The 2016
Girabola
Girabola, or ''Campeonato Nacional de Futebol em Séniores Masculinos'', is the top division of Angolan football. It is organized by the Angolan Football Federation.
The league winner and runner-up qualify for the CAF Champions League.
Gira ...
was the 38th season of top-tier football in
Angola
, national_anthem = " Angola Avante"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capital = Luanda
, religion =
, religion_year = 2020
, religion_ref =
, coordina ...
. The season ran from 19 February to 5 November 2016.
The league comprised 16 teams, the bottom three of which were relegated to the 2016 Provincial championships.
1º de Agosto won their first league title.
Teams
A total of 16 teams contested the league, including 13 sides from the
2015 season and three promoted from the
2015 Segundona -
4 de Abril do KK,
Porcelana and
1º de Maio
Grupo Desportivo 1º de Maio is a football club that plays in the island of Principe in São Tomé and Príncipe. The team plays in the Principe Island League in its local division and plays at Estádio 13 de Julho in the island capital as ...
.
Recreativo do Libolo were the defending champions from the
2015 season.
Changes from 2015 season
Relegated:
Bravos do Maquis,
Domant FC
Domant Futebol Clube de Bula Atumba is an Angolan sports club from the village of Bula Atumba, in the northern province of Bengo.
The team currently plays in the Gira Angola and is based in the province's capital city of Caxito.
History
The ...
,
Sporting de Cabinda
Promoted:
4 de Abril do KK,
Porcelana,
1º de Maio
Grupo Desportivo 1º de Maio is a football club that plays in the island of Principe in São Tomé and Príncipe. The team plays in the Principe Island League in its local division and plays at Estádio 13 de Julho in the island capital as ...
Stadiums and locations
League table
Results
Positions by round
Clubs season progress
{{#invoke:sports rbr table, table, legendpos=br
, team1=
4 de Abril
, pos1={{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, L, POR/{{abbr, D, DES/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, D, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, D, PRI/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA
, team2=
Académica Lobito
, pos2={{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, W, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, L, 4AB/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, D, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, D, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT
, team3=
ASA
ASA as an abbreviation or initialism may refer to:
Biology and medicine
* Accessible surface area of a biomolecule, accessible to a solvent
* Acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin
* Advanced surface ablation, refractive eye surgery
* Anterior spinal ar ...
, pos3={{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, W, LIB/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB
, team4=
Benfica de Luanda
, pos4={{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, L, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, W, LIB/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, D, POR/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, W, PRO
, team5=
Desportivo da Huíla
, pos5={{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, PRO/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, L, POR/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, W, LIB
, team6=
Interclube
, pos6={{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, POR/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, W, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, D, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA
, team7=
Kabuscorp
, pos7={{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, L, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, W, PRI/{{abbr, L, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, D, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS
, team8=
Petro de Luanda
, pos8={{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, D, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, D, ASA/{{abbr, W, PRO/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, W, PRO/{{abbr, D, BEN/{{abbr, W, PRI
, team9=
Porcelana FC
, pos9={{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, D, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, L, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, SAG
, team10=
1º de Agosto
, pos10={{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, W, PRO/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, W, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, W, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET
, team11=
1º de Maio
Grupo Desportivo 1º de Maio is a football club that plays in the island of Principe in São Tomé and Príncipe. The team plays in the Principe Island League in its local division and plays at Estádio 13 de Julho in the island capital as ...
, pos11={{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, D, DES/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, L, POR/{{abbr, D, DES/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, L, 4AB/{{abbr, L, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA
, team12=
Progresso
bread_crumbs.html" ;"title="brand bread crumbs">brand bread crumbs. -->
Progresso, a brand of General Mills, is an American food company that produces canned soups, canned beans, broths, Chili con carne, chili, and other food products.
History ...
