 1798 * Penrith Yeomanry Cavalry, 15 October 1801 All the Volunteer Cavalry were disbanded after the

Treaty of Amiens The Treaty of Amiens (french: la paix d'Amiens, ) temporarily ended hostilities between France and the United Kingdom at the end of the War of the Second Coalition The War of the Second Coalition (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on perio ...

, but the peace was shortlived, and on the resumption of war a new cavalry troop, the Cumberland Rangers, was raised on about 18 May 1803. The Eskdale Five Kirks and Cumberland Cavalry troops were reformed in 1806.

19th Century

After Waterloo the main role for the Yeomanry was to suppress civil disorder (they were paid while on duty). In 1819 (the year of

Peterloo The Peterloo Massacre took place at St Peter's Field, Manchester, Lancashire, England, on Monday 16 August 1819. Fifteen people died when cavalry charged into a crowd of around 60,000 people who had gathered to demand the reform of parliamen ...

) six independent troops of Westmorland Yeomanry Cavalry were raised at his own expense by

Colonel Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations. In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...

the Hon Henry Lowther, MP. These were formed from 22 October 1819 across both

Westmorland Westmorland (, formerly also spelt ''Westmoreland'';R. Wilkinson The British Isles, Sheet The British IslesVision of Britain/ref> is a historic county in North West England spanning the southern Lake District and the northern Dales. It had an ...

and Cumberland:Frederick, p. 56.Mileham, pp. 115–6. Westmorland *

Kendal Kendal, once Kirkby in Kendal or Kirkby Kendal, is a market town and civil parish in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England, south-east of Windermere and north of Lancaster. Historically in Westmorland, it lies within the dale of th ...

Shap Shap is a linear village and civil parish located among fells and isolated dales in Eden district, Cumbria, England, in the historic county of Westmorland. The parish had a population of 1,221 in 2001, increasing slightly to 1,264 at the 2011 ...

* Appleby Cumberland *

Edenhall Edenhall is a clustered village in the south-west of the civil parish of Langwathby, 800m to the north in the Eden district, in the county of Cumbria, England. Edenhall has a church called St Cuthbert's Church. The name Edenhall originates f ...

Dalemain Dalemain is a country house around 5 miles south-west of Penrith in Cumbria, England. It is a Grade I listed building. Dalemain is part of the Lake District UNESCO World Heritage Site. History There is evidence of a settlement at Dalemain in Sa ...

Milnthorpe Milnthorpe is a small market town on the southern border of Cumbria, 7 miles south of Kendal, civil parish and electoral ward are in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England. Historically in the county of Westmorland and on the A6, the ...

By 1826 the Westmorland Yeomanry troops had been reduced to just two, and in 1828 the government withdrew funding for the yeomanry. However, in many counties, the Yeomanry continued without pay: the independent troops across Westmorland and Cumberland combined as a single force, the Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry (WCY). Pay for duty was restored in 1831 when there was further civil unrest. When Col Lowther retired from the command to become colonel of the Royal Cumberland Militia, Edward Williams Hasell of Dalemain took command of the yeomanry on 30 May 1830 and remained its

lieutenant-colonel Lieutenant colonel ( , ) is a rank of commissioned officers in the armies, most marine forces and some air forces of the world, above a major and below a colonel. Several police forces in the United States use the rank of lieutenant colonel. ...

commandant for 46 years.''Army List'', various dates. The Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry were called on to suppress chartist riots at Penrith and

Carlisle Carlisle ( , ; from xcb, Caer Luel) is a city that lies within the Northern England, Northern English county of Cumbria, south of the Anglo-Scottish border, Scottish border at the confluence of the rivers River Eden, Cumbria, Eden, River C ...

in 1839 and in 1846 to halt fighting between English and Irish labourers working on the

Lancaster and Carlisle Railway The Lancaster and Carlisle Railway was a main line railway opened between those cities in 1846. With its Scottish counterpart, the Caledonian Railway, the Company launched the first continuous railway connection between the English railway networ ...

at Lowther Park, which spilled over into Penrith town centre. The WCY troops usually assembled for annual training at Kendal, Penrith or Appleby, but when a new troop was raised in

Wigton Wigton is a market town in the Allerdale borough of Cumbria, England. Historically in Cumberland, it lies just outside the Lake District in the borough of Allerdale. Wigton is at the centre of the Solway Plain, between the Caldbeck Fells ...

in 1840 Kendal and Appleby were deemed too far away, and thereafter training was concentrated at Penrith. This was usually held at Penrith Racecourse with the men

billet A billet is a living-quarters to which a soldier is assigned to sleep. Historically, a billet was a private dwelling that was required to accept the soldier. Soldiers are generally billeted in barracks or garrisons when not on combat duty, alth ...

ed in inns in the town. The WCY troops were formally regimented in 1843. Following the

Cardwell Reforms The Cardwell Reforms were a series of reforms of the British Army undertaken by Secretary of State for War Edward Cardwell between 1868 and 1874 with the support of Liberal prime minister William Ewart Gladstone. Gladstone paid little attention ...

a mobilisation scheme began to appear in the ''Army List'' from December 1875. This assigned

Regular Army A regular army is the official army of a state or country (the official armed forces), contrasting with irregulars, irregular forces, such as volunteer irregular militias, private armies, mercenary, mercenaries, etc. A regular army usually has the ...

and Yeomanry units places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The Westmorland & Cumberland,

Lanark Lanark (; gd, Lannraig ; sco, Lanrik) is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland, located 20 kilometres to the south-east of Hamilton. The town lies on the River Clyde, at its confluence with Mouse Water. In 2016, the town had a population of 9 ...

