4 World Trade Center (4 WTC; also known as 150 Greenwich Street) is a
skyscraper constructed as part of the new
World Trade Center
World Trade Centers are sites recognized by the World Trade Centers Association.
World Trade Center may refer to:
Buildings
* List of World Trade Centers
* World Trade Center (2001–present), a building complex that includes five skyscrapers, a ...
in
Lower Manhattan,
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
. The tower is located on
Greenwich Street at the southeastern corner of the
World Trade Center site
The World Trade Center site, often referred to as "Ground Zero" or "the Pile" immediately after the September 11 attacks, is a 14.6-acre (5.9 ha) area in Lower Manhattan in New York City. The site is bounded by Vesey Street to the north ...
.
Fumihiko Maki
is a Japanese architect who teaches at Keio University SFC. In 1993, he received the Pritzker Prize for his work, which often explores pioneering uses of new materials and fuses the cultures of east and west.
Early life
Maki was born in Tokyo. ...
designed the building. It houses the headquarters of the
Port Authority of New York and New Jersey
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, PANYNJ; stylized, in logo since 2020, as Port Authority NY NJ, is a joint venture between the U.S. states of New York and New Jersey, established in 1921 through an interstate compact authorize ...
(PANYNJ).
The current 4 World Trade Center is the second building at the site to bear this address. The original building was a nine-story structure at the southeast corner of the
World Trade Center
World Trade Centers are sites recognized by the World Trade Centers Association.
World Trade Center may refer to:
Buildings
* List of World Trade Centers
* World Trade Center (2001–present), a building complex that includes five skyscrapers, a ...
complex. It was destroyed during the
September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated suicide terrorist attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States on Tuesday, September 11, 2001. That morning, nineteen terrorists hijacked four commer ...
in 2001, along with the rest of the World Trade Center. The current building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008, and it opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. The building has of space.
Site
4 World Trade Center is at 150
Greenwich Street,
within the new
World Trade Center
World Trade Centers are sites recognized by the World Trade Centers Association.
World Trade Center may refer to:
Buildings
* List of World Trade Centers
* World Trade Center (2001–present), a building complex that includes five skyscrapers, a ...
(WTC) complex, in the
Financial District
A financial district is usually a central area in a city where financial services firms such as banks, insurance companies and other related finance corporations have their head offices. In major cities, financial districts are often home to s ...
neighborhood of
Lower Manhattan in
New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
. The
land lot is bounded by Greenwich Street to the west,
Cortlandt Way to the north,
Church Street to the east, and Liberty Street to the south.
Within the World Trade Center complex, nearby structures include
St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church
The St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, officially the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and National Shrine, is a church and shrine in the World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is administered by the Greek Orthodox Archdi ...
and
Liberty Park
Liberty Park is a elevated public park at the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York City, overlooking the National September 11 Memorial & Museum in Lower Manhattan. The park, which opened on June 29, 2016, is located above the World Trad ...
to the southwest; the
National September 11 Memorial & Museum
The National September 11 Memorial & Museum (also known as the 9/11 Memorial & Museum) is a memorial and museum in New York City commemorating the September 11 attacks of 2001, which killed 2,977 people, and the 1993 World Trade Center bomb ...
to the west;
One World Trade Center
One World Trade Center (also known as One World Trade, One WTC, and formerly Freedom Tower) is the main building of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City. Designed by David Childs of Skidmore, Owings & Mer ...
to the northwest; and the
World Trade Center Transportation Hub
World Trade Center is a terminal station on the PATH system, within the World Trade Center complex in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. It is served by the Newark–World Trade Center line at all times, as well as by the H ...
.
2 World Trade Center
2 World Trade Center (2 WTC; also known as 200 Greenwich Street) is a planned skyscraper as part of the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. It will replace the original 2 World Trade Center, which was completed in 1972 and ...
, and
3 World Trade Center
3 World Trade Center (3 WTC; also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the new World Trade Center in Lower Manhattan, New York City. The tower is located on Greenwich Street along the eastern side of the World ...
to the north.