, pos12={{abbr, D, POR/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, L, CAA/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, SAG/{{abbr, D, BEN/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, D, PRI/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, D, ASA/{{abbr, W, LIB/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, L, BEN
, team13=
Progresso L. Sul
, pos13={{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, W, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, D, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, W, PRI/{{abbr, L, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB
, team14=
Recreativo da Caála
, pos14={{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, W, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, W, PRO/{{abbr, D, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, D, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, D, INT/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, L, PLS/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, D, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI
, team15=
Recreativo do Libolo
, pos15={{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, L, PRI/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, D, ACA/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, D, PRO/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, W, KAB/{{abbr, W, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, D, PET/{{abbr, W, BEN/{{abbr, D, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, W, PLS/{{abbr, W, CAA/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, W, SAG/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, L, DES
, team16=
Sagrada Esperança
, pos16={{abbr, L, DES/{{abbr, L, KAB/{{abbr, W, MAI/{{abbr, W, ASA/{{abbr, W, PET/{{abbr, L, BEN/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, W, PRO/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, W, POR/{{abbr, D, PRI/{{abbr, W, DES/{{abbr, L, MAI/{{abbr, D, KAB/{{abbr, L, INT/{{abbr, L, ASA/{{abbr, L, PET/{{abbr, D, BEN/{{abbr, D, PRI/{{abbr, D, 4AB/{{abbr, W, ACA/{{abbr, D, PLS/{{abbr, D, CAA/{{abbr, L, LIB/{{abbr, L, PRO/{{abbr, W, POR
, color_W = green2, color_D = yellow2, color_L = red2
Season statistics
{{Col-begin
{{Col-break
Top scorers
{{updated, 5 November 2016
{, class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
, -
!Rank
!Scorer
!Club
!Goals
, -
, 1
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''
Gelson''
, align="left",
1º de Agosto
, 23
, -
, 2
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''
Ary Papel
Manuel David Afonso (born 3 March 1994), best known as Ary Papel, is an Angolan footballer who plays as a forward or winger for Libyan club Al Akhdar.
Club career
In 2018–19, he returned to Primeiro de Agosto in Angola's premier league, th ...
''
, align="left",
1º de Agosto
, 12
, -
, 3
, align="left", {{flagicon, DRC Mongo
, align="left",
Progresso Lunda Sul
, 10
, -
, rowspan=2, 4
, align="left", {{flagicon, BRA
Thiago ''Azulão''
, align="left",
Petro de Luanda
, 9
, -
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''Paizinho''
, align="left",
Recreativo da Caála
, 9
, -
, rowspan=3, 6
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''Moco''
, align="left",
Interclube
, 8
, -
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''Nelito''
, align="left",
ASA
ASA as an abbreviation or initialism may refer to:
Biology and medicine
* Accessible surface area of a biomolecule, accessible to a solvent
* Acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin
* Advanced surface ablation, refractive eye surgery
* Anterior spinal ar ...
, 8
, -
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''
Yano
Yano is a Filipino folk/ punk rock band formed in 1993. The band members were originally composed of Dong Abay on vocals and Eric Gancio on guitar. Onie Badiang later joined them to play bass. Nowie Favila was the usual drummer but declined to ...
''
, align="left",
Progresso
bread_crumbs.html" ;"title="brand bread crumbs">brand bread crumbs. -->
Progresso, a brand of General Mills, is an American food company that produces canned soups, canned beans, broths, Chili con carne, chili, and other food products.
History ...
, 8
, -
, rowspan=4, 9
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG Dário
, align="left",
Recreativo do Libolo
, 7
, -
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''
Geraldo''
, align="left",
1º de Agosto
, 7
, -
, align="left", {{flagicon, ANG ''Mano''
, align="left",
Kabuscorp
, 7
, -
, align="left", {{flagicon, BRA
Luiz Phellype
Luiz Phellype Luciano Silva (born 27 September 1993), known as Luiz Phellype, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a striker for Japanese club FC Tokyo, on loan from Sporting CP.
Career
Luiz Phellype made his professional debut ...
, align="left",
Recreativo do Libolo
, 7
{{Col-break
Hat-tricks
{, class="wikitable sortable"
, -
! Player !! For !! Against !! style="text-align:center", Result !! Date
, -
,
Brito , ,
Recreativo do Libolo , ,
1º de Maio
Grupo Desportivo 1º de Maio is a football club that plays in the island of Principe in São Tomé and Príncipe. The team plays in the Principe Island League in its local division and plays at Estádio 13 de Julho in the island capital as ...