, and East Lothian Yeomanry constituted the Cavalry Brigade of

VIII Corps 8th Corps, Eighth Corps, or VIII Corps may refer to: * VIII Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French army during the Napoleonic Wars * VIII Army Corps (German Confederation) * VIII Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Ar ...

based at

Musselburgh Musselburgh (; sco, Musselburrae; gd, Baile nam Feusgan) is the largest settlement in East Lothian, Scotland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth, east of Edinburgh city centre. It has a population of . History The name Musselburgh is Ol ...

. This was never more than a paper organisation, but from April 1893 the ''Army List'' showed the Yeomanry regiments grouped into brigades for collective training. They were commanded by the senior regimental commanding officer but they did have a Regular Army

Brigade major A brigade major was the chief of staff of a brigade in the British Army. They most commonly held the rank of major, although the appointment was also held by captains, and was head of the brigade's "G - Operations and Intelligence" section direct ...

. The Westmorland & Cumberland Yeomanry together with the

Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry The Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry (DLOY) was a yeomanry unit of the British Army from 1798 to 1992. Originally raised as part-time cavalry for home defence and internal security, the regiment sent mounted infantry to serve in the Second Boer ...

formed the 14th Yeomanry Brigade. The Yeomanry brigades disappeared from the ''Army List'' after the

. Lieutenant-Col Hasell was succeeded in command by Lt-Col Richard Burn (26 September 1876) and then

Sir Henry Ralph Fletcher-Vane, 4th Baronet Sir Henry Ralph Fletcher-Vane (13 January 1830 – 1908) was the eldest son of Francis Fletcher-Vane, 3rd Baronet, Sir Francis Fletcher Vane, 3rd Baronet, and his wife, Diana Olivia (née Beauclerk). He was a Deputy Lieutenant and Justice of the ...

was promoted to the command on 24 December 1879. He remained in command until 1891 when he was appointed the regiment's Honorary Colonel.

Hugh Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale Hugh Cecil Lowther, 5th Earl of Lonsdale, (25 January 1857–13 April 1944) was an English peer and sportsman. Early life Born in 1857, he was the second son of Emily Susan (), daughter of St George Francis Caulfeild of Donamon Castle of R ...

was appointed Lt-Col in command of the regiment on 3 March 1897. His elder brother St George Lowther, 4th Earl of Lonsdale had also been an officer in the regiment before his early death in 1882.

Imperial Yeomanry

Following a string of defeats during

Black Week Black Week refers to the week of 10–17 December 1899 during the Second Boer War, when the British Army suffered three devastating defeats by the Boer Republics at the battles of Stormberg, Magersfontein and Colenso. In total, 2,776 British ...

in early December 1899, the British government realised that it would need more troops than just the regular army to fight the

. On 13 December, the decision to allow volunteer forces to serve in South Africa was made, and a Royal Warrant was issued on 24 December. This officially created the

(IY). The force was organised as county service companies of approximately 115 men signed up for one year, and volunteers from the Yeomanry and civilians (usually middle and upper class) quickly filled the new force, which was equipped to operate as

Mounted infantry Mounted infantry were infantry who rode horses instead of marching. The original dragoons were essentially mounted infantry. According to the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially m ...

, armed with a

Lee–Metford The Lee–Metford rifle (a.k.a. ''Magazine Lee–Metford'', abbreviated ''MLM'') was a bolt-action British army service rifle, combining James Paris Lee's rear-locking bolt system and detachable magazine with an innovative seven groove rifled ba ...

infantry rifle and bayonet instead of a cavalry carbine and sabre.Ryan.
/ref>Dunlop, pp. 104–18.IY at Anglo-Boer War.
/ref> The Westmorland & Cumberland Yeomanry raised the 24th (Westmorland & Cumberland) Company, which landed in South Africa on 5 March 1900 and served in 8th Battalion, IY. From February 1900 to 1901, during the first part of the war, the Earl of Lowther was Assistant

Adjutant-General An adjutant general is a military chief administrative officer. France In Revolutionary France, the was a senior staff officer, effectively an assistant to a general officer. It was a special position for lieutenant-colonels and colonels in staf ...

for the

. From early May 1900 23rd and 24th Companies of the 8th Bn and 19th (Paget's Horse) Bn were serving under the

Earl of Erroll Earl of Erroll () is a title in the Peerage of Scotland. It was created in 1453 for Sir William Hay. The subsidiary titles held by the Earl of Erroll are ''Lord Hay'' (created 1449) and ''Lord Slains'' (1452), both in the Peerage of Scotland. ...

with Sir

Charles Warren General Sir Charles Warren, (7 February 1840 – 21 January 1927) was an officer in the British Royal Engineers. He was one of the earliest European archaeologists of the Biblical Holy Land, and particularly of the Temple Mount. Much of his mi ...

's Column operating in

Griqualand West Griqualand West is an area of central South Africa with an area of 40,000 km2 that now forms part of the Northern Cape Province. It was inhabited by the Griqua people – a semi-nomadic, Afrikaans-speaking nation of mixed-race origin, wh ...

. Warren began his advance before all the troops had assembled, and entered

Douglas Douglas may refer to: People * Douglas (given name) * Douglas (surname) Animals *Douglas (parrot), macaw that starred as the parrot ''Rosalinda'' in Pippi Longstocking *Douglas the camel, a camel in the Confederate Army in the American Civil W ...

on 21 May. The Boers were at

Campbell Campbell may refer to: People Surname * Campbell (surname), includes a list of people with surname Campbell Given name * Campbell Brown (footballer), an Australian rules footballer * Campbell Brown (journalist) (born 1968), American television ne ...