Outside World Trade Center, nearby buildings include
195 Broadway
195 Broadway, also known as the Telephone Building, Telegraph Building, or Western Union Building, is an early skyscraper on Broadway in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. It was the longtime headquarters of AT&T as well as We ...
and the
Millennium Hilton New York Downtown
The Millennium Downtown New York is a hotel in Lower Manhattan, New York City, located at the southeast corner of Fulton Street and Church Street. The hotel is adjacent to 195 Broadway, with which it shares the block, and is located across Chu ...
hotel to the northeast; the
American Stock Exchange Building to the south;
One Liberty Plaza
One Liberty Plaza, formerly the U.S. Steel Building, is a skyscraper in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is situated on a block bounded by Broadway, Liberty Street, Church Street, and Cortlandt Street, on the ...
to the east; and
Zuccotti Park
Zuccotti Park (formerly Liberty Plaza Park) is a publicly accessible park in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan, New York City. It is located in a privately owned public space (POPS) controlled by Brookfield Properties and Goldman Sachs ...
to the southeast.
Original building (1975–2001)
The old 4 World Trade Center was a nine-story low-rise office building completed in 1975 that was 118 ft (36 m) tall, and located in the southeast corner of the World Trade Center site. The building was designed by
Minoru Yamasaki
was an American architect, best known for designing the original World Trade Center in New York City and several other large-scale projects. Yamasaki was one of the most prominent architects of the 20th century. He and fellow architect Edward ...
and
Emery Roth & Sons. The first tenants, the
Commodities Exchange Center, started to move into the building in January 1977. On July 1, 1977, the Mercantile Traders finalized the move. The building's major tenants were
Deutsche Bank
Deutsche Bank AG (), sometimes referred to simply as Deutsche, is a German multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany, and dual-listed on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange and the New York Sto ...
(Floor 4, 5, and 6) and the
New York Board of Trade
The New York Board of Trade (NYBOT, renamed ICE Futures US in September, 2007), is a physical commodity futures exchange located in New York City. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Intercontinental Exchange (ICE).
History
It originated in 1 ...
(Floors 7, 8, and 9). The building's side facing Liberty Street housed the entrance to
The Mall at the World Trade Center
Westfield World Trade Center, also known as the Oculus, is a shopping mall at the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York, that is operated and managed by Unibail-Rodamco-Westfield. The mall opened on August 16, 2016, as the largest sho ...
on the basement concourse level of the WTC.
4 World Trade Center was home to commodities exchanges on what was at the time one of the world's largest trading floors (featured in the
Eddie Murphy movie ''
Trading Places
''Trading Places'' is a 1983 American comedy film directed by John Landis, with a screenplay by Timothy Harris and Herschel Weingrod. Starring Dan Aykroyd, Eddie Murphy, Ralph Bellamy, Don Ameche, Denholm Elliott, and Jamie Lee Curtis, the ...
''). These commodities exchanges collectively had 12 trading pits.
Destruction
The
World Trade Center's twin towers were destroyed during the
September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, creating debris that destroyed or severely damaged nearby buildings, such as the original 4 World Trade Center.
Much of the southern two-thirds of the building was destroyed, and the remaining north portion virtually destroyed, as a result of the collapse of the
South Tower. The structure was subsequently razed.
At the time of the September 11 attacks, the building's commodities exchanges had of silver coins and of gold coins in the basement.
The coins in the basement were worth an estimated $200 million.
Much of the coins had been removed by November 2001;
trucks transported the coins out of the basement through an intact but abandoned section of the
Downtown Hudson Tubes
The Downtown Hudson Tubes (formerly the Cortlandt Street Tunnel) are a pair of tunnels that carry PATH trains under the Hudson River in the United States, between New York City to the east and Jersey City, New Jersey, to the west. The tunnel ...
.
Many coins belonging to the
Bank of Nova Scotia
The Bank of Nova Scotia (french: link=no, Banque de Nouvelle-Écosse), operating as Scotiabank (french: link=no, Banque Scotia), is a Canadian multinational banking and financial services company headquartered in Toronto, Ontario. One of Canada ...
were purchased in 2002, repackaged by the
Professional Coin Grading Service
Professional Coin Grading Service (PCGS) is an American third-party coin grading, authentication, attribution, and encapsulation service founded in 1985. The intent of its seven founding dealers, including the firm's former president David Hall, ...