, , 2-4 , , {{dts, format=dmy, 2016, 2, 21
, -
, ''
Gelson'' , ,
1º de Agosto , ,
Recreativo do Libolo , , 3-1
[{{cite web, title=Angola: Girabola2016 - 1º De Agosto Beat Libolo - allAfrica.com, url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201604110931.html, access-date=14 April 2016] , , {{dts, format=dmy, 2016, 4, 10
{{Col-end
{{winners, , 2017 Girabola winner,
![Rosso e Nero (Strisce)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Rosso_e_Nero_%28Strisce%29.png)
Clube Desportivo Primeiro de Agosto
Clube Desportivo 1º de Agosto is a multisports club from Luanda, Angola. The club, founded 1 August 1977, is attached to the Angolan armed forces, which is its sponsor. Its main team competes in men's football, and its professional basketball t ...
, 11th
{, class="wikitable" style="width:40em; margin:0.5em auto"
, style="font-size:88%" align="center", Squad:
Dominique
"Dominique" is a 1963 French language popular song, written and performed by the Belgian female singer Jeannine Deckers, better known as Sœur Sourire ("Sister Smile" in French) or The Singing Nun. The song is about Saint Dominic, a Spanish-bo ...
, Julião,
''Tony'' Cabaça ''(GK)''
''
Dani'',
Diakité Diakité is a Mandinka family name of Fula origin.
In Fula culture, the surname Ba is considered equivalent.
People with this surname
;Music
* Abdoulaye Diakité (born 1950), djembe master drummer from Senegal
* Jason Diakité (born 1975), bett ...
, ''Fissy'',
Isaac
Isaac; grc, Ἰσαάκ, Isaák; ar, إسحٰق/إسحاق, Isḥāq; am, ይስሐቅ is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. He was the ...
, ''
Paizo
Paizo Inc. (originally Paizo Publishing.) is an American role-playing game publishing company based in Redmond, Washington, best known for the tabletop role-playing game ''Pathfinder''. The company's name is derived from the Greek word ''paiz ...
'', Sargento, ''Vado'' ''(DF)''
''
Ary Papel
Manuel David Afonso (born 3 March 1994), best known as Ary Papel, is an Angolan footballer who plays as a forward or winger for Libyan club Al Akhdar.
Club career
In 2018–19, he returned to Primeiro de Agosto in Angola's premier league, th ...
'', ''Buá'', ''
Geraldo'', ''Gogoró'', Ibukun,
Jumisse, ''
Manucho
Mateus Alberto Contreiras Gonçalves (born 7 March 1983), commonly known as Manucho, is an Angolan former professional footballer who played as a striker.
Manucho moved from Petro Atletico to Manchester United in January 2008. Before playing ...
'',
Milambo, ''
Mingo Bile
Régio Francisco Congo Zalata (born June 15, 1987), better known as Mingo Bile, is an Angolan Football (soccer), football midfielder who plays for C.D. Huíla, Desportivo da Huíla.
Club career
Mingo Bile started his career at C.D. Primeiro de ...
'',
Nelson
Nelson may refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Nelson'' (1918 film), a historical film directed by Maurice Elvey
* ''Nelson'' (1926 film), a historical film directed by Walter Summers
* ''Nelson'' (opera), an opera by Lennox Berkeley to a lib ...
''(MF)''
''
Gelson'', Makiavala, Patrick,
Romaric
Saint Romaric (died 653) was a Frankish nobleman who lived in Austrasia from the late 6th century until the middle of the 7th century. He and Amatus of Grenoble founded Remiremont Abbey.
Biography
He was a former Count Palatine in the court of ...
''(FW)''
Dragan Jović
Dragan Jović (born 19 July 1963) is a Bosnian professional football manager. He is regarded as one of the most successful Bosnian football managers.
Managerial career Early career
In his early career, Jović managed Travnik and Posušje. He r ...
''(Head Coach)''
{{winners, , Top Scorer, {{flagicon, ANG
Gelson
References
{{reflist
External links
Girabola 2016 stats at jornaldosdesportos.sapo.aoFederação Angolana de Futebol
{{2016 in African football (CAF)
{{2016 in Angolan football
{{Girabola seasons
Girabola seasons
Girabola
Girabola, or ''Campeonato Nacional de Futebol em Séniores Masculinos'', is the top division of Angolan football. It is organized by the Angolan Football Federation.
The league winner and runner-up qualify for the CAF Champions League.
Gira ...
Angola
, national_anthem = " Angola Avante"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capital = Luanda
, religion =
, religion_year = 2020
, religion_ref =
, coordina ...