, blocking the route up onto the Kaap Plateau. On 26 May the column camped at Faber's Put, a farmstead a few miles south of Campbell. 23rd and 24th Companies and a small detachment of Paget's Horse were in camp. Warren had placed insufficient pickets and before dawn on 30 May a force of Boers surrounded the camp, infiltrated into the garden and prepared to attack. Spotted by a Yeomanry sentry who fired on them, the Boers fired back and a furious firefight ensued, while the Boers stampeded the Yeomanry's horses and shooting down gun crews. The two IY companies advanced to support their picket on the southern ridge and brought their two Colt machine guns into action. Leaving a party to keep down enfilading fire from the garden, and the Paget's Horse detachment to protect the machine guns, the rest of the IY advanced by rushes over open ground towards the ridge. Themselves under enfilade fire from the picket in the rocks, the Boers retired from the ridge before the Yeomanry arrived with their bayonets. The rest of the Boers in the garden ran back to their horses and rode off before the Yeomanry could recover their own horses. After the action at Faber's Put Warren was able to clear Griqualand West without further trouble. The First Contingent of the Imperial Yeomanry completed their year's term of service in 1901 and 24th Company went home in May, having earned the regiment its first

Battle honour A battle honour is an award of a right by a government or sovereign to a military unit to emblazon the name of a battle or operation on its flags ("colours"), uniforms or other accessories where ornamentation is possible. In European military t ...

: South Africa 1900–01.Leslie. The Imperial Yeomanry were trained and equipped as mounted infantry. The concept was considered a success and before the war ended the existing Yeomanry regiments at home (including the WCY) were converted into Imperial Yeomanry, with an establishment of Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) and four squadrons with a machine gun section. It was based at Portland Place in Lowther Street, Penrith.Penrith at Drill Hall Project.
/ref> In 1900 the WCY carried out its annual training on Brackenber Moor near Appleby, and later the Earl of Lonsdale made available the 'Elysian Fields' at Lowther Park.

Territorial Force

When the Imperial Yeomanry were subsumed into the new

Territorial Force The Territorial Force was a part-time volunteer component of the British Army, created in 1908 to augment British land forces without resorting to conscription. The new organisation consolidated the 19th-century Volunteer Force and yeomanry i ...

(TF) in the 1908

Haldane Reforms The Haldane Reforms were a series of far-ranging reforms of the British Army made from 1906 to 1912, and named after the Secretary of State for War, Richard Burdon Haldane. They were the first major reforms since the " Childers Reforms" of the ...

(under the

Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 The Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 ('' 7 Edw. 7, c.9'') was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that reformed the auxiliary forces of the British Army by transferring existing Volunteer and Yeomanry units into a new Territori ...

('' 7 Edw. 7, c.9''), the WCY transferred to the new force, dropping the 'Imperial' from its title and administered by the Cumberland and Westmorland Territorial Association under the chairmanship of the Earl of Lonsdale, now the regiment's Hon Colonel. It was now distributed as follows:WCY at Long, Long Trail.
/ref>''Burke's'', 'Lonsdale'. * RHQ at Lowther Street, Penrith * A Squadron at Queen Katherine Street Drill Hall, KendalWestmorland at Great War Drill Halls.
/ref> ** Detachments at

Carnforth Carnforth is a market town and civil parish in the City of Lancaster in Lancashire, England, situated at the north-east end of Morecambe Bay. The parish of Carnforth had a population of 5,560 in the 2011 census, an increase from the 5,350 reco ...

; Tran Road,

Kirkby Lonsdale Kirkby Lonsdale () is a town and civil parish in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England, on the River Lune. Historically in Westmorland, it lies south-east of Kendal on the A65. The parish recorded a population of 1,771 in the 2001 ...

;

Ulverston Ulverston is a market town and a civil parish in the South Lakeland district of Cumbria, England. In the 2001 census the parish had a population of 11,524, increasing at the 2011 census to 11,678. Historically in Lancashire, it lies a few mi ...

; and

Windermere Windermere (sometimes tautology (language), tautologically called Windermere Lake to distinguish it from the nearby town of Windermere, Cumbria (town), Windermere) is the largest natural lake in England. More than 11 miles (18 km) in leng ...

Westmorland drill stations at Drill Hall Project.
/ref> * B Squadron at Penrith ** Detachments at Penrith Road, Keswick;Cumberland at Great War Drill Halls.
/ref>

Temple Sowerby Temple Sowerby is a village and civil parish in Cumbria, northern England. It is close to the main east–west A66 road about east of Penrith, Cumbria, Penrith in the River Eden, Cumbria, Eden Valley. At the United Kingdom Census 2011, 2011 cen ...

; and St Helen's Street,

Cockermouth Cockermouth is a market town and civil parish in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria, England, so named because it is at the confluence of the River Cocker as it flows into the River Derwent. The mid-2010 census estimates state that Cocke ...

* C Squadron at 20 Catherine Street,

Whitehaven Whitehaven is a town and port on the English north west coast and near to the Lake District National Park in Cumbria, England. Historically in Cumberland, it lies by road south-west of Carlisle and to the north of Barrow-in-Furness. It is th ...

** Detachments at

Workington Workington is a coastal town and civil parish at the mouth of the River Derwent on the west coast in the Allerdale borough of Cumbria, England. The town was historically in Cumberland. At the 2011 census it had a population of 25,207. Loca ...

; 51 Curzon Street,

Maryport Maryport is a town and civil parish in the Allerdale borough of Cumbria, England, historically in Cumberland. The town is situated just outside the Lake District National Park, at the northern end of the former Cumberland Coalfield. Locatio ...

; and

Barrow-in-Furness Barrow-in-Furness is a port town in Cumbria, England. Historically in Lancashire, it was incorporated as a municipal borough in 1867 and merged with Dalton-in-Furness Urban District in 1974 to form the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness. In 2023 the ...