, and resold to collectors.
Gallery
File:WTC Building Arrangement and Site Plan.svg, Former site plan, with original 4 World Trade Center at the southeast corner.
File:WTC Area With Building Numbers 50dpi contrast.jpg, WTC complex and neighboring buildings, on September 23, 2001. Remaining portion of 4 WTC visible at southeast corner. Footprints of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC highlighted.
File:4-Wtc-photo.jpg, Site of 4 WTC in NOAA aerial image, oriented with south at left of image (September 23, 2001). Much of 4 WTC is destroyed (entire left of image), with only the damaged northern portion identifiable (at right).
File:World Trade Center 3 After 9-11 Attacks With Original Building Locations.jpg, A bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center complex, September 17, 2001, with the original locations of the buildings.
Current building
Site redevelopment
Larry Silverstein
Larry A. Silverstein (born May 30, 1931) is an American businessman. Among his real estate projects, he is the developer of the rebuilt World Trade Center complex in Lower Manhattan, New York City, as well as one of New York's tallest resident ...
had leased the original World Trade Center from the PANYNJ in July 2001. His company
Silverstein Properties
Silverstein Properties, Inc. (SPI) is a family held, full-service real estate development, investment and management firm based in New York City. Founded in 1957 by Chairman Larry Silverstein, the company specializes in developing, acquiring, a ...
continued to pay rent on the site even after the September 11 attacks. In the months following the attacks, architects and
urban planning
Urban planning, also known as town planning, city planning, regional planning, or rural planning, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, ...
experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site.
The architect
Daniel Libeskind won a competition to design the master plan for the new
World Trade Center
World Trade Centers are sites recognized by the World Trade Centers Association.
World Trade Center may refer to:
Buildings
* List of World Trade Centers
* World Trade Center (2001–present), a building complex that includes five skyscrapers, a ...
in February 2003.
The master plan included five towers, a 9/11 memorial, and a transportation hub.
By July 2004, two towers were planned on the southeast corner of the site: the 62-story 3 World Trade Center and the 58-story 4 World Trade Center.
The plans were delayed due to disputes over who would redevelop the five towers.
The PANYNJ and Silverstein ultimately reached an agreement in 2006. Silverstein Properties ceded the rights to develop 1 and
5 WTC in exchange for financing with
Liberty bonds
A liberty bond (or liberty loan) was a war bond that was sold in the United States to support the Allied cause in World War I. Subscribing to the bonds became a symbol of patriotic duty in the United States and introduced the idea of financi ...
for
2,
3, and 4 WTC.
Japanese architect
Fumihiko Maki
is a Japanese architect who teaches at Keio University SFC. In 1993, he received the Pritzker Prize for his work, which often explores pioneering uses of new materials and fuses the cultures of east and west.
Early life
Maki was born in Tokyo. ...
was hired to design the new 4 World Trade Center, on the eastern part of the World Trade Center site at 150 Greenwich Street, in May 2006. Meanwhile,
Norman Foster
Norman or Normans may refer to:
Ethnic and cultural identity
* The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries
** People or things connected with the Nor ...
and
Richard Rogers were selected as the architects for 2 and 3 World Trade Center, respectively.
The plans for 2, 3, and 4 World Trade Center were announced in September 2006.
4 World Trade Center would be a 61-story, building.
The building would have contained of retail space in its base and of offices. The lower stories would have had a trapezoidal plan, changing to a parallelogram on the upper stories.
The lowest stories of 4 World Trade Center and several neighboring buildings would be part of a rebuilt
Westfield World Trade Center Mall.
The same month, PANYNJ agreed to occupy within 4 WTC,
paying , a lower rental rate than what Silverstein had wanted.
The city government offered to rent another ,
thus allowing Silverstein to obtain a mortgage loan for the tower's construction.
Silverstein would be allowed to evict the city government if he could rent out the space at
market rate
The market rate (or "going rate") for goods or services is the usual price charged for them in a free market. If demand goes up, manufacturers and laborers will tend to respond by increasing the price they require, thus setting a higher market rate ...
.
