2023 CX1

, initially known under temporary designation Sar2667, was a metre-sized asteroid or meteoroid that entered Earth's atmosphere on 13 February 2023 02:59 UTC and disintegrated as a meteor over the coast of Normandy, France along the English Channel. It was discovered less than seven hours before impact, by Hungarian astronomer Krisztián Sárneczky at Konkoly Observatory's Piszkéstető Station in the Mátra Mountains, Hungary. is the seventh asteroid discovered before impacting Earth and successfully predicted, and the third of those for which meteorites have been recovered. Before it impacted, was a near-Earth asteroid on an Earth-crossing Apollo-type orbit.

Discovery

During a routine search for near-Earth objects with his Schmidt telescope, Krisztián Sárneczky first imaged on 12 February 2023 at 20:18:07 UTC, when it was already less than from Earth and inside the orbit of the Moon at 0.61 lunar distances. At discovery, the asteroid had an apparent magnitude of 19.4 and moved quickly in the northern hemisphere sky, at an angular rate of 14 arcseconds per minute and a radial velocity of towards Earth. Sárneczky immediately recognized it was a near-Earth object, but only realized it was on course for impact with Earth when he reobserved it half an hour later. Sárneczky gave the object the temporary designation ''Sar2667'' and reported the discovery to the Minor Planet Center's (MPC's) Near-Earth Object Confirmation Page at 20:49 UTC, calling for further follow-up from other observatories around the world. Astronomers at Višnjan Observatory in Tičan, Croatia observed the asteroid starting at 21:03 UTC and confirmed that it was headed for impact with Earth.

The European Space Agency took notice of the asteroid's impending impact and alerted the public through social media. Astronomers around the world continuously observed the asteroid to refine its trajectory as it approached Earth and its impact location. The asteroid reached a peak brightness of magnitude 13 (about the brightness of Pluto) right before it entered Earth's shadow at around 02:50 UTC. It then faded dramatically and became invisible until impact. The asteroid was last observed on 13 February 2023 02:52:07 UTC by Jost Jahn at the SATINO Remote Observatory in Haute Provence, France, just two minutes after it entered Earth's shadow and seven minutes before it impacted. At the time of that last observation, the asteroid had faded from magnitude 13 to 16 and moved extremely quickly at an angular rate of 1.7 degrees per minute, at a distance of approximately from Earth's center ( altitude).

On 13 February 2023 04:13 UTC (one hour after the impact), MPC gave the asteroid its official minor planet provisional designation . At least 20 observatories observed and submitted astrometry to the MPC before impact, with over 300 astrometric positions recorded in total.

Impact

At 02:59:21 UTC (local time 03:59:21 CET), entered the atmosphere at a velocity of with an inclination 40–50° relative to the vertical. As the meteoroid travelled eastward over the English Channel to the coast of Normandy, France, it experienced significant atmospheric drag and began burning up as a bright meteor at an altitude of . It was seen by witnesses from France, Great Britain, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany. The meteor began fragmenting at an altitude of and then completely broke apart at , producing a bright flash due to the rapid vaporization of its fragments. In the process, the meteor released a great amount of kinetic energy. That produced a shock wave, which was heard by some witnesses and was detected by French seismographs. The meteor disappeared at an altitude of , after which its resulting meteorites continued falling in dark flight. Over 80 witness reports of the meteor were submitted to the International Meteor Organization (IMO).

Upon breakup, dropped meteorites over the Normandy region and produced a strewn field spanning from Dieppe to Doudeville. Guided by Peter Jenniskens, researchers and citizen scientists of the Fireball Recovery and Interplanetary Observation Network () immediately began a coordinated search effort in the expected meteorite fall area. On 15 February 2023 15:47 UTC (local time 16:47 CET), FRIPON member and art student Loïs Leblanc found the first meteorite of in a field in the commune of Saint-Pierre-le-Viger. The meteorite weighed about and is described as a "dark stone." By March 2023, over 20 additional meteorites were recovered, with masses ranging . The IMO estimates that could have dropped only one large meteorite up to ~ in mass, plus an uncertain number of smaller meteorites up to several tens of grams each. The largest meteorite is expected to have landed near the commune of Vénestanville.

is the seventh asteroid discovered before being successfully predicted to impact Earth, and also the third whose meteorites were collected after its predicted impact. It is Sárneczky's second discovery of an impacting asteroid, after which he discovered a year prior in March 2022.

Orbit

Prior to impact, was on an Apollo-type orbit that crossed the orbits of Earth and Mars. It orbited the Sun at an average distance of , varying from 0.92 AU at perihelion to 2.34 AU at aphelion due to its eccentric orbit. The orbit had a low inclination of 3.4° with respect to the ecliptic and an orbital period of 2.08 years. The asteroid last passed perihelion on 13 February 2021 and impacted Earth before it was set to make its next perihelion on 15 March 2023.

The last time made a close approach to Earth was around 7 (± 1) June 2000, when it passed around from the planet. Before that, had made several distant close approaches with Earth and Mars during the 1900s, though it probably never approached within from these planets.

See also

* Impact event
* Asteroid impact prediction
** , the sixth asteroid discovered before being successfully predicted to impact Earth
* Meteorite fall
** , the first asteroid to have its meteorites collected after its predicted impact with Earth
** 2018 LA, the second asteroid to have its meteorites collected after its predicted impact with Earth

Notes

References

External links

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* Scout archive fo
Sar2667

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Minor planet object articles (unnumbered)
Predicted impact events
February 2023 events in France
Modern Earth impact events
Meteorites found in France