* D Squadron at Riding School, Swift's Row, Carlisle ** Detachments at George Street, Wigton; and Alston The WCY, together with the two yeomanry regiments in Lancashire, was attached to the TF's

Welsh Border Mounted Brigade The Welsh Border Mounted Brigade was a formation of the Territorial Force of the British Army, organised in 1908. After home defence service, it was posted to Egypt, where it was absorbed into the 4th Dismounted Brigade in March 1916. Formatio ...

for peacetime training, but would be assigned to other formations in the event of war.Lancashire Hussars at Long, Long Trail.
/ref>Duke of Lancaster's Yeomanry at Long, Long Trail.
/ref>James, p. 36. For the 1911 annual manoeuvres one of the regiment's squadron commanders,

Major Major (commandant in certain jurisdictions) is a military rank of commissioned officer status, with corresponding ranks existing in many military forces throughout the world. When used unhyphenated and in conjunction with no other indicators ...

(

Brevet Brevet may refer to: Military * Brevet (military), higher rank that rewards merit or gallantry, but without higher pay * Brevet d'état-major, a military distinction in France and Belgium awarded to officers passing military staff college * Aircre ...

Lt-Col) C. Beddington, provided his squadron with portable wireless equipment at his own expense.

World War I

Mobilisation

On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the TF mobilised at its drill stations. The WCY had been commanded by Lt-Col S.R. Fothergill since 9 February 1911. The second-in-command was Sir Bryan Baldwin Mawddwy Leighton, 9th Baronet. Leighton had seen active service in Bechuanaland in 1897, in the

Spanish–American War , partof = the Philippine Revolution, the decolonization of the Americas, and the Cuban War of Independence , image = Collage infobox for Spanish-American War.jpg , image_size = 300px , caption = (clock ...

in 1898, and in the Second Boer War, and had worked as a war correspondent. He commanded the WCY later in World War I. Under the 1907 Act, the TF was intended as a home defence force and could not be compelled to serve overseas. However, on the outbreak of war TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and the majority of individuals did so. The units were thereupon split into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. Later, a 3rd Line was formed to act as a reserve, providing trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line regiments.

1/1st Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry

The 1/1st was mobilised on 4 August 1914 and attached to the

. In the spring of 1915, the regiment was split: A Squadron's personnel were divided between the three other squadrons, which were then each assigned to an infantry division of '

Kitchener's Army The New Army, often referred to as Kitchener's Army or, disparagingly, as Kitchener's Mob, was an (initially) all-volunteer portion of the British Army formed in the United Kingdom from 1914 onwards following the outbreak of hostilities in the Fi ...

' assembling in the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

- B Squadron to 15th (Scottish) Division; C Squadron to

18th (Eastern) Division The 18th (Eastern) Division was an infantry division of the British Army formed in September 1914 during the First World War as part of the K2 Army Group, part of Lord Kitchener's New Armies. From its creation the division trained in England u ...

; Regimental Headquarters and D Squadron to 20th (Light) Division. The three squadrons accompanied their divisions to France that summer. B Squadron was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division for the first half of April 1916; C and D squadrons were both attached to the 2nd Cavalry Division for a short period in the following month. On 15 May 1916, the regiment reformed and served as

XI Corps 11 Corps, 11th Corps, Eleventh Corps, or XI Corps may refer to: * 11th Army Corps (France) * XI Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars * XI Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army * ...

Cavalry Regiment. In June 1917, it was announced that, due to manpower shortages, the regiment would be dismounted and retrained as infantry. On 22 September 21 officers and 239 other ranks were absorbed into 7th (Service) Battalion,

Border Regiment The Border Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army, which was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 34th (Cumberland) Regiment of Foot and the 55th (Westmorland) Regiment of Foot. After service ...

, which was redesignated the 7th (Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry) Battalion.Frederick, pp. 122–3, 343, 1028.

2/1st Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry

The 2nd line regiment was formed in September 1914. By July 1915, it was under the command of the

2/1st Western Mounted Brigade The W21 was an hydrogen bomb design for the US military. It would have used the physics package of the TX-21 bomb. The TX-21 was a weaponized version of the "Shrimp" device tested in the Bravo shot of Operation Castle. A TX-21C was tested as the ...

(along with 2/1st Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry and the 2/1st Lancashire Hussars) and in March 1916 was at

Cupar Cupar ( ; gd, Cùbar) is a town, former royal burgh and parish in Fife, Scotland. It lies between Dundee and Glenrothes. According to a 2011 population estimate, Cupar had a population around 9,000, making it the ninth-largest settlement in Fif ...

Fife Fife (, ; gd, Fìobha, ; sco, Fife) is a council area, historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries with Perth and Kinross (i ...

.James, p. 30. On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence and the brigade became 21st Mounted Brigade, still at Cupar under

Scottish Command Scottish Command or Army Headquarters Scotland (from 1972) is a command of the British Army. History Early history Great Britain was divided into military districts on the outbreak of war with France in 1793. The Scottish District was comman ...

. In July 1916 there was a major reorganization of 2nd Line yeomanry units in the United Kingdom. All but 12 regiments were converted to

cyclists Cycling, also, when on a two-wheeled bicycle, called bicycling or biking, is the use of Bicycle, cycles for transport, recreation, Physical exercise, exercise or sport. People engaged in cycling are referred to as "cyclists", "bicyclists", ...

and as a consequence the regiment was dismounted and the brigade converted to

14th Cyclist Brigade 14 (fourteen) is a natural number following 13 (number), 13 and preceding 15 (number), 15. In relation to the word "four" (4), 14 is spelled "fourteen". In mathematics * 14 is a composite number. * 14 is a square pyramidal number. * 14 is a s ...