As part of the project,
Cortlandt Street (which had been closed to make way for the original World Trade Center) was planned to be rebuilt between 3 and 4 WTC. The plans for Cortlandt Street affected the design of the lower stories of both 3 and 4 WTC, as one of the proposals called for an enclosed shopping atrium along the path of Cortlandt Street, connecting the two buildings. The street was eventually rebuilt as an outdoor path.
Final designs for 2, 3, and 4 WTC were announced in September 2007.
The three buildings would comprise the commercial eastern portion of the new World Trade Center, contrasting with the memorial in the complex's western section.
At the time, construction of 4 WTC was planned to begin in January 2008.
As part of its agreement with the PANYNJ, Silverstein Properties was obliged to complete 3 and 4 WTC by the end of 2011.
Construction
Initial progress
![WTC_Building_Arrangement_in_preliminary_site_plan](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/WTC_Building_Arrangement_in_preliminary_site_plan.svg)
In 2007, the PANYNJ started constructing the East Bathtub, a site that was to form the foundations of 3 and 4 WTC.
The process involved excavating a trench around the site to a depth of , then constructing a
slurry wall
A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table.
This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surro ...
around the site.
The PANYNJ was supposed to give the site to Silverstein Properties at the end of 2007; the contractors would have received a $10 million bonus if they had completed the work early.
If Silverstein did not receive the site by January 1, 2008, the PANYNJ would pay Silverstein $300,000 per day until the site was transferred.
The agency ultimately gave the site to Silverstein on February 17, 2008.
The PANYNJ paid a $14.4 million penalty for turning over the site 48 days after the deadline.
The PANYNJ voted in early 2008 to extend the deadline for 4 WTC's completion to April 2012.
Meanwhile, police officials expressed concern that the building's all-glass design posed a security risk.
A study published in early 2009 predicted that 4 WTC, the first of Silverstein's three towers at the World Trade Center site, would not be fully leased until 2014 due to the
financial crisis of 2007–2008
Finance is the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets. It is related to, but not synonymous with economics, the study of production, distribution, and consumption of money, assets, goods and services (the discipline of fi ...
.
4 WTC's construction was temporarily halted that March after city officials found that workers were operating a construction crane without a permit.
Disputes between the PANYNJ and Silverstein continued through late 2008, when Silverstein claimed that the agency owed him $300,000 per day for failing to demolish a barrier around the site, as the barrier prevented him from erecting the tower's foundations. The PANYNJ claimed that the barrier was several feet outside the excavation site and that it did not owe Silverstein anything.
That December, an arbitration panel ruled that the PANYNJ owed Silverstein an extra $20.1 million.
By May 2009, Silverstein wanted the PANYNJ to fund the construction of 2 and 4 WTC, but the PANYNJ was only willing to provide funding for 4 WTC, citing the
Great Recession
The Great Recession was a period of marked general decline, i.e. a recession, observed in national economies globally that occurred from late 2007 into 2009. The scale and timing of the recession varied from country to country (see map). At ...
and disagreements with Silverstein.
At the time, the PANYNJ had leased one-third of 4 WTC's office space, but no tenant had been signed for 2 WTC.
Silverstein also held an
option to lease space to the city government for , but he was reluctant to exercise the option, since he believed that market-rate rents for the space would increase drastically when the building opened.
Silverstein expressed confidence that the building would attract financial tenants since it was close to
Wall Street.
Three
PureCell fuel cells were delivered at the World Trade Center site in November 2010, providing about 30 percent of 4 WTC's power. By the end of that year, the building had reached the tenth story; the project to date had been funded entirely by insurance proceeds.
Funding and completion
A New York state board voted in November 2010 to allow Silverstein to finance 4 WTC and another tower with up to $200 million of bonds from the
American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009. Developed in response to the Gr ...
.
Silverstein also wanted to sell $1.36 billion worth of Liberty bonds to fund 4 WTC's completion.
Silverstein decided in December 2010 to postpone the bond offering because of instability in the
municipal bond market.
Early the next year, he exercised his option to lease space to the New York City government.
After the muni market stabilized, the PANYNJ planned to vote on the Liberty bond offering in early 2011.
