On 9 December 2016 at 4:38 a.m. ( UTC +11) local time (17:38:46 UTC), the Solomon Islands region was rocked by an 7.8 earthquake, centered 30 km off San Cristobal Island, about 61 km southwest of Kirakira, the capital of Makira-Ulawa Province. Initially registering magnitude 8.0, later downgraded to 7.8, the temblor prompted tsunami warnings that kept countries surrounding the Coral,

Tasman Tasman most often refers to Abel Tasman (1603–1659), Dutch explorer. Tasman may also refer to: Animals and plants * Tasman booby * Tasman flax-lily * Tasman parakeet (disambiguation) * Tasman starling * Tasman whale People * Tasman (name), ...

and

Solomon Sea The Solomon Sea is a sea located within the Pacific Ocean. It lies between Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands. Many major battles were fought there during World War II. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of ...

on high alert, but was later cancelled. A large

aftershock In seismology, an aftershock is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake, in the same area of the main shock, caused as the displaced crust adjusts to the effects of the main shock. Large earthquakes can have hundreds to thousand ...

of magnitude 6.9 occurred shortly afterwards. This earthquake was largely felt, waking many residents who later ran to high ground for fears of a potential tsunami. The earthquake killed a child and affected some 34,000 people in Makira,

South Malaita South Malaita Island is the island at the southern tip of the larger island of Malaita in the eastern part of the Solomon Islands. It is also known as Small Malaita and Maramasike for Areare speakers and Malamweimwei for more than 80% of the isl ...

and

Guadalcanal Guadalcanal (; indigenous name: ''Isatabu'') is the principal island in Guadalcanal Province of Solomon Islands, located in the south-western Pacific, northeast of Australia. It is the largest island in the Solomon Islands by area, and the seco ...

Island where many had lost their homes or had no access to basic needs. Earthquakes are common in this region, with little or no fatalities. This earthquake is tied with three other magnitude 7.8 earthquakes for the second largest earthquake of 2016. On 17 December, the Solomon Islands would be rattled again by a 7.9 magnitude earthquake, this time 54 km east of Taron, Papua New Guinea.

Geological setting

The Australian Woodlark,

and

Pacific Plate The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean. At , it is the largest tectonic plate. The plate first came into existence 190 million years ago, at the triple junction between the Farallon, Phoenix, and Iza ...

s are converging at a rate of 97 mm/yr. The earthquake was a result of interaction between the Australian and Pacific Plates along a

subduction zone Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, the ...

Subduction Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries. Where the oceanic lithosphere of a tectonic plate converges with the less dense lithosphere of a second plate, the ...

of the Australian Plate has also given rise to volcanoes in the region. This region of the world lies along the Pacific Ring of Fire, where 90 percent of all earthquake and volcanic activity is concentrated here.

Earthquake

The earthquake occurred along the boundary interface where the Australian and Pacific Plates make contact. Focal mechanism suggests this event was a result of oblique-reverse faulting. The earthquake did not rupture to the trench, terminating at a depth of 20 km, with its epicenter at 40 km. An average slip has been estimated at 5 meters. The earthquake may also be a deep compressional intraslab event occurring on a fault located within the subducting plate; known as intraplate earthquakes because they happen in a plate rather than at the boundary of two.

Tsunami

The main earthquake triggered tsunami warnings directed at the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea,

Nauru Nauru ( or ; na, Naoero), officially the Republic of Nauru ( na, Repubrikin Naoero) and formerly known as Pleasant Island, is an island country and microstate in Oceania, in the Central Pacific. Its nearest neighbour is Banaba Island in Ki ...

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, Tuvalu and Kosrae in the Federated States of Micronesia, issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center. In New Caledonia, people were ordered to evacuate and leave for higher ground. Warnings for American Samoa and Hawaii were cancelled shortly after. Th
International Tsunami Information Center
warned of tsunamis between 1 and 3 meters. However, the highest waves were measured at only 0.43 meters (1.41 feet) on Marika Island.

Aftershocks

A 6.5 magnitude earthquake struck about four hours after the initial quake, and later a 6.9 one day after the mainshock. The 6.9 aftershock prompted new tsunami warnings with forecasted waves of 0.30 meters (0.98 feet).

Aftermath

Phone and electricity lines were cut-off throughout the country in the immediate aftermath. On Malaita Island, there were reports that between 35 and 40 buildings had been damaged. In

, the collapse of a home killed one person. In Kirakira, many homes, a hospital, a church, and the World Vision office sustained serious damage. Damage at the hospital forced the evacuation of 20 people. Two schools in Marika and Ugi were completely destroyed. Fissures and landslides were also seen in the affected region. People who fled to higher ground continued to stay on the hills for fears of a large tsunami. Twenty-five houses were washed away from the moderate tsunami. In total, over 1000 homes were damaged, along with 20 schools and four clinics. More than 9,769 people were affected by the earthquake.

International reaction

Julie Bishop Julie Isabel Bishop (born 17 July 1956) is an Australian former politician who served as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2013 to 2018 and deputy leader of the Liberal Party from 2007 to 2018. She was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Curtin ...

, the Australian foreign minister at the time said that the country is prepared to offer their support to the Solomon Islands.

17 December earthquake

On 17 December, the largest earthquake in the year 2016, a magnitude 7.9 earthquake struck Papua New Guinea. It was centered between the islands of New Ireland and Bougainville. The earthquake did not cause any major damage or casualties but did result in power outages. The earthquake had an intermediate depth of 94.5 km beneath the surface. The initial event was a result of thrust faulting within a subducting oceanic lithosphere which lasted for 30 seconds. After the intraslab rupture, a deep portion of the subduction zone began to slip at a depth of 32 to 47 km, releasing energy comparable to the first event. The shallow megathrust rupture was evident in the large number of shallow aftershocks. Due to the two separate events occurring closely in timing and location, it was considered a doublet earthquake.

References

External links

* * * {{Earthquakes in 2016 Earthquakes in the Solomon Islands 2016 earthquakes 2016 tsunamis Earthquakes in Oceania Doublet earthquakes 2016 in the Solomon Islands 2016 in Papua New Guinea December 2016 events in Oceania Earthquakes in Papua New Guinea 2016 disasters in Oceania 2016 disasters in Papua New Guinea