. Further reorganisation in October and November 1916 saw the brigade redesignated as

10th Cyclist Brigade The 21st Mounted Brigade previously known as the 2/1st Western Mounted Brigade was a 2nd Line yeomanry brigade of the British Army during the First World War. In July 1916 it was converted to a Bicycle infantry, cyclist formation as 14th Cyclist ...

in October 1916, still at Cupar.James, pp. 21–2. By January 1918, 10th Cyclist Brigade had moved to

Lincolnshire Lincolnshire (abbreviated Lincs.) is a county in the East Midlands of England, with a long coastline on the North Sea to the east. It borders Norfolk to the south-east, Cambridgeshire to the south, Rutland to the south-west, Leicestershire ...

with the regiment at

Spilsby Spilsby is a market town, civil parish and electoral ward in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. The town is adjacent to the main A16, east of the county town of Lincoln, north-east of Boston and north-west of Skegness. It ...

and

Burgh-le-Marsh Burgh le Marsh is a town, and electoral ward in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.OS Explorer map: Skegness, Alford & Spilsby: (1:25 000): Geography The town is built on a low hill surrounded by former marsh land, and the mar ...

. About May 1918 the Brigade moved to Ireland and the regiment was stationed at

Buttevant Buttevant ( or ''Ecclesia Tumulorum'' in the Latin) is a medieval market town, incorporated by charter of Edward III of England, Edward III, situated in North County Cork, Ireland. While there may be reason to suggest that the town may occup ...

and

Charleville Charleville can refer to: Australia * Charleville, Queensland, a town in Australia **Charleville railway station, Queensland France * Charleville, Marne, a commune in Marne, France *Charleville-Mézières, a commune in Ardennes, France ** ...

County Cork County Cork ( ga, Contae Chorcaí) is the largest and the southernmost county of Ireland, named after the city of Cork, the state's second-largest city. It is in the province of Munster and the Southern Region. Its largest market towns are ...

. There were no further changes before the end of the war.

3/1st Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry

The 3rd Line regiment was formed in 1915 and in the summer it was affiliated to a Reserve Cavalry Regiment in Ireland. In the summer of 1916 it was affiliated to

10th Reserve Cavalry Regiment Seventeen Cavalry Reserve Regiments were formed by the British Army on the outbreak of the Great War in August, 1914. These were affiliated with one or more active cavalry regiments, their purpose being to train replacement drafts for the active r ...

The Curragh The Curragh ( ; ga, An Currach ) is a flat open plain of almost of common land in County Kildare. This area is well known for Irish horse breeding and training. The Irish National Stud is located on the edge of Kildare town, beside the f ...

. It was absorbed by the 2nd Reserve Cavalry Regiment, still at The Curragh, in early 1917. By 1918 it had left the 2nd Reserve Cavalry Regiment when the 1st Line regiment was converted to infantry and joined 5th (Reserve) Battalion, Durham Light Infantry at

Sutton-on-Hull Sutton-on-Hull (also known as Sutton-in-Holderness) is a suburb of the city of Kingston upon Hull, in the ceremonial county of the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is located north east of the city centre and has the B1237 road running t ...

Interwar

Before the TF reformed on 7 February 1920 the War Office had decided that only a small number of mounted Yeomanry regiments would be required in future, and the remainder would have to be re-roled, mainly as artillery. Only the 14 senior Yeomanry regiments were retained as horsed cavalry. The WCY, 17th in the order of precedence, therefore converted to the

Royal Field Artillery The Royal Field Artillery (RFA) of the British Army provided close artillery support for the infantry. It came into being when created as a distinct arm of the Royal Regiment of Artillery on 1 July 1899, serving alongside the other two arms of t ...

(RFA) as 2nd (Cumberland Yeomanry) Army Brigade with two batteries and headquarters at Carlisle. When the TF was reorganised as the Territorial Army in 1921 these were numbered as:Frederick, pp. 489–92, 515.Litchfield, pp. 36–8. 93rd (Westmorland & Cumberland) Army Brigade, RFA * 369 (Westmorland Yeomanry) Battery * 370 (Cumberland Yeomanry) Battery A further reorganisation on 1 June 1923 saw the brigade exchange its number and two Cumberland batteries with 51st (East Lancashire & Cumberland) Brigade, becoming a four-battery brigade within 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. Finally, on 1 June 1924 the RFA was subsumed into the RA and its units were termed 'Field Brigades' and 'Field Batteries', giving the following organisation:''Titles & Designations'', 1927. 51st (Westmorland & Cumberland) Field Brigade, RA * Headquarters at Artillery Drill Hall, Albert Street, Carlisle * 369 (Westmorland Yeomanry) Field Bty at Carlisle * 370 (Cumberland Yeomanry) Field Bty at Carlisle, moving to the Riding School by 1937 * 203 (Cumberland) Field Bty at Whitehaven * 204 (Cumberland) Field Bty (Howitzers) at Workington The establishment of a TA divisional artillery brigade was three 6-gun batteries with 18-pounder guns and one 6-gun battery of 4.5-inch howitzers, all of World War I patterns. However, the batteries only held four guns in peacetime. The guns and their first-line ammunition wagons were horsedrawn and the battery staffs were mounted. Partial mechanisation was carried out from 1927, but the guns retained iron-tyred wheels until pneumatic wheels began to be introduced just before the outbreak of

. In 1938 the RA modernised its nomenclature and a lieutenant-colonel's command was designated a 'regiment' rather than a 'brigade'; this applied to TA field brigades from 1 November 1938. The TA was doubled in size after the

Munich Crisis The Munich Agreement ( cs, Mnichovská dohoda; sk, Mníchovská dohoda; german: Münchner Abkommen) was an agreement concluded at Munich on 30 September 1938, by Germany, the United Kingdom, France, and Italy. It provided "cession to Germany ...