The vote was delayed after several institutional investors objected to the fact that the Liberty bonds would have greater
seniority
Seniority is the state of being older or placed in a higher position of status relative to another individual, group, or organization. For example, one employee may be senior to another either by role or rank (such as a CEO vice a manager), or by ...
than a bond offering that had previously been placed on the building.
If the Liberty bonds were not sold by the end of that year, Silverstein would not have enough money to complete the tower.
Meanwhile, during early 2011, the building was constructed at an average rate of one floor per week,
and the building had reached the 23rd floor by May 2011.
After five months of negotiations, the PANYNJ announced a revised financing plan for the tower in September 2011, in which the Liberty bonds were subordinate to the existing bond offering.
The agency started selling Liberty bonds in November 2011.
The building's steel frame was built first, followed by the concrete core and the exterior curtain wall.
The building had reached the 61st story by the beginning of 2012.
A cable on one of the building's construction cranes snapped on February 16, 2012, dropping a steel beam 40 stories;
no one was seriously injured, and work resumed shortly afterward.
The building's superstructure was
topped out
In building construction, topping out (sometimes referred to as topping off) is a builders' rite traditionally held when the last beam (or its equivalent) is placed atop a structure during its construction. Nowadays, the ceremony is often parlaye ...
on June 26, 2012, when workers installed the final steel beam on the 72nd floor.
In the two days after the tower's topping-out, there were two construction accidents, neither of which resulted in serious injuries.
The building's basements were flooded in late 2012 during
Hurricane Sandy
Hurricane Sandy (unofficially referred to as ''Superstorm Sandy'') was an extremely destructive and strong Atlantic hurricane, as well as the largest Atlantic hurricane on record as measured by diameter, with tropical-storm-force winds spann ...
, although the tower was still expected to be completed the following year.
Structural steel and concrete completed by June 1, 2013, followed by the removal of construction fencing in September 2013. The building opened on November 13, 2013, along with the neighboring section of Greenwich Street.
It was the second tower to open as part of the new World Trade Center, after
7 World Trade Center.
4 World Trade Center had cost US$1.67 billion to build, having been funded by insurance payouts and Liberty bonds.
At the time, the PANYNJ and the city government were the building's only tenants.
Though the two governmental tenants collectively occupied around 60 percent of the building,
the ''Financial Times'' reported that some of the space could be
sublease
A lease is a contractual arrangement calling for the user (referred to as the ''lessee'') to pay the owner (referred to as the ''lessor'') for the use of an asset. Property, buildings and vehicles are common assets that are leased. Industrial ...
d.
Janno Lieber of Silverstein Properties expressed optimism that the building's design would attract tenants, saying: "We have a building that's going to feel like a tower on Park Avenue."
File:The new building.jpg, Construction on March 26, 2011.
File:4 WTC construction Aug 2011.jpg, Construction on August 7, 2011.
File:4WTC-Oct 7, 2011.jpg, Construction on October 4, 2011.
File:4WTC-March 12, 2012.JPG, Construction on March 12, 2012.
File:World Trade Center Three Construction.JPG, Construction on October 17, 2012.
Usage
The first tenants to move in were the PANYNJ and the city government. The New York City government leased of space in the completed building.
The PANYNJ leased approximately for its headquarters,
[150 Greenwich St., Maki and Associates, Architectural Fact Sheet - September 2006](_blank)
. Retrieved February 9, 2007 having relocated in 2015 from
225 Park Avenue South in
Gramercy Park, Manhattan.
When 4 WTC opened, there was relatively low demand for office space in lower Manhattan, in part because many of the area's financial firms were downsizing their spaces.
There was so little demand for office space in the new tower that Silverstein rented out the vacant space for events, charging $50,000 per day for each floor.
According to ''
The Wall Street Journal
''The Wall Street Journal'' is an American business-focused, international daily newspaper based in New York City, with international editions also available in Chinese and Japanese. The ''Journal'', along with its Asian editions, is published ...
'', these included a
Super Bowl commercial, a film shoot for the 2014 movie ''
Annie'', and a wine-tasting event.