, and most regiments formed duplicates. Part of the reorganisation was that field regiments changed from four six-gun batteries to an establishment of two batteries, each of three four-gun

troop A troop is a military sub-subunit, originally a small formation of cavalry, subordinate to a squadron. In many armies a troop is the equivalent element to the infantry section or platoon. Exceptions are the US Cavalry and the King's Troop Ro ...

s. For 51st Field Rgt this resulted in:Frederick, p. 528. 51st (Westmorland & Cumberland) Field Regiment, RA * Regimental Headquarters (RHQ) at Riding School, Carlisle * 370 (Cumberland Yeomanry) Field Bty at Riding School, Carlisle * 203 (Cumberland) Field Bty at Whitehaven 109th Field Regiment, RA * RHQ at Workington * 369 (Westmorland Yeomanry) Field Bty at Artillery Drill Hall, Carlisle * 204 (Cumberland) Field Bty at Workington

World War II

51st (Westmorland and Cumberland) Field Regiment, RA

51st (Westmorland & Cumberland) Field Regiment began the war as part of 42nd (East Lancashire) Division. In April 1940, 203 Field Bty sailed to take part in the brief Norwegian Campaign. Farndale, ''Years of Defeat'', Annex C. The reunited regiment sailed to Egypt towards the end of the year and saw action in the Western Desert Campaign, at the capture of Bardia under

6th Australian Division The 6th Division was an infantry division of the Australian Army. It was raised briefly in 1917 during World War I, but was broken up to provide reinforcements before seeing action. It was not re-raised until the outbreak of World War II, when ...

and then in the

Siege of Tobruk The siege of Tobruk lasted for 241 days in 1941, after Axis forces advanced through Cyrenaica from El Agheila in Operation Sonnenblume against Allied forces in Libya, during the Western Desert Campaign (1940–1943) of the Second World War. ...

with

9th Australian Division The 9th Division was a division of the Australian Army that served during World War II. It was the fourth division raised for the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF). The distinctions of the division include it being: * in front line comb ...

. After being withdrawn from Tobruk it took part in the bitter fighting of

Operation Crusader Operation Crusader (18 November – 30 December 1941) was a military operation of the Western Desert Campaign during the Second World War by the British Eighth Army (United Kingdom), Eighth Army (with Commonwealth, Indian and Allied contingents) ...

, serving with the 7th Armoured Division (Desert Rats). Following the Japanese attacks on

Pearl Harbor Pearl Harbor is an American lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. It was often visited by the Naval fleet of the United States, before it was acquired from the Hawaiian Kingdom by the U.S. with the signing of the Re ...

and Malaya the regiment was moved in February 1942 to defend

Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

as part of 16th Infantry Brigade.Farndale, ''Far East'', Annex K.Joslen, pp. 257–8. In February 1943, it moved to

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

, where it joined 70th Infantry Division. In September 1943, it was converted to infantry trained for Long Range Penetration with the '

'. It provided 51 Column under 16th Bde in the Second Chindit Expedition. Afterwards a portion of the men were repatriated to the UK, the remainder being posted to the

Essex Regiment The Essex Regiment was a line infantry regiment of the British Army in existence from 1881 to 1958. The regiment served in many conflicts such as the Second Boer War and both World War I and World War II, serving with distinction in all three. ...

109th (Westmorland and Cumberland) Field Regiment, RA

Compared to its parent regiment's rich and varied war service, 109th Field Rgt's war was uneventful. On mobilisation it continued to be administered by 42nd (EL) Division until that formation's duplicate, 66th Infantry Division, assumed full control of its units on 27 September 1939. It served in Western Command until 10 April 1940, when it moved to Northern Command, stationed in the

West Riding of Yorkshire The West Riding of Yorkshire is one of three historic subdivisions of Yorkshire, England. From 1889 to 1974 the administrative county County of York, West Riding (the area under the control of West Riding County Council), abbreviated County ...

as one of the 'Julius Caesar' home defence divisions.Joslen, p. 97. Home Forces were reorganised after the Dunkirk evacuation, and 66th Division was broken up to bring some of the motor divisions up to full infantry division strength. This included 55th (West Lancashire) Division, which 109th Field Rgt joined as its third field regiment on 1 July 1940. At the time the division formed part of

on the invasion-threatened coast of

Suffolk Suffolk () is a ceremonial county of England in East Anglia. It borders Norfolk to the north, Cambridgeshire to the west and Essex to the south; the North Sea lies to the east. The county town is Ipswich; other important towns include Lowes ...

, but was weak in artillery. Then in November it moved to the

Sussex Sussex (), from the Old English (), is a historic county in South East England that was formerly an independent medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom. It is bounded to the west by Hampshire, north by Surrey, northeast by Kent, south by the English ...

coast under IV Corps, where it remained on invasion alert until late in 1941.Joslen, pp. 90–1. It was only at the end of 1940 that the RA began producing enough battery staffs to start the process of changing regiments from a two-battery to a three-battery organisation. (Three 8-gun batteries were easier to handle, and it meant that each infantry battalion in a brigade could be closely associated with its own battery.) 109th Field Rgt formed a new 474 Field Bty in May 1941. The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H20971

The British Army in the United Kingdom 1939-45 H20971

In December the division returned to Yorkshire under Northern Command and in January 1942 it was placed on a lower establishment. This meant that it was a home defence formation with no immediate prospect of overseas service. On 17 February 1942 the duplicate RA regiments were authorised to adopt the subtitles borne by their parent regiments, so the 109th became 109th (Westmoreland and Cumberland) Field Regiment, RA. 55th (WL) Division was in South-West England from the beginning of 1943 to the end of May 1943, then in South-East England for the rest of the year. On 21 December it crossed to

Northern Ireland Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...

. In May 1944 55th (WL) Division reverted to the higher establishment, implying that it might be brought up to full strength and deployed to reinforce

21st Army Group The 21st Army Group was a British headquarters formation formed during the Second World War. It controlled two field armies and other supporting units, consisting primarily of the British Second Army and the First Canadian Army. Established in ...

in the invasion of North West Europe (

Operation Overlord Operation Overlord was the codename for the Battle of Normandy, the Allies of World War II, Allied operation that launched the successful invasion of German-occupied Western Front (World War II), Western Europe during World War II. The operat ...