By July 2015, the tower was 62 percent leased. A February 2017 announcement by
Spotify
Spotify (; ) is a proprietary Swedish audio streaming and media services provider founded on 23 April 2006 by Daniel Ek and Martin Lorentzon. It is one of the largest music streaming service providers, with over 456 million monthly active us ...
that it would lease floors 62 through 72 for its United States headquarters, along with a subsequent expansion announcement that July, brought 4 World Trade Center to full occupancy.
SportsNet New York
SportsNet New York (SNY) is an American regional sports network owned by Sterling Entertainment Enterprises, LLC, itself a joint venture between the Fred Wilpon (which owns a controlling 65% interest) Sterling Equities, Charter Communications th ...
, carrier of
New York Mets
The New York Mets are an American professional baseball team based in the New York City borough of Queens. The Mets compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member of the National League (NL) East division. They are one of two major league ...
broadcasts, moved its headquarters from
1271 Avenue of the Americas to an facility in 4 WTC. The SportsNet New York studios in 4 WTC also double as the New York City studios for
NFL Network
NFL Network (occasionally abbreviated on-air as NFLN) is an American sports-oriented pay television network owned by the National Football League (NFL) and is part of NFL Media, which also includes NFL.com, NFL Films, NFL Mobile, NFL Now and NF ...
, hosting their morning show ''
Good Morning Football
''Good Morning Football'' is a live NFL morning television program on NFL Network. The program premiered on Monday, August 1, 2016. It airs from 7 a.m. to 10 a.m. ET.
The program is hosted by Kyle Brandt, Jamie Erdahl, Jason McCourty and Pe ...
''.
Silver Art Projects, a nonprofit organization operated by Larry Silverstein's grandson Cory Silverstein, opened 28 art studios on the 28th floor in 2020.
Twenty-five of the studios are reserved for the program's artists, who are selected through an annual application process and occupy each studio for free, while the remaining three studios are for the program's mentors.
Architecture
4 WTC is described as being either
or tall,
with of office space.
Form and facade
![4 WTC reflecting water from One World Observatory 2017](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/4_WTC_reflecting_water_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg)
The facade is a
curtain wall with glass panes that span the full height of each story.
The facade consists of glass panes measuring wide and tall.
Most of the facade is made of reflective glass, except at the lobby, where the facade is made of clear glass.
Five of the lowest stories are
mechanical floor
A mechanical floor, mechanical penthouse, mechanical layer or mechanical level is a story of a high-rise building that is dedicated to mechanical and electronics equipment. "Mechanical" is the most commonly used term, but words such as ''utilit ...
s and contain narrow vertical louvers. The western facade of the tower, which faces the National September 11 Memorial, does not have louvers.
The ''New York Daily News'' wrote that Maki and Associates wanted the building's design to "pay deference to the memorial".
Jaros, Baum & Bolles Jaros, Baum & Bolles (JB&B) is an American MEP (Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing) and consulting engineering firm founded in 1915 by Alfred L. Jaros, Jr. and Albert L. Baum. The firm is best known for high-rise projects, including One World Trad ...
was the MEP engineer.
According to ''
Engineering News-Record
''Engineering News-Record'' (widely known as ''ENR'') is an American weekly magazine that provides news, analysis, data and opinion for the construction industry worldwide. It is widely regarded as one of the construction industry's most authorita ...
'', Maki and Associates had designed 4 WTC as a "minimalist tower with an abstract sculptural presence".
The upper floors accommodate offices using two distinct floor shapes. Floors 7 to 46 each span and are parallelogram in plan, reflecting the shape of the World Trade Center site. the shape of a
parallelogram. Floors 48 to 63 each cover and are trapezoidal in plan.
At the two obtuse angles of the parallelogram, there are deep grooves along the facade.
The top story contains a
penthouse office.
Structural features
The structural engineer for the building is
Leslie E. Robertson Associates, founded by Robertson, the chief engineer for the original Twin Towers in the 1960s. The tower's foundation is composed of concrete footings that descend to the underlying
bedrock. When the original World Trade Center was developed, the contractors found that there was a gap in the bedrock at the southeast corner of the site. Although the bedrock under most of the site is deep, the southeast corner contains a
pothole, where the bedrock descends to because of erosion during the
Last Glacial Period.
The current tower's foundation is surrounded by a slurry wall.
The slurry wall is largely anchored to the bedrock, except at the southeast corner of the site, where the pothole made this impossible.
DCM Erectors manufactured the steel for the building's
superstructure.
The superstructure consists of a steel frame weighing . In addition, the building uses of concrete and of
rebar. The center of the tower contains a mechanical core made of
reinforced concrete, which includes mechanical equipment, stairs, and elevators.
Schindler manufactured the building's elevators, which operate at a speed of .
The retail space on the lower stories contains six escalators, two passenger elevators, and two freight elevators. The upper stories are served by 37 elevators, which consist of 34 passenger elevators and three service elevators.
Interior
Lower stories
Six floors are used for retail. They consist of the ground floor, the three floors immediately above the ground floor as well as the two floors below ground.
The retail space occupies the eastern part of the ground floor.
The lower levels of the building are used by retail businesses, including
Eataly
Eataly is a chain of large format/footprint Italian marketplaces (food halls) comprising a variety of restaurants, food and beverage counters, bakery, retail items, and a cooking school. Eataly was founded by Oscar Farinetti, an entrepreneur for ...
. These are connected via an underground shopping mall and concourse, connecting to the
PATH
A path is a route for physical travel – see Trail.
Path or PATH may also refer to:
Physical paths of different types
* Bicycle path
* Bridle path, used by people on horseback
* Course (navigation), the intended path of a vehicle
* Desire p ...
and the
New York City Subway via the
World Trade Center Transportation Hub
World Trade Center is a terminal station on the PATH system, within the World Trade Center complex in the Financial District of Manhattan, New York City. It is served by the Newark–World Trade Center line at all times, as well as by the H ...
.
The building's ground-floor lobby is two stories high,
with a ceiling.
The lobby occupies the western part of the ground floor, facing the National September 11 Memorial.
The space contains wood-beamed ceilings, white-granite floors,
and Swedish black granite walls.
Suspended from the lobby's ceiling is
Kozo Nishino's sculpture ''Sky Memory'',
which consists of seven pieces of
titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with the Symbol (chemistry), symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resista ...
trusses collectively weighing .
''Sky Memory'' measures across and hangs above the floor.
The lobby also contains ''Vandal Gummy'', a sculpture of a bear by street artist
WhIsBe.
The artist
Ivan Navarro designed an LED sculpture near the bottom of the lobby's escalators.
Leading from the lobby are three hallways, where
video art
Video art is an art form which relies on using video technology as a visual and audio medium. Video art emerged during the late 1960s as new consumer video technology such as video tape recorders became available outside corporate broadcasting ...
is displayed on wood-paneled walls.
''The Wall Street Journal'' wrote that 4 WTC's lobby "will be the largest lobby by volume in New York".
Critical reception
When the building was being constructed,
David W. Dunlap of ''The New York Times'' wrote that 4 WTC was "the biggest skyscraper New Yorkers have never heard of".
''The Wall Street Journal'' wrote that the lobby "offers a grand front to the World Trade Center Memorial" and that the effect of the lobby's design "is intriguingly calming for a building soon to rest at the heart of the Financial District."
Upon the tower's opening, Daniel Libeskind wrote: "The WTC site has emerged from 12 years of contention and construction to become what we all hoped it would be: a place that will show the world everything that is great about cities, especially New York."
See also
*
List of tallest buildings in New York City
New York City, the most populous city in the United States, is home to over 7,000 completed high-rise buildings of at least , of which at least 95 are taller than . The tallest building in New York is One World Trade Center, which rises ...
*
Marriott World Trade Center
The Marriott World Trade Center was a 22-story, 825-room hotel at 3 World Trade Center within the World Trade Center complex in Manhattan, New York City. It opened in April 1981 as the Vista International Hotel and was the first major hotel t ...
References
External links
4WTC.com - 4 World Trade Center - 150 Greenwich Street- Official site
Emporis entry on this building
{{Financial District, Manhattan
World Trade Center
Fumihiko Maki buildings
Skyscraper office buildings in Manhattan
Office buildings completed in 2013
2013 establishments in New York City
Buildings and structures destroyed in the September 11 attacks