). However, although it was shipped back from Northern Ireland to England on 7 July 1944 and came under GHQ Home Forces, it was never employed, and it ended the war in Western Command. In January 1946 109th (W&C) Field Regiment began dispersing, and it was placed in suspended animation from 10 February.

Postwar

When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 51st Field Rgt reformed as 251 (Westmorland and Cumberland) Field Regiment at Carlisle with three batteries (probably P, Q and R Btys),Farndale, Annex M.Frederick, pp. 997, 1004, 1030.235–265 Rgts RA at British Army 1945 onwards.
/ref> and 109th Field Rgt as 309 (Westmorland and Cumberland) Coast Regiment at Workington with P, Q, R and S Btys.
/ref> 251 Field Rgt was part of 42nd (Lancashire) Division, while 309 Coast Rgt was in 104 Coast Brigade. On 1 August 1948 S Coast Bty was disbanded and 309 Rgt reverted to being 309 (Westmorland & Cumberland) Field Rgt with three batteries (P, Q and R). Then on 30 June 1950 it was merged into 251 Field Rgt as a battery. At the same time, 251 Field Rgt absorbed 640 (Border) Heavy Anti-Aircraft Rgt, which had been formed in 1947 by the conversion to artillery of 5th Battalion Border Regiment at Workington, and now became R Bty. On 30 September 1953 251 Rgt's subtitle was changed back to 'Westmorland & Cumberland Yeomanry'. The amalgamated regiment was broken up in 1961, Q Battery at Carlisle becoming 851 (Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry) Independent Field Battery, RA, with a detachment at Maryport, while the Workington and Whitehaven batteries became the anti-tank and mortar platoons of 4th (Cumberland and Westmorland) Battalion,

. In 1967, 851 Bty became B (Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry) Company of 4th (Territorial) Bn Border Regiment in the

Territorial and Army Volunteer Reserve The Army Reserve is the active-duty volunteer reserve force of the British Army. It is separate from the Regular Reserve whose members are ex-Regular personnel who retain a statutory liability for service. The Army Reserve was known as the Ter ...

. The battalion was reduced to a

cadre Cadre may refer to: *Cadre (military), a group of officers or NCOs around whom a unit is formed, or a training staff *Cadre (politics), a politically controlled appointment to an institution in order to circumvent the state and bring control to th ...

in 1969 and reconstituted as B (4th Border Regiment) Company,

Northumbrian Volunteers The Northumbrian Volunteers was a short-lived Territorial Army infantry regiment of the British Army, in existence from 1971 to 1975. History The regiment was formed on 1 April 1971, as the successor to Territorial Army infantry battalions of C ...

, in 1971, when the yeomanry lineage was discontinued.

Heritage & ceremonial

Uniforms & insignia

Details of the dress initially worn by the troops of Westmorland Yeomanry Cavalry remain obscure as only a

shako A shako (, , or ) is a tall, cylindrical military cap, usually with a visor, and sometimes tapered at the top. It is usually adorned with an ornamental plate or badge on the front, metallic or otherwise; and often has a feather, plume (see hackle) ...

has survived from the 1818 era and contemporary written records are vague: they were described at that time as wearing '

Skiddaw Skiddaw is a mountain in the Lake District National Park in England. Its summit is the sixth-highest in England. It lies just north of the town of Keswick, Cumbria, and dominates the skyline in this part of the northern lakes. It is the ...

grey trousers and scarlet jackets with headgear that was wonderful to contemplate in shape as much like a big frying pan as anything'. The_Imperial_German_Army_1890_-_1913_HU68454

The_Imperial_German_Army_1890_-_1913_HU68454

However, the Westmorland & Cumberland Yeomanry was later uniformed and equipped as

Hussars A hussar ( , ; hu, huszár, pl, husarz, sh, husar / ) was a member of a class of light cavalry, originating in Central Europe during the 15th and 16th centuries. The title and distinctive dress of these horsemen were subsequently widely ...

. From 1830 to the 1850s a well documented scarlet hussar uniform was in use, heavily braided in white (silver for officers).

Facing colour A facing colour is a common tailoring technique for European military uniforms where the visible inside lining of a standard military jacket, coat or tunic is of a different colour to that of the garment itself.René Chartrand, William Younghusba ...

s on collars and cuffs were also white, 'trowsers' (''sic'') were of blue cloth and shakos were worn with black feathers. In 1857 a seal-skin busby was adopted with a braided red bag and a red-and-white plume. The distinctive scarlet and white hussar dress was retained for full dress, stable duties and walking out dress for the remainder of the century, until plain blue service frocks appeared in 1892. In 1902-03 khaki clothing and slouch hats were issued as working and field dress. White facings were retained even on khaki. As part of the Territorial Force the regiment continued to wear the now historic hussar jackets as parade dress, although scarlet and white peaked forage caps replaced the busbies for other ranks. On mobilisation in August 1914 the regiment appeared in the standard khaki service dress of the regular cavalry, although initially ordered to retain the scarlet and white jackets of peacetime for off-duty wear. After conversion to artillery the two Yeomanry batteries (369 and 370) were authorised to wear the WCY cap badge in 1923, while the two Cumberland batteries continued to wear the Royal Artillery 'gun' badge. However, it is not clear whether the yeomanry badge was actually used by these batteries, though until 1939 they did use the 'Y' (for yeomanry) over 'RA' brass shoulder title in place of the standard 'T' (for territorial) over 'RA'. Between 1953 (when the word 'Yeomanry' returned to the regiment's subtitle) and 1961, 251 Field Rgt carried a supplementary arm title with 'W & C YEO' embroidered in silver on a green background, worn beneath the usual Royal Artillery title. In addition the regiment wore W&CY buttons on overcoats and No 1 Dress (white metal to 1961 when they were changed to gold anodised metal). The regiment also wore cavalry shoulder chains with the No 1 Dress. These distinctions were carried over to 851 (WYC) Bty in 1964, with in addition a newly designed silver anodised yeomanry cap badge that had been authorised for 251 Rgt but never used.

Battle honours

The Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry was awarded the following

battle honour A battle honour is an award of a right by a government or sovereign to a military unit to emblazon the name of a battle or operation on its flags ("colours"), uniforms or other accessories where ornamentation is possible. In European military t ...

s (honours in bold are emblazoned on the

regimental colours In military organizations, the practice of carrying colours (or colors), standards, flags, or guidons, both to act as a rallying point for troops and to mark the location of the commander, is thought to have originated in Ancient Egypt some ...

Honorary Colonels

The following served as Honorary Colonel of the regiment: *

, former CO, appointed 29 August 1891, died 15 June 1908. *

, KG,

GCVO The Royal Victorian Order (french: Ordre royal de Victoria) is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the British monarch, Canadian monarch, Australian monarch, or ...

, TD, former CO, appointed 16 November 1908 * Col Guy Joseph Pocklington-Senhouse, TD, appointed 17 February 1937 * Brig Viscount Rochdale, OBE, TD, appointed to 851 (W&C) Field Bty Penrith_War_Memorial_to_Boer_War

Memorials

A granite memorial to those townsmen who died in the Second Boer war (including members of 24th Company, IY, killed at Faber's Put in 1900), was erected in front of Penrith Town Hall. It was later relocated to Castle Park. A brass plate in the Border Regiment Chapel in Holy Trinity Church, Kendal, list the men of 24th Company, IY, along with men of the Border Regiment and St John's Ambulance Brigade from Cumbria who died in the Second Boer War. The Cumberland and Westmorland War Memorial in Rickerby Park, Carlisle, includes the badges of the Westmorland & Cumberland Yeomanry and Royal Artillery among others representing servicemen from both counties who died in the two world wars.IWM WMR Ref 4266.
/ref>

Notes

References

Bibliography

* L.S. Amery (ed)
''The Times History of the War in South Africa 1899-1902'', London: Sampson Low, Marston, 6 Vols 1900–09.
* L. Barlow and R.J. Smith, ''The Uniforms of the British Yeomanry Force 1794-1914. 4: Westmoreland and Cumberland Yeomanry'', Tunbridge Wells: Ogilby Trust, . * ''Burke's Peerage, Baronetage and Knightage,'' 100th Edn, London, 1953. *

Basil Collier John Basil Collier (1908–1983) was a British writer of books of military history, particularly military aviation, World War II and military and political strategy. Collier became a full-time professional writer in 1932. Before the war he was a ...

''History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series: The Defence of the United Kingdom''
London: HM Stationery Office, 1957/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, .

London, HM Stationery Office, 1952/Uckfield: Naval & Military, 2004, . * Col John K. Dunlop, ''The Development of the British Army 1899–1914'', London: Methuen, 1938. * Gen Sir

Martin Farndale General Sir Martin Baker Farndale, (6 January 1929 – 10 May 2000) was a British Army officer who reached high office in the 1980s. Military career Educated at Yorebridge Grammar School, Askrigg, and the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, Farnda ...

, ''History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat: Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941'', Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988/London: Brasseys, 1996, . * J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol I, Wakefield, Microform Academic, 1984, . * J.B.M. Frederick, ''Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978'', Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, . * Brig E.A. James, ''British Regiments 1914–18'', London: Samson Books, 1978, /Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, . * Lt-Col H.F. Joslen, ''Orders of Battle, United Kingdom and Colonial Formations and Units in the Second World War, 1939–1945'', London: HM Stationery Office, 1960/London: London Stamp Exchange, 1990, / Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2003, . * N.B. Leslie, ''Battle Honours of the British and Indian Armies 1695–1914'', London: Leo Cooper, 1970, . * Norman E.H. Litchfield, ''The Territorial Artillery 1908–1988 (Their Lineage, Uniforms and Badges)'', Nottingham: Sherwood Press, 1992, . * Patrick Mileham, ''The Yeomanry Regiments: 200 Years of Tradition'', 2nd Edn, Edinburgh: Canongate Academic, 1994, . * * Col H.C.B. Rogers, ''The Mounted Troops of the British Army 1066–1945'', London: Seeley Service, 1959. * Tpr Cosmo Rose-Innes, ''With Paget's Horse to the Front'', London: John McQueen, 1901/Leopold Classic Library, 2015, ASIN: B019SZWY6K.
Lt-Col Ernest Ryan 'Arms, Uniforms and Equipment of the Yeomanry Cavalry', ''Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research'', September 1957, Vol 35, pp. 124–33.
* Lt-Col J.D. Sainsbury, ''The Hertfordshire Yeomanry Regiments, Royal Artillery, Part 1: The Field Regiments 1920-1946'', Welwyn: Hertfordshire Yeomanry and Artillery Trust/Hart Books, 1999, .* Edward M. Spiers, ''The Army and Society 1815–1914'', London: Longmans, 1980, . * ''Titles and Designations of Formations and Units of the Territorial Army'', London: War Office, 7 November 1927 (RA sections also summarised in Litchfield, Appendix IV).

External links

Anglo-Boer War

Chris Baker, ''The Long, Long Trail''

British Army units from 1945 on

Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register

* ttp://www.geograph.org.uk/article/WW1-Great-War-Centenary---Drill-Halls/ Great War Centenary Drill Halls
Roll of Honour

{{Authority control

Yeomanry regiments of the British Army in World War I Regiments of the British Army in World War II Military units and formations in Cumbria Military units and formations in Carlisle, Cumbria Military units and formations established in 1798 Military units and formations disestablished in 1971